A&P 1 lecture questions
The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter.
: pH
9) In the body, inorganic compounds A) can serve as buffers. B) can make up proteins. C) are made from organic compounds. D) are structural components of cells. E) are metabolized for cellular energy.
A can serve as buffers
89) The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a A) carbohydrate. B) lipid. C) protein. D) nucleic acid. E) saturated fat.
A carbohydrate
12) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and A) carbohydrates. B) fatty acids. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) inorganic compounds.
A carbohydrates
2) Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) cell wall B) cell membrane C) plasma membrane D) plasmalemma E) both a cell wall and a plasmalemma
A cell wall
103) Lipids are composed of fatty acids andA) glycerol.B) amino acids.C) sugars.D) monosaccharides.E) polypeptide
A glycerol
129) Muscle proteins are destroyed after 17 days and then replaced. This is an example of A) metabolic turnover. B) surveillance. C) surface tension. D) disease. E) specificity.
A metabolic turnover
82) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified asA) organic molecules. B) inorganic molecules. C) acids. D) salts. E) bases.
A organic molecules
100) Lipids that are produced by nearly every tissue in the body and act as local regulators are the A) prostaglandins. B) steroids. C) monoglycerides. D) phospholipids. E) glycolipids.
A prostaglandins
90) An example of an organic substance is:A) sucroseB) carbonic acidC) sodium chloride D) oxygenE) nitric oxide
A sucrose
122) The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that A) the backbone of RNA contains ribose. B) RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. C) RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. D) DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. E) DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines.
A the backbone of RNA contains ribose.
40) Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8
A) 1
127) AMP + P → A) ADP B) 2ADP C) DNA D) ATP E) adenine
A) ADP
1) ______ is considered the oldest medical science. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology
A) Anatomy
24) Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false? A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. B) Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. C) Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules. D) Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together. E) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water.
A) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.
30) In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward A) a negative terminal B) a positive terminal. C) a pH terminal. D) an organic terminal. E) the bottom.
A) a negative terminal
1) The smallest stable units of matter are A) atoms. B) molecules. C) protons. D) neutrons. E) electrons.
A) atoms
32) Ions with a + charge are called A) cations. B) anions. C) radicals. D) positrons. E) isotopes.
A) cations.
11) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) interstitial fluid. E) a colloidal gel.
A) cytosol
14) Which of the following about cytoplasm is false?A) extracellular fluid contains more proteinB) the material that fills a cellC) semi-rigid textureD) includes cytoskeletonE) includes cytosol
A) extracellular fluid contains more protein
52) In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds A) lose water molecules. B) gain water molecules. C) convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen. D) convert hydrogen and oxygen to water. E) gain electrons.
A) lose water molecules.
12) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except A) lysosomes. B) cilia. C) centrioles. D) ribosomes.E) cytoskeleton.
A) lysosomes.
19) The molecule NO is known as A) nitric oxide. B) noxious oxide. C) noxious oxygen. D) nitric oxygen. E) nitrous oxide.
A) nitric oxide
39) An unequal sharing of electrons results in what type of chemical bonds? A) polar covalent B) covalent C) ionic D) hydrogen E) peptide
A) polar covalent
24) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
28) A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates A) surface tension. B) chemical tension. C) static electricity. D) heat capacity. E) hydrophilic attraction.
A) surface tension.
79) During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. The initial response that increases blood flow is automatic and independent of the nervous and endocrine systems. Which type of homeostatic regulation is this and why?
Autoreuglation. When oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels. This dilation increases the rate of blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region even before responses from the nervous or endocrine system take place.
An amino acid is to a protein as ________ is to a nucleic acid. A) a purineB) nucleotideC) a proteinD) a protonE) a neutron
B Nucleotide
1) The smallest living unit within the human body is A) a protein. B) the cell. C) a tissue. D) an organ. E) an organ system.
B The cell
4) The plasma membrane is composed of A) a bilayer of proteins. B) a bilayer of phospholipids. C) carbohydrate molecules. D) carbohydrates and proteins. E) carbohydrates and lipids
B a bilayer of phospholipids.
92) When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, A) two new monosaccharides are formed. B) a disaccharide is formed. C) a polysaccharide is formed. D) a starch is formed. E) hydrolysis occurs.
