A&P 2 Chapter 20
10. Another name for the visceral pericardium is the A. endocardium. B. epicardium. C. isocardium. D. myocardium. E. visocardium.
A
14. The function of the pericardial fluid is to A. reduce friction between the pericardial membranes. B. lubricate the heart valves. C. replace any blood that is lost. D. provide oxygen and nutrients to the endocardium. E. stimulate the heart.
A
19. Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the posterior wall of the heart? A. circumflex artery B. pulmonary artery C. right marginal artery D. coronary sinus artery E. right coronary artery
A
24. The procedure whereby a small balloon is placed into a partially occluded coronary artery and then inflated to increase blood flow through the artery is called a(n) A. angioplasty. B. coronary bypass. C. urokinase injection. D. tissue plasminogen activation. E. angiogram.
A
27. Which of the following is NOT a major opening into the right atrium? A. pulmonary vein B. inferior vena cava C. superior vena cava D. coronary sinus
A
29. What is the foramen ovale? A. An opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus. B. An opening between the right and left ventricles in the embryo and fetus. C. An oval hole in the pericardium in the embryo and fetus. D. An opening between the pulmonary trunk and aorta in the embryo and fetus.
A
3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart? A. providing a location for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide B. regulating blood supply to tissues depending on need C. generating blood pressure through contraction D. routing blood to either the pulmonary or systemic circulations
A
31. The AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the A. bicuspid or mitral valve. B. tricuspid valve. C. aortic semilunar valve. D. pulmonary semilunar valve. E. coronary sinus valve.
A
40. An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the A. lungs. B. heart muscle. C. right ventricle. D. aorta. E. right atrium.
A
45. Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called A. gap junctions. B. fibrous heart rings. C. electromagnetic discs. D. sarcolemma sclerotic plaques. E. tight junctions.
A
5. The heart A. is a four-chambered muscular pump. B. is posterior to the trachea. C. is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium. D. lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum. E. has a superior apex and an inferior base.
A
51. Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes? A. the AV bundle B. Purkinje fibers C. atrial myocardium D. bundle branches in the ventricular septum E. the SA node
A
54. The spontaneous opening of sodium channels marks the beginning of ____ of a myocardial cell. A. depolarization B. repolarization C. hyperpolarization D. isopolarization E. afterpolarization
A
67. The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the A. absolute refractory period. B. hyperpolarization period. C. AV period. D. SA period. E. ectopic focus.
A
7. The epicardium A. covers the surface of the heart. B. lines the walls of the ventricles. C. is known as the fibrous pericardium. D. attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm. E. is also called endocardium.
A
70. The P wave of an ECG indicates A. atrial depolarization. B. atrial repolarization. C. ventricular depolarization. D. ventricular repolarization. E. threshold.
A
76. Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular A. systole. B. diastole. C. fibrillation. D. ischemia. E. depolarization.
A
79. The period of isovolumetric contraction is immediately followed by A. the period of ejection. B. AV node depolarization. C. passive ventricular filling. D. atrial contraction. E. isovolumetric relaxation.
A
82. During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the A. aorta. B. coronary sinus. C. pulmonary vein. D. superior vena cava. E. pulmonary trunk.
A
87. During the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle, A. AV and semilunar valves are closed. B. the atria are contracted. C. ventricular volume increases. D. blood is pumped into the large arteries. E. pressure in the ventricles decreases.
A
1. The right side of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps through _________ circulation to the lungs. A. hepatic B. pulmonary C. peripheral D. systemic
B
12. A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that A. blood enters the pleural cavity. B. the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac. C. the electrical conduction system of the heart is damaged. D. the left coronary artery has been damaged or cut. E. the heart has lost all of its blood.
B
16. Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the A. right atrium. B. left atrium. C. right ventricle. D. left ventricle. E. coronary sinus.
B
18. All cardiac veins empty into the _________, which then empties into the _______. A. coronary sinus; left atrium B. coronary sinus; right atrium C. great cardiac vein; right atrium D. great cardiac vein; superior vena cava E. inferior vena cava; left atrium
B
25. Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced A. stimulation of the myocardium. B. blood supply to cardiac muscle. C. fluid in the pericardial sac. D. contractility of the heart. E. action potentials from SA node.
B
33. Contraction of the papillary muscles would A. eject blood from the ventricles. B. prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria. C. close the semilunar valves. D. cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles. E. open the semilunar valves.
B
35. Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____. A. aorta B. right atrium C. pulmonary trunk D. pulmonary arteries E. pulmonary veins
B
50. The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because A. of the superior location of the SA node in the right atrium. B. the SA node is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization. C. of the rich sympathetic innervation of the SA node. D. this area produces action potentials more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system. E. of action potentials from the cardioregulatory center.
B
52. Ventricular contraction begins at the A. AV bundle. B. apex of the heart. C. base of the heart. D. superior portion of the interventricular septum. E. top of the ventricles.
B
55. The plateau phase seen during the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell is due to the A. sodium-potassium pump. B. opening of sodium channels. C. continuing to have open calcium channels. D. closure of chloride channels. E. closing of calcium channels.
B
6. The pericardial sac is lined with A. fibrous pericardium. B. parietal pericardium. C. visceral pericardium. D. myocardium. E. epicardium.
B
63. Which of the following is mismatched? A. opening of sodium channels - depolarization B. closing of calcium channels - plateau phase C. opening of potassium channels - rapid repolarization D. closure of sodium channels - early repolarization E. opening of calcium channels - plateau phase
B
66. The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle A. prolongs depolarization of the cardiac muscle. B. prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle. C. ensures that the heart has adequate time to contract. D. prevents the heart rate from slowing down. E. prevents an increase in heart rate.
