A&P 1: Week 1 & 2 Terminology & Homeostasis, Glucagon, Insulin, ADH & OT
List an example of positive feedback:
A baby suckles at breast.
Define Anatomical Position.
An individual is in this position when they are standing upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the sides of the body and the palms face anteriorly. The head should be level and the eyes looking forward.
The esophagus is ___________ to the vertebral column.
Anterior.
Using an anatomic directional term, the stomach is ___________ to the spinal cord.
Anterior.
Define Distal.
Away from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment (opposite of proximal).
Define Lateral.
Away from the midline (opposite of medial).
Our head, neck, and trunk make up the main vertical axis of the body, or the __________ region.
Axial.
Which pancreatic islet cell type is correctly matched with its product?
Beta cells : insulin.
What is positive feedback?
Body ENHANCES original stimulus to make deviation greater (the change is amplified).
Define Inferior.
Closer to the feet.
What is Proximal?
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
What is another word for hip?
Coxal region.
Say shoulder without using the word shoulder.
Deltoid.
The toes are ___________ to the ankle.
Distal.
The abdominopelvic region that is the superior region in the middle column, and typically contains the duodenum, part of the liver, and part of the stomach is the _____________ region.
Epigastric.
True or False: If an individual is in the anatomical position, they are lying horizontally with palms facing up.
False.
True or False: Serous fluid is contained between the visceral pleura and the lung.
False.
True or False: The pleural membranes function like a fluid-filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.
False.
True or False: The posterior pituitary produces both inhibiting and releasing hormones.
False.
True or False: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.
False.
True or False: Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production.
False.
True or False: Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20.
False.
Another word for thigh is:
Femoral.
Define Posterior.
Further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end, especially of the body or a part of it.
Another word for buttock.
Gluteal.
Define Calcaneal.
Heel of foot.
The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?
Hip Joint.
What does the control center do?
Hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin.
The mouth is ___________ to the nose.
Inferior.
What is the Coronal Plane?
It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Define Transverse Plane.
It divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
What is the Midsagittal Plane?
It divides the body or organ into the right and left halves.
The lower back is known as what?
Lumbar.
Which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis?
Maintaining body temperature by putting on a hoodie.
What is Medial?
Med = middle. Towards the middle of the body.
The eyes are ___________ to the ears
Medial.
When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of:
Negative feedback.
What is the back of the head called?
Occipital.
What region is the eye located in?
Orbital region.
During childbirth, the baby pushes on the wall of the uterus. This is detected by pressure receptors that signal the brain to release oxytocin. If this is a positive feedback process, select the likely next step.
Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, further stimulating the receptors and releasing more oxytocin from the brain.
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas.
The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called:
Pariental peritoneum.
Homeostasis is a term that describes the many ____________ processes to maintain the ________ of the body. These characteristics are noted about homeostatic systems: 1. They are ________ and continually change. 2. The control center is generally the nervous system or ________ system. 3. There are three components: receptor, control center, and ________. 4. They are typically regulated through ________ feedback to maintain a normal value. 5. It is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or ________ occurs, threatening an individual's survival.
Physiologic, Health, Dynamic, Endocrine, Effector, Negative, Disease
Another word for the sole of your foot:
Plantar.
Calcaneal is to heel as _____ is to sole of the foot.
Plantar.
The fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the:
Pleural cavity.
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of:
Positive feedback.
The esophagus is ___________ to the trachea.
Posterior.
The elbow is ___________ to the wrist.
Proximal.
The body maintains homeostasis by utilizing homeostatic control systems composed of three parts. The first part, the __________, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consist of ________. The change in the variable is the ____________ . The second component is the ____________ . It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the ____________ (the final component). This final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the ____________ .
Receptor, Sensory Nerves, Stimulus, Control Center, Effector, Stimulus
If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?
Regulation.
Explain the Effector in terms of positive feedback:
Sensory receptors detects suckling and sends impulses to the hypothalamus. This signals the release of oxytocin, which allows the stimulated breast to produce breast milk. Milk is produced through positive feedback for as long as the baby continues suckling.
Explain sensory receptors in the breast:
Sensory receptors in the skin of the breast detect the suckling; send impulses to hypothalamus.
Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to:
Shoulder.
Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?
Skeletal muscles.
The skin is ___________ to all other body structures.
Superficial.
Another word for calf is:
Sural.
When there is a change in the internal body environment, how will the body react if it wants to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback?
The body will react in an opposite manner of the stimulus.
Define Cephalic.
Top of head.
Define Anterior.
Towards the front surface.
What is Superior?
Towards the head; upper.
True or False: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver.
True.
True or False: Pleural membranes completely surround each lung.
True.
True or False: The pancreas serves both endocrine and exocrine functions.
True.
True or False: Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people.
True.
True or False: Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes.
True.
True or False: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.
True.
True or False: Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin.
True.
True or False: When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant.
True.
The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is called:
Visceral pleura.
The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the:
Visceral pleura.
Secretion of insulin causes:
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
The pancreatic acinar cells secrete:
enzyme-rich pancreatic juice.
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete:
glucagon.
The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called:
half-life.
The pituitary gland is located in the:
hypophyseal fossa.
Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the:
hypothalamus.
After eating a meal, blood sugar levels:
increase.
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.
increase; decrease.
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin):
increases water retention from renal tubules.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas produces:
insulin and glucagon.
The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes:
insulin.
Where is the the pancreas located?
located between the duodenum and spleen, just inferior to the stomach.
In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because:
muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.
ADH and oxytocin are secreted by:
neurosecretory cells.
In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because:
no insulin is released.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the:
posterior pituitary.
Insulin, released after a meal eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to:
return to about normal.