B a disaccharide is formed
105) Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites. A) amino B) active C) carboxyl D) reactant E) neutral
B active
83) A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of A) elements that occur in a salt. B) atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of. C) atoms that function in the body.D) elements that form at high pH. E) amino acids in a globular protein.
B atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part o
68) A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions. A) acid; base B) base; acid C) compound; element D) element; compound E) molecule; acid
B base, acid
86) Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called A) isotopes. B) isomers. C) isozymes. D) isotypes. E) isomoles.
B isomers
130) Continuous breakdown and replacement of cellular molecules is termed A) metabolism. B) metabolic turnover. C) anabolic turnover. D) catabolic turnover
B metabolic turnover
7) Molecules that store and process genetic information are the A) proteins. B) nucleic acids. C) carbohydrates. D) lipids. E) steroids.
B nucleic acids.
93) To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from from monomers. This process is called ________. A) added; hydrolysisB) removed; dehydration synthesisC) removed; crenationD) added; denaturationE) added; ionization
B removed; dehydration synthesis
The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction. A) saturation B) specificity C) inertia D) activation E) monoreactive
B specificity
106) You would expect a peptide bond to link A) two simple sugars. B) two amino acids. C) two nucleotides. D) a sugar and a peptide. E) a peptide and a fatty acid.
B two amino acids
23) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of A) +1. B) +2. C) -1. D) -2. E) either +2 or -2.
B) +2
46) Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain A) 1 magnesium and 1 chlorine. B) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine. C) 2 magnesium and 1 chlorine. D) 2 magnesium and 7 chlorine. E) impossible to tell without more information
B) 1 magnesium and 2 chlorine.
41) Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8
B) 2
8) The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8
B) 2
27) Which of the following is not a cation? A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) Ca2+ E) Mg2+
B) Cl-
45) In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means ________. A) two calcium atoms B) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons C) a calcium ion that has gained two protons D) a calcium ion that has gained two electrons E) a calcium ion that has lost two protons
B) a calcium ion that has lost two electrons
35) Ionic bonds are formed when A) atoms share electrons. B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. C) a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms. D) hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms. E) two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time.
B) an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
15) By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body? A) oxygen B) carbon C) hydrogen D) nitrogen E) calcium
B) carbon
34) When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form A) ionic bonds. B) covalent bonds. C) hydrogen bonds. D) anions. E) cations.
B) covalent bonds.
49) The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n) A) exergonic reaction. B) endergonic reaction. C) equilibrium reaction. D) decomposition reaction. E) exchange reaction.
B) endergonic reaction.
15) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions. A) carbohydrates B) enzymes C) lipids D) messengers E) ions
B) enzymes
21) The molecule H2 is known as A) hydrohydrogen. B) hydrogen. C) hydroxide. D) helium. E) semi-water.
B) hydrogen.
9) Radioisotopes have unstable A) ions. B) nuclei. C) isotopes. D) electron clouds. E) protons.
B) nuclei
25) The molecule O2 is known as A) oxide. B) oxygen. C) organic. D) oxate E) a salt
B) oxygen.
26) Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are A) lysosomes. B) peroxisomes. C) endocytic vesicles. D) nuclei. E) toxisomes.
B) peroxisomes.
2) The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons + neutrons E) protons + electrons
B) protons
12) The atomic number represents the number of A) electrons in an atom. B) protons in an atom. C) neutrons in an atom. D) protons and neutrons in an atom. E) chemical bonds the atom may form.
B) protons in an atom.
47) AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to A) exchange. B) synthesis. C) combustion. D) replacement. E) metabolism.
B) synthesis.
38) Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to A) the sharing of electrons. B) the attraction of opposite electrical charges. C) each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule. D) the presence of water molecules. E) the attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons.
B) the attraction of opposite electrical charges.
110) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ________ protein structure. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiaryD) quaternary E) pentanary
B. secondary
125) The phosphorylation of adenosine forms A) ADP. B) ATP. C) AMP. D) 2ATP. E) ribose.
C AMP
Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?A) -COOHB) -PO3C) -NH2D) -AMOE) -OH
C NH2D
81) When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except A) Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. B) Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. C) Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. D) Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. E) Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.
C Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.
80) When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be A) a strong base. B) a weak base. C) a strong acid. D) a weak acid. E) a salt.
C a strong acid.
126) Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP. A) adenosine diphosphate B) adenine C) adenosine triphosphate D) deoxyribonucleic acid E) ribose
C adenosine triphosphate
A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called ________. A) fibrous or globular B) a polypeptide chain C) an R group D) an isozyme E) nucleic acid
C an R group
91) Carbohydrate molecules A) are the building blocks of cellular membranes. B) form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. C) are the body's most readily available source of energy. D) are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. E) contain the genetic information found in cells.
C are body's most readily available source of energy
84) Artificial sweeteners A) are naturally similar to sugars. B) are always some form of carbohydrate. C) are usually not broken down by the body. D) are inorganic sugar substitutes. E) provide the same number of calories as an equivalent amount of sucrose.
C are usually not broken down by the body.
88) A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is A) lactose.B) cellulose. C) glycogen. D) sucrose. E) fructose.
C glycogen
59) Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of A) electrolytes. B) molecules that will dissociate when placed into water. C) hydrophobic compounds. D) hydrophilic compounds. E) solutes.
C hydrophobic
95) A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be A) saturated. B) monounsaturated. C) polyunsaturated. D) hydrogenated. E) carboxylated.
C polyunsaturated
101) Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of A) dietary fats. B) prostaglandins. C) structural lipids. D) lipid drugs. E) steroids.
C structural lipids
99) Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of A) cholesterol. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) prostaglandins. E) monoglycerides.
C triglycerides
) Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8): 1. mitochondrion 5. intracellular transport 2. centriole 6. liquid in cell 3. endoplasmic reticulum 7. manufactures cell energy 4. cytosol 8. separates chromosomes during mitosis A) 1 & 7, 2 & 6, 3 & 8, 4 & 5 B) 1 & 8, 2 & 5, 3 & 6, 4 & 7 D) 1 & 5, 2 & 6, 3 & 7, 4 & 8 C) 1 & 7, 2 & 8, 3 & 5, 4 & 6 E) 1 & 6, 2 & 8, 3 & 5, 4 & 7
C) 1 & 7, 2 & 8, 3 & 5, 4 & 6
17) If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is A) 26. B) 16. C) 18. D) 8. E) 12.
C) 18.
53) In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + ________ O2 A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10
C) 6
17) Microfilaments A) are usually composed of myosin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane. D) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions. E) are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.
C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral
26) H2O is an example of a(n) A) ionic formula. B) glucose molecule. C) compound. D) ion. E) covalent formula.
C) compound.
54) Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be A) endergonic. B) activated. C) exergonic. D) neutral. E) thermonuclear.
C) exergonic.
13) Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it A) is neutral in electrical charge. B) readily ionizes to react with other atoms. C) has a full outer electron shell. D) will form a covalent bond with another He atom. E) lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable.
C) has a full outer electron shell.
4) One mole of any element A) has the same mass. B) has the same weight. C) has the same number of atoms. D) has the same number of electrons. E) All of the answers are correct.
C) has the same number of atoms
6) The tails of a phospholipid molecule are A) hydrophilic. B) composed of amino acids. C) hydrophobic. D) facing the cytosol. E) interlocked to provide membrane strength.
C) hydrophobic.
13) Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except A) microfilaments. B) intermediate filaments. C) microsomes. D) microtubules. E) thick filaments.
C) microsomes
6) Isotopes of an element differ in the number of A) protons in the nucleus. B) electrons in the nucleus. C) neutrons in the nucleus. D) electron clouds. E) electrons in energy shells.
C) neutrons in the nucleus
10) By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? A) sulfur B) sodium C) oxygen D) potassium E) carbon
C) oxygen
18) Tubulin is aA) carbohydrate that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules). B) lipid that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules). C) protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules). D) protein that forms the tubular portion of the cytosol. E) lipid that forms the ER.
C) protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
23) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the A) ribosomes. B) rough ER. C) smooth ER. D) Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria.
C) smooth ER
3) Anatomy is to ____ as physiology is to ____. A) function; form B) form; structure C) structure; function D) structure; form E) growth; form
C) structure; form
48) The reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 is an example of a(n) A) exchange reaction. B) decomposition reaction. C) synthesis reaction. D) enzyme reaction. E) metabolic reaction.
