A&P 2 respiration/immunity/blood exam 2
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 61) What is MALT? What role does it play in the body's defenses?
61) MALT is an acronym for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. It consists of aggregated lymphoid nodules deep to the mucosa (gut lining) of the digestive system. Examples include Peyer's patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine. These lymphocytes are positioned to detect and neutralize pathogens to enter the body across the digestive mucosa. Beside these specific defenses, there is also mucus and other protective secretions.
15) ________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. 15) _____ A) Immune complexes B) Peyer's patches C) Tonsils D) Adenoids E) Lymph glands
B) Peyer's patches
49) The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. 49) _____ A) plasma B) T C) B D) NK E) interferon
B) T
50) Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of 50) _____ A) NK cells. B) T and B cells. C) interferons. D) mast cells. E) antigen-antibody complexes.
B) T and B cells.
19) If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of 19) _____ A) NK cells. B) T cells. C) B lymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) NK cells and T cells.
B) T cells.
12) A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) 12) _____ A) complement. B) antigen. C) chemotoxin. D) irritant. E) thymosin.
B) antigen.
2) The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. B) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. C) circulation of nutrients. D) the transport of hormones. E) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
B) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
51) Helper T cells do all of the following except 51) _____ A) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. B) destroy target cells using perforins. C) enhance cell-mediated immunity. D) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. E) enhance antibody-mediated immunity.
B) destroy target cells using perforins.
23) The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the 23) _____ A) cuneiform cartilage. B) epiglottis. C) thyroid cartilage. D) corniculate cartilage. E) cricoid cartilage.
B) epiglottis.
10) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the 10) _____ A) conducting portion of the respiratory tract. B) mucus escalator. C) respiratory defense system. D) respiratory mucosa. E) lamina propria.
B) mucus escalator.
12) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the 12) _____ A) larynx. B) pharynx. C) glottis. D) trachea. E) vestibule.
B) pharynx.
29) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. 29) _____ A) left primary B) right primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) None of the answers are more likely.
B) right primary
27) The opening between the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages is termed the 27) _____ A) glottis. B) rima glottidis. C) epiglottis. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) voice box.
B) rima glottidis.
4) Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except A) the thymus. B) the brain. C) lymph node organs. D) the spleen. E) lymphoid nodules.
B) the brain.
21) The glottis is 21) _____ A) the opening to the pharynx. B) the opening to the larynx. C) a flap of elastic cartilage. D) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. E) part of the hard palate.
B) the opening to the larynx.
9) Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into 9) _____ A) the thoracic duct. B) the right lymphatic duct.
B) the right lymphatic duct.
11) T is to ________ as B is to ________. 11) _____ A) thyroid; bowel B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) non-thymus-dependent; bottom D) top; bottom E) None of the answers is correct.
B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
24) The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. 24) _____ A) cricoid B) thyroid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottal
B) thyroid
56) Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are 56) _____ A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
C) IgE.
29) The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. 29) _____ A) helper T B) suppressor T C) NK D) B E) plasma
C) NK
5) Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they 5) _____ A) have no basement membrane. B) are frequently irregular in shape. C) are smaller in diameter. D) are larger in diameter. E) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.
C) are smaller in diameter.
35) Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as 35) _____ A) external respiration. B) gas diffusion. C) internal respiration. D) alveolar ventilation. E) pulmonary ventilation.
C) internal respiration.
22) The vocal folds are located within the 22) _____ A) bronchi. B) trachea. C) larynx. D) nasopharynx. E) oropharynx.
C) larynx.
32) Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? 32) _____ A) right primary bronchus B) right lung C) left lung D) left primary bronchus E) both left lung and left primary bronchus
C) left lung
43) Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? 43) _____ A) red blood cells B) all body cells with a nucleus C) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells D) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen E) granulocytes and microphages
C) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
25) Various types of macrophages are derived from 25) _____ A) lymphocytes. B) eosinophils. C) monocytes. D) basophils. E) neutrophils.
C) monocytes.
15) The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. 15) _____ A) pharynx B) epiglottis C) oropharynx D) laryngopharynx E) trachea
C) oropharynx
24) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the 24) _____ A) plasma cells. B) NK cells. C) phagocytes. D) T cells. E) B cells.
C) phagocytes.
10) Lymphocytes 10) _____ A) are primarily found in red bone marrow. B) are all actively phagocytic. C) respond to antigens. D) destroy red blood cells. E) decrease in number during infection.
C) respond to antigens.
60) A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably 60) _____ A) blood. B) lymph. C) tears. D) interstitial. E) serum.
C) tears.
