A&P 2-Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? A. hydrogen B. chloride C. calcium D. sodium E. phosphorus

A

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________. interstitial space intracellular space plasma special fluid compartments

A

Parathyroid hormone __________. A. enhances release of calcium from bone B. results in a lowering of calcium levels C. activates osteoblasts D. targets the thyroid gland E. is released when aldosterone levels climb

A

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? A. interstitial fluid B. blood plasma C. extracellular fluid D. intracellular fluid

A

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. the concentration of K+ in the ECF water balance in the body the level of aldosterone in the plasma the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma

A

Which condition would cause a drop in pH? hypoventilation hypernatremia hypovolumemia hyperventilation hypokalemia

A

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? adipose tissue bone muscle tissue nervous tissue

A

18 Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? a healthy young female an infant a healthy young male an older obese person

B

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. A. an increase in potassium levels in the ICF B. a rise in plasma osmolality C. inhibition of the osmoreceptors D. stimulation of the baroreceptors E. an increase in ECF water concentration

B

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. input from baroreceptors hypotonic extracellular fluid a decline in blood volume angiotensin II

B

Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. 7.35 and 7.45 7.0 and 7.35 6.5 and 7.0 6.5 and 7.35

B

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. True False

B

Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. True False

B

Normal arterial blood pH is __________. A. neutral B. 7.4 C. highly acidic D. 6.45 E. strongly alkaline

B

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. True False

B

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. True False

B

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. metabolic water insensible water loss water intake water of oxidation

B

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases __________. osmoreceptors are stimulated there is an increase in the level of aldosterone more ADH is released a person experiences an increased thirst there is an increase in the level of ANP

B

Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? edema hypotonic hydration dehydration hypoproteinemia

B

ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion. intestines; decrease intestines; increase kidneys; decrease kidneys; increase

C

All of the following would cause edema EXCEPT __________. hypoproteinemia liver disease hypotension incompetent venous valves

C

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. thirst release of ADH production of large amounts of urine concentrated urine

C

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. bases acids salts organic molecules

C

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants high residual volume of infant lungs inefficiency of infant kidneys decreased surface area relative to body volume low rate of insensible water loss from skin

C

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body. water electrolytes minerals such as iron salt

C

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis

C

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. hypokalemia aldosteronism hyponatremia hypernatremia Cushing's disease

C

The major source of water loss from the body is __________. A. sweat B. insensible respiratory loss C. urine D. feces E. insensible skin loss

C

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. A. phosphate B. calcium C. sodium D. chloride E. potassium F. magnesium

C

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? their low metabolic rate their low surface area to volume ratio their inefficient kidneys their high residual lung volume

C

Which of the following would INCREASE sodium excretion? aldosterone glucocorticoids progesterone estrogen

C

__________ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments. Intracellular fluid Lymph Plasma Interstitial fluid

C

Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death? A. Potassium chloride is an adrenergic receptor mimic. B. Hyperkalemia results in acidosis, which is lethal. C. Hypokalemia causes dehydration. D. Increased K+ causes hyperpolarization of membranes. E. It would cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest.

D

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. three hours ten minutes half an hour one hour

D

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ANP rennin ADH aldosterone

D

Hyperventilation can lead to __________. metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis

D

Most water is excreted via the __________. intestines lungs skin kidneys

D

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. reabsorbing CO2 generating Na+ ions reabsorbing H+ generating new HCO3-

D

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. water intake plasma protein levels ADH secretion Na+ transport

D

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. Ca2+ Fe2+ K+ Na+ Mg2+

D

Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma? the protein buffer system respiratory rate the bicarbonate buffer system the phosphate buffer system

D

Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? potassium sodium chloride glucose

D

Which statement about acids is true? Most acid is a result of ingestion with food. When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells.

D

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________. chloride buffer system phosphate buffer system bicarbonate buffer system sulfate buffer system protein buffer system

E

The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the __________. liver spleen sweat glands lungs kidney

E