C) synthesis reaction.
31) The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by A) the number of protons. B) the number of neutrons. C) the outermost electron shell. D) the size of the atom. E) the mass of the nucleus.
C) the outermost electron shell.
44) In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a(n) A) single trivalent bond. B) double divalent bond. C) triple covalent bond. D) polar covalent bond. E) hydrogen bond.
C) triple covalent bond.
50) In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with A) hydrogen, causing decomposition. B) glucose, causing decomposition. C) water, causing decomposition. D) carbon, causing decomposition. E) water, causing synthesis.
C) water, causing decomposition.
121) Adenine and guanine are A) purines represented by T and C. B) pyrimidines represented by A and G. C) purines represented by A and G. D) pyrimidines represented by T and C. E) nucleotides represented by A and G.
C. purines represented by A and G.
75) An important buffer in body fluids is A) NaCl. B) NaOH. C) HCl. D) NaHCO3. E) H2O.
D NaHCO3
3) Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except A) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. B) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. C) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. D) thermal insulation. E) structural support.
D Thermal insulation
123) The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is A) DNA. B) adenosine diphosphate. C) adenosine monophosphate. D) adenosine triphosphate. E) RNA.
D adenosine triphosphate.
60) During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called A) cations. B) anions. C) acids. D) electrolytes. E) counterions.
D electrolytes
107) Each amino acid differs from another in the A) number of central carbon atoms. B) size of the amino group. C) number of carboxyl groups. D) nature of the side chain. E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
D nature of the side chain
96) Alaska Natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though their diets are high in fat and cholesterol. This may be due to the large amount of ________ in their diets. A) vitamins B) triglycerides C) prostaglandins D) omega-3 fatty acids E) oleic acid
D omega-3 fatty acids
111) Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentagonal
D quarternary
102) A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms isA) unsaturated. B) polyunsaturated.C) dehydrated.D) saturated.E) denatured.
D saturated
42) The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent? A) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms B) a molecule with 4 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms C) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon and a hydrogen atom D) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms E) an inorganic compound with ionic bonds
D) 4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
22) When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, A) an ion is formed. B) a molecule is formed. C) a hydrogen bond is formed. D) an ionic bond is formed. E) a covalent bond is formed.
D) an ionic bond is formed.
29) In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward A) sodium. B) salt. C) buffers. D) anions. E) hydrogen ions.
D) anions.
14) Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus? A) helium B) neon C) argon D) hydrogen E) carbon
D) hydrogen
56) Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called A) inorganic compounds. B) organic compounds. C) nutrients. D) metabolites. E) enzymes.
D) metabolites.
20) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filamentsC) thick filaments D) microtubules E) basal bodies
D) microtubules
Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) cytoplasm. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) cilia.
D) mitochondria.
What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? A) nucleus B) nucleolus C) the cytosol D) plasmalemma E) cytoskeleton
D) plasmalemma
36) If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ occurs. A) single covalent bond B) double covalent bond C) triple covalent bond D) polar covalent bond E) hydrogen bond
D) polar covalent bond
16) The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of ________ it has. A) electrons B) protons C) neutrons D) protons + neutrons E) protons + electrons
D) protons + neutrons
5) The nucleus of an atom consists of A) electrons. B) protons. C) neutrons. D) protons + neutrons. E) protons + electrons.
D) protons + neutrons
7) The mass number represents the number of A) protons in an atom. B) electrons in an ion. C) neutrons in an atom. D) protons + neutrons. E) neutrons + electrons.
D) protons + neutrons
11) Indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements. A) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen B) selenium, hydrogen, calcium C) boron, oxygen, carbon D) silicon, fluorine, tin E) cobalt, calcium, sodium
D) silicon, fluorine, tin
8) Identify which of the following is both an anion and a compound: A) Na+ B) Cl- C) K+ D) HCO3-E) NaCl
D. HCO3
How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? A) The enzyme's function would not be altered. B) The enzyme would function more slowly. C) The enzyme would function more quickly. D) The enzyme would not be able to function. E) The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate.
