A&P 2- Chapter 19,20,21
(T/F) The action potential travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricular walls.
True
(T/F) Serous fluid secreted by both the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, and released into the pericardial cavity, lubricates the membranes and facilitates the almost frictionless movement of the heart when it beats.
True
Put the pattern of circulation into the correct order, beginning with the pulmonary circulation. Blood delivers oxygen to the tissues, and then enters systemic veins. Blood enters the left side of the heart. Blood enters the pulmonary veins. Blood enters the systemic arteries. Blood leaves the right side of the heart. Blood enters the pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs.
1. Blood leaves the right side of the heart. 2. Blood enters the pulmonary arteries and travels to the lungs. 3. Blood enters the pulmonary veins 4. Blood enters the left side of the heart 5. Blood enters the systemic arteries 6. Blood delivers oxygen to the tissues, and then enters systemic veins
Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells RMP
-90mV
Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial Systole- forces additional blood into ventricles (30%) 2. Ventricular Systole- pressure increases, SHUTS AV valves, OPENS SL valves --> blood is ejected 3. Ventricular Diastole- pressure decreases, OPEN AV valves, CLOSE SL valves --> blood fills ventricles (70%)
Place the heart wall structures in the order you would find them, beginning with the most superficial one first. Epicardium Fibrous layer of the pericardial sac Serous layer of the pericardial sac Pericardial cavity Myocardium Endocardium
1. Fibrous layer of the pericardial sac 2. Serous layer of the pericardial sac 3. Pericardial cavity 4. Epicardium 5. Myocardium 6. Endocardium
SA Nodal Cells Actin Potential Initiation
1. Reaching threshold: slow voltage gated Na+ channel opens: -60mV--> -40mV 2. Depolarization: fast voltage gated Ca2+ channels open: -40mV--> above 0mV 3. Repolarization: voltage gated K+ channels open: ---> -60mV
Match the vessel with its associated chamber. -Right Atrium -Left Atrium -Right Ventricle -Left Ventricle 1. Inferior and superior vena cava 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Pulmonary veins 4. Aorta
1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle
Oxygen-poor blood enters which chamber of the heart? A. Right ventricle B. Right atrium C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle
B. Right atrium The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body.
Cardiac reserve
CR= CO (exercise) - CO (rest)
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Lungs Right ventricle
Left Ventricle
Pumps blood to the aorta Strongest chamber Greatest contributor to systemic blood pressure
Conduction System
SA Node 'pacemaker" AV Node AV Bundle Purkinje fibers
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, moves the skeleton, multinucleated
Stroke volume
approx.= body mass (kg) x 0.92
Bicuspid valve
between left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
between left ventricle and ascending aorta
Tricuspid Valve
between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Gap Junctions
channels that allow direct COMMUNICATION between cells
Cardiac Muscle
contracts without nervous innervation, and connected by intercalated discs
The 'form' of blood cholesterol that reflects healthy cholesterol metabolism and is associated with a lowered AS risk is There is no healthy form of cholesterol associated with a reduced risk of AS. high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.
Desmosomes
junctions that BIND adjacent cells
The wall of the __________ is much thicker than any other chamber in the heart which allows for stronger contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
left ventricle
Right Side
pumps DEOXYGENATED blood to the lungs
Left Side
pumps OXYGENATED blood to the lungs
Right atrium
pumps blood to the right ventricle
In the heart, an action potential originates in the
sinoatrial node (SA)
The sequence of travel by an action potential through the heart is
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
Smooth Muscle
Mostly found in the viscera, and helps move contents through a hollow organ
Left ventricular contraction propels blood through which valve? A. Aortic valve B. Pulmonary valve C. Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve D. Right atrioventricular (mitral) valve
A. Aortic valve Contraction of the left ventricle propels blood through the aortic semilunar valve.
Left Atrium
Pumps blood to the left ventricle Passively fills with blood returning from the lungs
Right ventricle
Pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk Dysfunction of this chamber leads to systemic edema
The statement that the risk factors for AS are synergistic means that: A. the likelihood of developing AS rises geometrically with each new risk factor as opposed to being simply additive. B. some risks factors are capable of canceling the negative effects of others. C. the risk of each new factor is added to that of the others, so the risk of developing, and the increasing severity, of AS goes up slowly as each new risk factor is added.
A. the likelihood of developing AS rises geometrically with each new risk factor as opposed to being simply additive.
Risk factors for AS include: diabetes high blood pressure other factors. All of these choices are correct. genetics. smoking. high serum cholesterol, especially LDL.
All of these choices are correct
The inner layer of the serosal pericardium is a thin, transparent layer of simple squamous epithelium called the __________ pericardium.
visceral
Systemic Circuit
Aorta Vena Cava Brachial veins Left atrium
What are the primary blood vessel types and their functions? Check all that apply. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are the sites of exchange between the blood and the lungs or body cells.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are the sites of exchange between the blood and the lungs or body cells.
Check all of the ways in which the heart chambers are involved in pulmonary circulation. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. Oxygenated blood enters the right atrium. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Pulmonary veins pass blood into the left atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle. Pulmonary veins pass blood into the right atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary veins pass blood into the left atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
Veins
carry blood to the heart
Angina is defined as
exertional chest pain due to inadequate coronary blood flow downstream to an atherosclerotic plaque.
Cardiac output (CO)
blood volume pumped by ventricle in one minute CO= HR x SV At rest, CO is about 5L blood
Match the component of the heart wall with the correct explanation or definition. - Epicardium - Myocardium - Endocardium 1. Thin serous membrane of the outer surface of the heart 2. Thick middle layer of the heart 3. Covers surfaces of the heart valves 4. Composed of cardiac muscle cells 5. The inner surface of the heart 6. Also known as the visceral layer of serosal pericardium Epicardium
1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium 4. Myocardium 5. Endocardium 6. Epicardium
(T/F) The general function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood throughout the body to allow the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood of capillaries and body cells, through the continual pumping action of the heart and vessels.
True
