A&P

The body's most important energy-transfer molecule is ______.

ATP

Which is an example of a nucleotide? Multiple choice question. ATP DNA Amino acid Glucose

ATP

Hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1amu and oxygen has an atomic weight of 16amu. What is the molecular weight of water (H2O)?

18amu

Peptide bonds are used to join two of these together.

Amino acids

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction? Multiple choice question. Decomposition Catabolic Anabolic Oxidation

Anabolic

Which three functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid? Multiple select question. Phosphate group Carboxyl group Hydroxyl group Amino group Radical (R group)

Carboxyl group Amino group Radical (R group)

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy? Multiple choice question. Synthesis Anabolism Catabolism Oxidation

Catabolism

Which term refers to an attractive force caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons? Multiple choice question. Radiation Adhesion Chemical bond Hydrolysis

Chemical bond

A molecule consisting of a carbon chain, with 4 to 24 carbons, with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the opposite end is which of the following? Multiple choice question. Glycerol Protein Amino acid Fatty acid

Fatty acid

Which of the following terms refers to common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties? Multiple choice question. Functional groups Accessory groups Chain groups Backbone groups

Functional groups

Name the monosaccharide (C6H12O6), also known as blood sugar. Multiple choice question. Glycogen Sucrose Lactose Glucose

Glucose

Which is a monosaccharide that provides energy to most body cells? Multiple choice question. Starch Lactose Fructose Glucose Glycogen

Glucose

Identify the polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.

Glycogen Incorrect: Cellulose Reason: Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Incorrect: Protein Incorrect: Starch Reason: Starch is the polysaccharide used for storage in plants.

Which of the following is an element? Carbon dioxide Protons Water Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Which type of fatty acid has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain?

Polyunsaturated Saturated Reason: A saturated fatty acid contains as many hydrogens as possible; the carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds. Mono-unsaturated

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein into alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Multiple choice question.

Primary Reason: The primary structure is formed by the sequence of amino acids. Secondary Quaternary Reason: The quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of more than one polypeptide subunit. Tertiary Reason: The tertiary structure is formed by the hydrophobic radicals avoiding water and hydrophilic radicals being attracted to water.

Name the family of macromolecules that plays a role in cell structure, communication (hormones and neurotransmitters), membrane transport, catalysis (enzymes), recognition and protection (immune factors), movement (contractile molecules), and cell adhesion.

Proteins

Polypeptides over 100 amino acids long are generally classified as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Nucleic acids Dipeptides Proteins Glycolipids

Proteins

Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?

Substrate

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?

They have different numbers of neutrons.

Choose the lipids in the list below. Multiple select question. Triglycerides Eicosanoids Fatty acids Steroids Polysaccharides Phospholipids Polypeptides

Triglycerides Eicosanoids Fatty acids Steroids Phospholipids

A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed. True false question. True False

True False Reason: Chemical reactions involve the formation or breakdown of molecules.

Disaccharides are composed of how many covalently-bonded simple sugars? Multiple choice question. One Several (10-20) Many (50 or more) Two

Two

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Where it binds its substrate

A proton (H+) donor, or a chemical that releases protons into solution, is a(n) ___.

acid

HCl is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when put into water. Therefore, it is a(n) ______.

acid; acids are proton donors, and release proton (H+) in water

The energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction is called its ___ energy.

activation

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ______.

adenosine triphosphate adenosine diphosphate Reason: Adenosine diphosphate, has only two phosphate groups. ATP has three phosphate groups. glucose Reason: Glucose is the molecule from which we get ATP via respiration.

_____ is the study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells.

biochemistry

The ______ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.

carbohydrate

The element that is the foundation of biological molecules is ___. This element has four valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds.

carbon

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen are examples of ___ bonds.

chemical

An enzyme associated with its substrate is referred to as an enzyme-substrate ___.

complex

Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements? Multiple choice question. Compound Atom Isomer Mixture

compound

A peptide bond is formed through ______. Multiple choice question. dehydration synthesis hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom is called a(n)

element

An input of ___ is required for a system to perform work.

energy, ATP, or Energy

Which is a hydrophobic substance? Multiple choice question. Water Fats

fats

A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is a ___ molecule.

glycogen

A long and branched chain of glucose molecules is ______.

glycogen

A(n) ___ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

mixture

Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.

mixture

The number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams, is a(n) ___ .

mole

A(n) _____ is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.

molecule

Disaccharides can be broken down into ______. Multiple choice question. amino acids triglycerides polymers monosaccharides

monosaccharides

The uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is a(n)

neutron

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a ______. Examples include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.

nucleic acid protein lipid carbohydrate Reason: Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, not hydrophobic.