D. The enzyme would not be able to function
119) A nucleotide consists of A) a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. B) a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. C) a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. D) a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. E) a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
D. a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
7) Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is A) 6.0. B) 4.5. C) 2.3. D) 1.0. E) 12.0. Answer: E
E
94) Lipids A) form essential structural components of cells. B) provide a significant energy reserve. C) help to maintain body temperature. D) cushion organs against shocks.E) All of the answers are correct.
E
97) Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? A) 3 glycerol moleculesB) 1 glycerol moleculeC) 3 fatty acid moleculesD) 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules E) 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
E 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
69) An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this canA) break chemical bonds. B) change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional. C) disrupt tissue functions. D) change body fluid pH.E) All of the answers are correct.
E all of the above
85) Fructose isA) a hexose. B) an isomer of glucose. C) found in male reproductive fluids. D) a carbohydrate.E) All of the answers are correct.
E all of the above
124) A high-energy bond in ATP is present A) between adenine and ribose. B) between adenine and a phosphate group. C) between the first and second phosphate group. D) between the second and third phosphate group. E) between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3.
E between phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3.
57) Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound, except A) water. B) acids. C) bases. D) salts. E) carbohydrates.
E carbohydrates
10) The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called A) cytosol. B) protoplasm. C) extracellular fluid. D) interstitial fluid. E) cytoplasm
E cytoplasm
73) Which pH of the following is the most acidic?A) pH 2B) pH 6C) pH 4D) pH 3 E) pH 1
E pH 1
98) A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of A) sex hormones. B) proteins. C) plasma membranes. D) glycogen. E) sex hormones and plasma membranes.
E sex hormones and plasma membranes
76) Which of the following substances would be most acidic? A) lemon juice, pH = 2 B) urine, pH = 6 C) tomato juice, pH = 4 D) white wine, pH = 3 E) stomach secretions, pH = 1
E stomach secretions ph 1
128) The average time between synthesis and breakdown is known as the ________ time. A) metabolism B) anabolism C) catabolism D) specificity E) turnover
E turnover
2) An example of an inorganic substance is A) fructose. B) water. C) glycerol. D) carbon dioxide. E) water and carbon dioxide.
E water and carbon dioxide.
18) If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a neutral atom of this element contains A) 6 protons. B) 8 electrons. C) 8 neutrons. D) 6 protons and 8 electrons. E) 6 protons and 8 neurons.
E) 6 protons and 8 neurons.
2) Which of the following study methods are useful for anatomy and physiology courses? A) Read the lecture sections before class B) Devote a bloc of time for study C) Do not procrastinate D) Develop memorization skills E) All answers are correct
E) All answers are correct
7) The plasmalemma includes A) integral proteins. B) glycolipids. C) phospholipids. D) cholesterol. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
9) Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions? A) anchoringB) receptorsC) recognitionD) enzymesE) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
51) Which one of the following statements is not correct about the reaction H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl? A) H2 and Cl2 are the reactants. B) HCl is the product. C) One molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms. D) Two molecules of HCl are formed in the reaction. E) This reaction is easily reversible.
E) This reaction is easily reversible.
55) All of the following are true concerning enzymes, except that they A) are proteins. B) function as biological catalysts. C) lower the activation energy required for a reaction. D) affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. E) are consumed during the reaction
E) are consumed during the reaction
37) Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons A) will form many compounds. B) will normally form anions. C) will normally form cations. D) frequently form hydrogen bonds. E) are inert gases.
E) are inert gases.
20) The molecule CO2 is known as A) carbonized oxygen. B) carbonated oxygen. C) carbon monoxide. D) carbon oxide. E) carbon dioxide.
E) carbon dioxide.
43) In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________. A) acid, base B) salt, ion C) anion, cation D) base, acid E) cation, anion
E) cation, anion
33) The weakest bond between two atoms is the ________ bond. A) ionic B) covalent C) polar D) nonpolar E) hydrogen
E) hydrogen
22) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to A) actin. B) microvilli. C) cytosol. D) basal body. E) matrix.
E) matrix.
3) The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of A) protons. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) protons + neutrons. E) protons + neutrons + electrons.