32) Inflammation produces localized 32) _____ A) redness. B) swelling. C) pain. D) heat. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
34) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in 34) _____ A) increased tendency to alveolar collapse. B) increased surface tension in the alveoli. C) a loss of surfactant. D) a decreased rate of gas exchange. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
35) Characteristics of specific defenses include 35) _____ A) memory. B) specificity. C) versatility. D) tolerance. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
6) The respiratory defense system is important because it 6) _____ A) helps filter the air. B) helps warm the air. C) keeps out pathogens. D) keeps out debris. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
8) Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following? 8) _____ A) filtering the air B) trapping airborne particles C) warming the air D) humidifying the air E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
44) The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. 44) _____ A) suppressor T B) NK C) cytotoxic T D) helper T E) B
E) B
54) T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of 54) _____ A) antibodies. B) APCs. C) immunoglobulins. D) plasma cells. E) B cells.
E) B cells.
48) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. 48) _____ A) suppressor T B) NK C) cytotoxic T D) plasma E) CD4 T
E) CD4 T
58) Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are 58) _____ A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
E) IgM.
42) ________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. 42) _____ A) Versatility B) Hypersensitivity C) Allergy D) Specificity E) Tolerance
E) Tolerance
46) Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? 46) _____ A) secreting free radicals B) secreting mutant proteins C) secreting organic solvent D) secreting a strong acid E) activating genes that trigger apoptosis
E) activating genes that trigger apoptosis
40) In passive immunity, the 40) _____ A) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) immune system attacks normal body cells. D) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
57) Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are 57) _____ A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
B) IgD.
45) ________ cells provide cell-mediated immunity. 45) _____ A) CD8 T B) Memory B C) Cytotoxic T D) Suppressor T E) CD4 T
A) CD8 T
59) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are 59) _____ A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
A) IgA.
13) Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? 13) _____ A) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum. B) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.
A) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.
17) Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? 17) _____ A) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not. B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax. C) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not. D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can. E) None of the answers is correct.
A) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
30) Which of the following statements about bronchioles is false? 30) _____ A) Walls are made of cartilage. B) Extreme bronchoconstriction occurs in asthma, C) Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation. D) Bronchiolar mucosa forms folds in the lumen, E) Pulmonary lobules branch from terminal bronchioles.
A) Walls are made of cartilage.
64) The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called 64) _____ A) agglutination. B) sensitization. C) opsonization. D) antigen presentation. E) neutralization.
A) agglutination.
28) The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called 28) _____ A) chemotaxis. B) immune surveillance. C) diapedesis. D) apoptosis. E) phagocytosis.
A) chemotaxis.
27) The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called 27) _____ A) diapedesis. B) involution. C) apoptosis. D) chemotaxis. E) phagocytosis.
A) diapedesis.
3) The lymphocytes are most important in A) fighting infection. B) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. C) transporting lipids from the digestive tract. D) helping maintain normal blood volume. E) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes.
A) fighting infection.
16) Identify the structure labeled "10." 16) _____ A) glottis B) trachea C) laryngopharynx D) larynx E) hard palate
A) glottis
19) Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because 19) _____ A) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) it dries out the mouth. D) there is less resistance to flow. E) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.
A) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
33) An inflammatory response is triggered when 33) _____ A) mast cells release histamine and heparin. B) red blood cells release pyrogens. C) blood flow to an area increases. D) T cells release interferon. E) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
A) mast cells release histamine and heparin.
38) Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. 38) _____ A) naturally acquired active B) natural acquired passive C) innate D) auto E) passive
A) naturally acquired active
2) Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? 2) _____ A) respiratory B) urinary C) digestive D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
A) respiratory
33) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of 33) _____ A) simple squamous epithelium. B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. C) surfactant cells. D) moist cuboidal epithelium. E) ciliated squamous epithelium.
A) simple squamous epithelium.
20) Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the 20) _____ A) thymus. B) spleen. C) kidneys. D) bone marrow. E) liver.
A) thymus.
11) The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the 11) _____ A) vestibule. B) conchae. C) nasal septum. D) internal chamber. E) nasopharynx.
A) vestibule.
21) Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that 21) _____ A) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes. B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands. C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes. D) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin. E) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands.
C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
8) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the 8) _____ A) hepatic portal vein. B) right lymphatic duct. C) thoracic duct. D) dural sinus. E) cisterna chyli.
C) thoracic duct.
31) The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. 31) _____ A) three lobes; three lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) three lobes; two lobes D) two lobes; three lobes E) None of the answers is correct.
C) three lobes; two lobes
26) During swallowing, 26) _____ A) the larynx is elevated. B) solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. C) the epiglottis folds back over the glottis. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
18) The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. 18) _____ A) NK B) medullary C) helper T D) B E) cytotoxic T
D) B
5) ________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. 5) _____ A) Parkinson's disease B) Myasthenia gravis C) Congestive heart failure D) Cystic fibrosis E) MRSA
D) Cystic fibrosis
55) Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are 55) _____ A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
D) IgG.