A(n) __ is a lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.

phospholipid

__ is an energy-storage polysaccharide in plants.

starch

Keratin and collagen are types of ______ proteins. Multiple choice question.

structural

Hydrophobic means that a substance is insoluble in ____

water

Which of the following best describes a glycolipid? Multiple choice question. A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a protein A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a different lipid Two phospholipids covalently bonded to each other

A phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate

Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?

Activation energy Reason: Chemical energy is found within the bonds of a molecule. Activation energy is needed to get a chemical reaction star

Which molecule combines with an inorganic phosphate to form ATP? Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Deoxyribonucleic acid

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Which of the following is another term for enzyme? Receptor molecule Structural protein Biological catalyst Hormone

Biological catalyst

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecule? Multiple choice question. Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Which element is the foundation of biological molecules? Hint: it is able to form a wide variety of compounds because it has four valence electrons. Multiple choice question. Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen

Carbon

Fatty acids contain ______ groups. Multiple select question. Carboxyl Phosphate Methyl Amino

Carboxyl Incorrect: Phosphate Reason: Phosphate groups are present with fatty acids in phospholipids, but are not part of a fatty acid. Methyl Incorrect: Amino Reason: Proteins and amino acids have amino groups, but fatty acids do not.

Which term is used to describe the structure formed by the combining of the enzyme and its specific substrate? Multiple choice question. Coenzyme group Activated enzyme Enzymatic active site Enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme-substrate complex

What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a chemical reaction in the body?

Enzymes lower the activation energy.

What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water? Multiple choice question. Hydrophobic Isotonic Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Where is a neutron located?

In the nucleus of an atom

Catabolic reactions release energy. Because of this, they can be classified as which of the following? Multiple choice question. Anabolic Metabolic Exergonic Endergonic

Incorrect: Anabolic Reason: Anabolic reactions require an input of energy, they do not release it. Incorrect: Metabolic Reason: Although catabolic reactions are a type of metabolic reaction, not all metabolic reaction release energy. Correct: Exergonic Incorrect: Endergonic Reason: Endergonic reactions store energy, they do not release it.

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following? Multiple choice question. Break large molecules down into smaller ones Build large molecules from small molecules Release energy Transfer electrons between molecules

Incorrect: Break large molecules down into smaller ones Reason:This describes catabolism. Correct: Build large molecules from small molecules Incorrect: Release energy Reason:Anabolism is the building of molecules, therefore it consumes energy. Incorrect: Transfer electrons between molecules

Which of the following will, in general, increase the rate of a reaction? Multiple select question. Decreasing temperature Increasing concentration of reactants Increasing temperature Decreasing concentration of reactants

Incorrect: Decreasing temperature Reason: In general, reaction rates increase when the temperature is increased. Correct: Increasing concentration of reactants Correct: Increasing temperature Incorrect: Decreasing concentration of reactants Reason: In general, reaction rates increase when the concentration of reactants is increased.

Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)? Multiple select question. Element Atom Compound Molecule

Incorrect: Element Reason: Glucose is not an element. It contains three different elements: carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen. Incorrect: Atom Reason: An atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a central nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Correct: Compound Correct: Molecule

Which are true regarding metabolism? Multiple select question. It only takes place in muscle cells. It consists entirely of endergonic reactions that require an input of energy. It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.

Incorrect: It only takes place in muscle cells. Reason: Metabolism occurs in all cells, not just muscle cells. Incorrect: It consists entirely of endergonic reactions that require an input of energy. Reason:Catabolic (energy releasing) reactions are also part of metabolism. These reaction do not require energy input. It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized. It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.

A molecule with the chemical formula C57H110O6 is an example of which type of organic molecule? Multiple choice question. Protein Nucleic acid Lipid Carbohydrate

Incorrect: Protein Incorrect: Nucleic acid Lipid Incorrect: Carbohydrate Reason: Although carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, this molecule cannot be a carbohydrate due to the extremely high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. In carbohydrates that ratio is 2:1.