E) protons + neutrons + electrons
5) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins?)A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as carrier molecules for various solutes D) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane
E) storage of cellular nutrient
16) Microfilaments A) anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins. B) control the consistency of cytoplasm. C) with myosin, produce cell movement. D) consist of the protein called actin. E) All of the answers are correct.
E. all
The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at A) dehydration. B) hydrolysis. C) synthesis. D) reversible. E) saturation limit.
E. saturation
70) ____ regulation results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
Extrinsic
65) The _____ serves as a worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary.
Internation Anatomical Terminology
______ regulation occurs when the activities of organs are regulated locally.
Intrinsic or Auto
78) What is the homeostatic regulation, and what is its physiological importance?
It refers to adjustments in physiological systems that are responsible for the preservation of a constant internal environment. This provides a favorable environment for the body's cells
78) Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4? A) A pH of 4 is greater. B) A pH of 5 is greater. C) They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. D) pH 9, if you mixed the solutions.E) There is not enough information to determine.
a A pH of 4 is greater.
15) Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? a) cardiovascular b) digestive c) muscular d) respiratory e) urinary
a) cardiovascular
12) Organ physiology is to ___ as gross anatomy is to ____. a) cell physiology; microscopic anatomy b) macroscopic anatomy; unbalance c) equilibrium; macroscopic anatomy d) balance; equilibrium e) imbalance; microscopic anatomy
a) cell physiology; microscopic anatomy
4) The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells is called: a) cytology b) histology c) embryology d) physiology e) anatomy
a) cytology
18) The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the ____ system. a) endocrine b) cardiovascular c) respiratory d) lymphatic e) digestive
a) endocrine
33) The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the a) hypothalamus b) skin c) temperature sensor d) positive feedback center e) thermostat
a) hypothalamus
27) When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of a) negative feedback b) positive feedback c) nonhomeostatic regulation d) diagnostic regulation e) fever
a) negative feedback
59) Visceral pericardium is located a) on the heart itself b) lining the pleural cavity c) lining the pericardial cavity d) on the lung itself e) lining the peritoneal cavity
a) on the heart itself
47) Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe a) one body part in relation to another b) surgical procedures c) a supine position d) the nervous system e) living matter
a) one body part in relation to another
61) Identify a structure located within the mediastinum a) pericardial cavity b) small intestine c) lung d) spleen e) stomach
a) pericardial cavity
The liver is primarily located in the ____ quadrant. a) right upper b) left upper c) right lower d) left lower e) hepatic
a) right upper
9) The study of the function of specific organ systems is called ____ a) systemic physiology b) organ physiology c) cell physiology d) pathological physiology e) histology
a) systemic physiology
32) An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be a) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus b) sweat gland that increase secretion c) regulatory centers that send commands to an effector d) effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate e) sweat glands that act like effectors
a) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus
) The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.
adenine
The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.
adenine
62) The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts is called _____.
anatomy
139) Ions with a negative charge are called ________.
anions
135) The actual mass of an atom is known as its ________ ________
atomic mass
61) Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by A) heat capacity of water. B) hydration spheres. C) water's nonpolar nature. D) free radicals. E) hydrogen bonding.
b hydration spheres.
66) Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 14 C) pH 7 D) pH 10 E) pH 2
b pH
22) A chemical imbalance int eh body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that a) all organisms are composed of cells b) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent c) chemical molecules make up cells d) blood has magical properties e) congenital defects can be life-threatening
b) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent
39) The wrist is ____ to the elbow. a) proximal b) distal c) lateral d) medial e) horizontal
b) distal
8) The study of the first two months of development is termed ___ a) histology b) embryology c) cytology d) pathology e) organology
b) embryology
26) The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed a) positive feedback b) homeostasis c) negative feedback d) effector control e) integration
b) homeostasis
56) Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall? a) stomach b) kidney c) urinary bladder d) large intestine e) spleen
b) kidney
38) The heart is ____ to the lungs a) lateral b) medial c) posterior d) proximal e) distal
b) medial
30) If a response decreases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ____ feed back system. a) deficit b) negative c) neutral d) polarized e) positive
b) negative
55) The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the a) pericardium b) peritoneum c) pleura d) mediastinum e) abdomen
b) peritoneum
29) This type of feedback exaggerates the effects of variations from normal a) negative b) positive c) neutral d) depressing e) all of the answers are correct
b) positive
24) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? a) releases chemical messengers called hormones b) produces a more rapid response than the nervous system c) produces effects that last for days or longer d) produces an effect tha tinvolves several organs or tissues at the same time e) important homeostatic system
b) produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
6) The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called ____ anatomy. a) surface b) regional c) surgical d) pathological e) radiographic
b) regional
45) A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ____ position. a) prone b) supine c) anatomical d) dorsal e) caudal
b) supine
5) The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ____ anatomy. a) gross b) surface c) systemic d) regional e) surgical
b) surface
The diaphragm separates the ___ from the ____. a) pleural cavity, mediastinum b) thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity c) pericardial cavity; pleural cavity d) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity e) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity
b) thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
48) While standing erect, the direction of caudal is a) toward the head b) toward the heel c) lateral to the trunk d) medial to the sides e) posterior to the head
b) toward the heel
64) Which of the following statements about water is not correct? A) It is composed of polar molecules. B) It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body. C) It has a relatively low heat capacity. D) It can dissolve many substances. E) It contains hydrogen bonds.
c It has a relatively low heat capacity.
71) The chemical notation that indicates concentration is represented as A) (). B) <>. C) [ ]. D) {}. E) ||.
c [ ]
72) If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is A) neutral. B) acidic. C) alkaline. D) a buffer. E) a salt.
c alkaline
104) The monomers of protein areA) glucose.B) fatty acids.C) amino acids.D) nucleotides.E) nitrogen base.
c amino acids
0) A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. D) alkaline. E) in equilibrium
c neutral
63) Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with A) lipid molecules. B) hydrophobic molecules. C) water molecules. D) acids. E) salts.
c water molecules.
36) A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the a) supine position b) prone position c) anatomical postion d) frontal position e) sagittal position
c) anatomical position
11) The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of a liver cell is to a) physiology b) regional anatomy c) cytology d) systemic anatomy e) radiographic anatomy
c) cytology
20) Lungs are to the respiratory system as the liver is to the ___ system. a) lymphatic b) urinary c) digestive d) cardiovascular e) nervous
c) digestive
23) In general, the nervous system does each of the following, except a) help to maintain homeostasis b) respond rapidly to change c) direct long-term responses to change d) direct very specific responses e) interpret sensory information
c) direct long-term responses to change
41) Which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks? a) pelvic b) cephalic c) gluteal d) lumbar e) thoracic
c) gluteal
44) A midsagittal section of the body would pass through the a) kidney b) lungs c) heart d) spleen e) leg
c) heart
25) The central principle of physiology is a) nutrition b) reflexes c) homeostasis d) stimulation e) temperature regulation
c) homeostasis
21) Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the ____ system. a) skeletal b) muscular c) integumentary d) endocrine e) immune
c) integumentary
58) Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity? a) stomach b) small intestine c) ovary d) spleen e) pancreas
c) ovary
19) Which organ systems removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? a) cardiovascular b) lymphatic c) respiratory d) digestive e) endocrine
c) respiratory
14) Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? a) integumentary b) muscular c) skeletal d) nervous e) endocrine
c) skeletal
10) Cardiovascular function is an example of a) histophysiology b) organ physiology c) systemic physiology d) pathological physiology e) physiological chemistry
c) systemic physiology
46) The plane that separates the abdominal and the pelvic cavities is a) the mediastinum b) sagittal on the brachium c) transverse at the hips d) midsagittal on the trunk e) superior to the thorax
c) transverse at the hips
All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________.
carboxylic acid group
138) Ions with a positive charge are called ________.
cations
74) The common term fro the buccal region is the ____.
cheek
37) An anatomical term that means the same as ventral: a) posterior b) inferior c) abdominal d) anterior e) superior
d) anterior
28) A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) a) receptor b) thermoregulator c) hypothalamus d) effector e) stimulus
d) effector
40) The chin is ____ to the nose. a) anterior b) superior c) posterior d) inferior e) medial
d) inferior
7) Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in ____ anatomy. a) gross b) surface c) microscopic d) pathological e) regional
d) pathological
57) The right pleural cavity contains: a) heart b) trachea c) left lung d) right lung e) both lungs
d) right lung
53) The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the a) pelvic and thoracic b) cranial and sacral c) lateral and medial d) thoracic and abdominopelvic e) dorsal and ventral
d) thoracic and abdominopelvic
17) The kidneys and ureters are organs of the ____ system. a) endocrine b) digestive c) respiratory d) urinary e) lymphatic
d) urinary
66) The study of the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity is called ______.