14) ________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. 14) _____ A) Immune complexes B) Spleens C) Peyer's patches D) Tonsils E) Lymph nodes
D) Tonsils
30) What is perforin? 30) _____ A) a toxin expressed by some pathogens that is capable of damaging healthy cells B) a destructive enzyme secreted by sebaceous glands C) a type of antibody synthesized by B cells D) a protein produced by NK cells E) a type of interferon
D) a protein produced by NK cells
63) Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are 63) _____ A) the result of stress. B) signs of a weak system. C) autoimmune diseases. D) allergies. E) immunodeficiency diseases.
D) allergies.
26) Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include 26) _____ A) epidermal layers. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) sebaceous glands. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
23) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except 23) _____ A) epithelium. B) basement membranes. C) body hair. D) complement. E) secretions.
D) complement.
13) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the 13) _____ A) cribriform plate. B) soft palate. C) internal nares. D) hard palate. E) pharyngeal septum.
D) hard palate.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 62) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells. 62) _____ A) suppressor T B) cytotoxic T C) B D) helper T E) plasma
D) helper T
7) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from 7) _____ A) uncontrollable laryngospasms. B) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. C) production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. D) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport E) All of the answers are correct.
D) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport
3) The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the 3) _____ A) respiratory mucosa. B) internal respiratory tract. C) alveoli of the respiratory tract. D) lower respiratory tract. E) upper respiratory tract.
D) lower respiratory tract.
4) The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of 4) _____ A) simple squamous epithelium. B) ciliated squamous epithelium. C) surfactant cells. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) moist cuboidal epithelium.
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
16) Lymph nodes do all of the following except 16) _____ A) detect pathogens. B) produce antibodies. C) monitor the contents of lymph. D) remove excess nutrients from the lymph. E) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
7) The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. 7) _____ A) two great vessels B) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks C) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts D) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts
D) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
1) The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) the spleen. B) lymph nodes. C) lymphatic vessels. D) the venae cavae. E) lymph.
D) the venae cavae.
1) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the 1) _____ A) bronchioles. B) lungs. C) alveoli. D) upper respiratory tract. E) lower respiratory tract.
D) upper respiratory tract.
18) Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because 18) _____ A) water loss is reduced on exhalation. B) heat loss is reduced on exhalation. C) air is warmed on inhalation. D) air is humidified on inhalation. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
22) Nonspecific defenses include 22) _____ A) phagocytic cells. B) inflammation. C) interferons. D) physical barriers. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
9) The conchae 9) _____ A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. C) provide an opening into the pharynx. D) form part of the soft palate. E) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
E) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
25) The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. 25) _____ A) arytenoid B) cuneiform C) epiglottal D) corniculate E) cricoid
E) cricoid
20) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? 20) _____ A) dehumidify the outgoing air B) trap particulate matter C) cool outgoing air D) humidify the incoming air E) dehumidify the incoming air
E) dehumidify the incoming air
53) Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. 53) _____ A) NK B) B C) plasma D) cytotoxic T E) helper T
E) helper T
47) Suppressor T cells act to 47) _____ A) limit antigen proliferation. B) erase memory T cells. C) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. D) suppress antigens. E) inhibit T and B cell activities.
E) inhibit T and B cell activities.
37) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. 37) _____ A) natural passive B) auto C) active D) passive E) innate
E) innate
39) Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. 39) _____ A) auto B) naturally acquired active C) passive D) innate E) naturally acquired passive
E) naturally acquired passive
17) Identify the structure labeled "7." 17) _____ A) glottis B) laryngopharynx C) esophagus D) internal nares E) oropharynx
E) oropharynx
41) In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of 41) _____ A) active immunization. B) innate immunity. C) alloimmunity. D) natural immunity. E) passive immunity.
E) passive immunity.
52) The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells. 52) _____ A) thymus B) liver C) NK D) helper T E) plasma
E) plasma
28) What branches from the trachea? 28) _____ A) secondary bronchi B) tertiary bronchi C) alveolar ducts D) terminal bronchioles E) primary bronchi
E) primary bronchi
34) In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens 34) _____ A) activate complement. B) cause inflammation. C) opsonize pathogens. D) activate antibodies. E) produce a fever.
E) produce a fever.
6) The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the 6) _____ A) left arm and shoulder. B) pelvic viscera. C) left side of the neck. D) left breast. E) right breast.
E) right breast.
14) The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the 14) _____ A) pharyngeal septum. B) cribriform plate. C) internal nares. D) hard palate. E) soft palate.
E) soft palate.
36) Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by 36) _____ A) immunological surveillance. B) fever. C) nonspecific immunity. D) skin defenses. E) specific immunity.
E) specific immunity.
65) A test to measure the antibody level a blood sample is called a(n) 65) _____ A) primary response. B) secondary response . C) anaphylaxis test. D) major histocompatibility complex. E) titer.
E) titer.
31) Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen? 31) _____ A) parasites B) prions C) spirochetes D) bacteria E) viruses
E) viruses