Which of the following molecules are the major component of the plasma membrane? Multiple choice question. Steroids Prostaglandins Phospholipids Glycoproteins

Phospholipids

Which is an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom? Multiple choice question. Proton Electron Element Neutron

Incorrect: Proton Reason: Protons are particles with a single positive charge. Incorrect: Electron Reason: Electrons are particles with a single negative charge. They are found in electron shells outside of the nucleus. Incorrect: Element Correct: Neutron

Which type of reaction is always exergonic?

Incorrect: Redox Reason:Redox reactions may be exergonic or endergonic. Incorrect: Anabolic Reason:Anabolic reactions are energy-storing synthesis reactions. Incorrect: Synthesis Reason: Synthesis reactions are usually endergonic. Catabolic

Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction? Multiple choice question. Small glucose molecules are linked together to form a larger molecule like starch. Reason: This is an example of an anabolic reaction. Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion. Reason: Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, and energy is released. Molecules of iron combine with oxygen, giving up electrons and forming iron oxide (rust). Reason: This is an example of an oxidation reaction.

Incorrect: Small glucose molecules are linked together to form a larger molecule like starch. Reason: This is an example of an anabolic reaction. Correct: Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion. Reason: Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, and energy is released. Incorrect: Molecules of iron combine with oxygen, giving up electrons and forming iron oxide (rust). Reason: This is an example of an oxidation reaction.

Which of the following is a definition of energy? Multiple choice question. The rate at which molecules are moving The capacity to do work The tendency of one substance to cling to another The formation of a chemical bond

Incorrect: The rate at which molecules are moving Reason: This is the definition of temperature. Although an input of kinetic energy (heat) will increase temperature, this is not a definition of energy. Correct: The capacity to do work Incorrect: The tendency of one substance to cling to another Reason: This is the definition of adhesion. Incorrect: The formation of a chemical bond Reason: Although bond formation may require the input of energy, this is not a definition of energy.

True or false: Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. True false question. True False

Incorrect: True Reason: Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogens at each carbon. They do not have double bonds. False

Which of the following statements about the molecular weight of a molecule are true? Multiple select question. It is equal to the sum of the atomic weights. It is equal to the number of covalent bonds in the molecule. It is measured in atomic mass units. It is useful for calculating concentrations. It is equal to the number of atoms in the molecule.

It is equal to the sum of the atomic weights. It is measured in atomic mass units. It is useful for calculating concentrations.

Which of the following would give you the molarity of a solution? Multiple choice question. Grams/mole Moles/liter Grams/liter Liters/gram

Moles/liter

Which term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer? Multiple choice question. Polysaccharide Disaccharide Glycoprotein Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide

Triglycerides are also called ______. Multiple choice question. Nucleic acids Neutral fats Amino acids Steroids

Neutral fats

Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group?

Nucleotides

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?

Solvent

Which of the following is the only plant polysaccharide that humans can digest? Multiple choice question. Cellulose Starch Collagen Glycogen

Starch

To a certain point, increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution will ______ the rate of the reaction. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

incorrect: decrease Reason: Reaction rates generally increase with greater concentrations of reactants. increase

When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ______.

ion

Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as ___.

isotopes

Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein or starch, is known as a ___.

macromolecule

Molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of ___ because they are made up of many repeating subunits.

macromolecules

The term ___ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

metabolism

A fatty acid has a double bond in its carbon chain. It is a(n) ______ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated Reason:A polyunsaturated fatty acid has many (poly-) double bonds. The question includes "one double bond" which excludes this answer. The more general answer is "unsaturated". unsaturated saturated Reason: A saturated fatty acid contains as many hydrogens as possible; the carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds. lipid Reason: Fatty acids are a type of lipid, however fatty acids that have one or more double bonds in the carbon chain are called unsaturated fatty acids.

Amino acids are the subunits of larger molecules called ___.

protein

In general, a process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules is called a chemical ___.

reaction

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the ____.

solvent

A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element.

true; Molecules are composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond. The atoms in a molecule may be the same element (e.g. O2) or they may be different elements (e.g. H2O).