developmental anatomy
27) When activated, lysosomes function in A) formation of new cell membranes. B) synthesis of proteins. C) digestion of foreign material. D) synthesis of lipids. E) cell division
digestion of foreign material.
71) When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of _____.
disease
87) The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is A) sucrose. B) caffeine. C) protein. D) vitamins. E) glucose.
e glucose
Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized? A) kinetic energy B) lubrication C) surface tension D) reactivity E) thermal inertia
e thermal inertia
49) While standing in the anatomical position, a) front refers to anterior b) front refers to ventral c) back refers to posterior d) back refers to dorsal e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
51) The urinary bladder is found in the ____ quadrant and the ___ quadrant. a) right upper; right lower b) left upper; left lower c) right upper; right lower d) left upper; right upper e) right lower; left lower
e) left lower
16) Which organ system inclues the spleen and the tonsils? a) digestive b) endocrine c) nervous d) cardiovascular e) lymphatic
e) lymphatic
13) Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? a) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism b) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism c) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism d) organ, oragnism, olecular, cellular, tissue, system e) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular
e) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular
42) Which of the following terms refers to the foot? a) cervical b) brachial c) antebrachial d) femoral e) pedal
e) pedal
34) The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except: a) right upper quadrant (RUQ) b) right lower quadrant (RLQ) c) left upper quadrant (LUQ) d) left lower quadrant (LLQ) e) pelvic quadrant
e) pelvic quadrant
54) The thoracic cavity contains the a) coelom b) pericardial cavity c) pelvic cavity d) pleural cavities e) pericardial and pleural cavities
e) pericardial and pleural cavities
31) If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a _____ feedback system. a) deficit b) negative c) neutral d) polarized e) positive
e) positive
43) Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? a) proximal b) frontal c) orthogonal d) transverse e) sagittal
e) sagittal
60) The mediastinum a) contains the pleural cavities b) separates the pleural cavities c) contains the pericardial cavity d) contains the pleural cavities and pericardial cavity e) separates the pleural cavities and includes the pericardial cavity
e) separates the pleural cavities and includes the pericardial cavity
120) According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base A) thymine. B) adenine. C) uracil. D) cytosine. E) guanine.
e. guanine
133) Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) ________.
electron cloud
131) A(n) ________ is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind.
element
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called ________.
endergonic
The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and ________.
energy
Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by ______
enzymes
Chemical reactions that release energy are called ________.
exergonic
137) The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay.
half-life
The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions called _____.
homeostasis
Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called ________.
inorganic
136 Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called ________.
isotopes
77) The common name for the patella is the _____.
kneecap
80) Name the organs found in the thoracic cavity.
lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, major blood vessels connected to the heart
Anatomy uses a special language called _______. that involves the use of word roots prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.
medical terminology
In water, phospholipids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called ________.
micelles
The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a _______ base.
mitrogenous
132) The center of an atom is called the ________.
nucleus
Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________ molecules.
organic
73) A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a(n) _____ section.
parasagittal
In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called a(n) ________.
pathway
In the process of ________ a phosphate group is transferred to a molecule.
phosphorylation
The branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions is called _____.
physiology
Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched
potential
72) A person lying face down is in the ____ position.
prone
Homeostasis regulation usually involves a(n) _____ that decides a particular stimulus, and a(n) _____ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus
receptor; control center or integration
The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called ________.
ribodeoxide
81) Name the two upper abdominal quadrants and list the organs that lie in each.
right upper quadrant: right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, large and small intestines left upper quadrant: left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings.
side chains
76) The common name for the pollex is the _____.
thumb
The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and cytosine
thymine
35) Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region? a) right hypochondriac b) right inguinal region c) left lumbar d) left hypochondriac e) upper
upper
75) The common term for the carpal region is the ____.
wrist