B
69. In a normal electrocardiogram, the A. P wave results from repolarization of the atria. B. QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization. C. P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave. D. T wave represents depolarization of the atria. E. repolarization of the atria is clearly visible.
B
74. What cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom? A. atrial fibrillation B. ventricular fibrillation C. bradycardia D. premature ventricular contractions
B
77. In the cardiac cycle, A. the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously. B. the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract. C. the left atrium contracts before the right atrium. D. all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. E. all four chambers of the heart are in systole at the same time.
B
86. As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta, the A. AV valves open. B. aortic semilunar valve opens. C. atria pump blood into the ventricles. D. ventricles pump blood into the atria. E. pulmonary semilunar valve closes.
B
9. E.Z. Goen is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When E.Z. asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in A. the outer layer of the heart wall. B. the inner lining of the heart. C. a membranous sac that encloses the heart wall. D. the muscular layer of the heart. E. the lining of the mediastinum.
B
26. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme given to someone experiencing a myocardial infarction to break up blood clots? A. streptokinase B. tissue plasminogen activator (t-Pa) C. nitroglycerin D. urokinase
C
30. What vessel exits the left ventricle? A. pulmonary trunk B. pulmonary vein C. aorta D. pulmonary artery
C
4. Which of the following is NOT true about the heart? A. The heart is about the size of a closed fist. B. The heart is located in the mediastinum. C. The apex of the heart is directed superiorly and to the left. D. Knowing the heart's position is important for effective CPR.
C
43. Cardiac muscle cells A. have smooth ER but no T tubules. B. form the heart valves. C. are maintained by an extensive capillary network. D. develop a significant oxygen debt during systole. E. do not contain actin and myosin like skeletal muscle cells.
C
47. Which of the following sequences for the conducting system is correct? A. AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches B. Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node C. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers D. SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers E. AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
C
57. If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. The heart will go into asystole (stop). B. Tachycardia will develop. C. Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker. D. The heart will go into defibrillation. E. The heart will be desensitized.
C
65. Which of the following areas of the conduction system would produce spontaneous action potentials most frequently if the SA node were not functioning? A. AV bundle B. Purkinje fibers C. AV node D. bundle branch E. the pacemaker
C
68. If cardiac muscle cells are unable to repolarize, this would cause A. cardiac output to increase. B. no harm. These cells can spontaneously depolarize anyway. C. the heart rate to decrease. It might cause cardiac arrest. D. an increased demand on mitochondria to produce more ATP. E. tachycardia.
C
80. When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure, A. left ventricular ejection begins. B. aortic blood pressure begins to rise. C. the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens. D. ventricular volume decreases. E. the tricuspid valve opens.
C
83. Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood. A. superior vena cava B. coronary sinus C. pulmonary trunk D. aorta E. pulmonary veins.
C
11. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. endocardium - covers the inner surfaces of the heart B. myocardium - cardiac muscle C. trabeculae carneae - interior walls of ventricles D. pectinate muscles - muscles that close valves E. chordae tendineae - connective tissue strings that connect to cusps of valves
D
13. Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall? A. epicardium B. pericardium C. endocardium D. myocardium E. visceral pericardium
D
17. The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the A. pulmonary vein. B. inferior vena cava. C. superior vena cava. D. coronary sinus. E. coronary artery.
D
2. The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through ________ circulation. A. hepatic B. pulmonary C. peripheral D. systemic
D
20. Which of these statements is true? A. The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein. B. The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium. C. The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk. D. The great cardiac vein collects blood from the left anterior surface of the heart. E. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium.
D
21. A direct connection between arteries is called a/an A. auricle. B. sulcus. C. sinus. D. anastamosis.
D
28. The right atrium receives blood from A. the lungs and the heart. B. the heart. C. the body and the heart. D. the lungs and the body.
D
46. The "pacemaker" of the heart is the A. right bundle branch. B. left bundle branch. C. AV node. D. SA node. E. PM node.
D
53. The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the A. ventricles to repolarize. B. ventricles to completely empty of blood. C. pacemaker to reset for the next beat. D. atria to complete their contraction. E. atria to begin their contraction.
D
61. When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells, A. the rate of action potential propagation is faster in cardiac muscle. B. both possess intercalated discs. C. only skeletal muscle has a plateau phase in its contraction cycle. D. action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle. E. both are voluntary.
D
72. What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG? A. depolarization of the atria B. repolarization of the ventricles C. depolarization of the atria and repolarization of the ventricles D. depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria
D
73. What abnormal heart rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions? A. bradycardia B. atrial fibrillation C. second-degree AV node block D. tachycardia
D
8. A serious condition in which a large amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and puts pressure of the heart is A. endocarditis. B. pericarditis. C. a myocardial infarction. D. cardiac tamponade.
D
81. Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called A. ejection. B. rapid filling. C. atrial systole. D. isovolumetric contraction. E. active and passive filling.
D
84. The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the A. right atrium. B. left atrium. C. right ventricle. D. left ventricle. E. coronary sinus.
D
85. The tricuspid valve is closed A. during active filling of the ventricles. B. when the mitral valve is open. C. while the atria are contracting. D. during ejection. E. during passive filling of the ventricles.
D
23. Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial A. attack. B. angina. C. necrosis. D. cirrhosis. E. infarction.
E
44. Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells? A. are organized in parallel columns or bundles B. contain actin but no myosin C. develop a significant oxygen debt during systole D. are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells E. possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs
E
88. When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the A. ejection occurs. B. atria pump blood into the ventricles. C. ventricle is in diastole. D. blood is pumped into the atrium. E. AV valves close.
E
15. Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart. A. apex B. base C. auricles D. trigone E. inferior aspect
base