A&P CH. 18

Which are characteristics of type O blood?

A,B,E

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the?

Albumins

Which type of leukocytes releases histamine?

Basophil

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes

Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

True

The most numerous of the formed elements, by far, are the?

erythrocytes

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?

1

The first phase of hemostasis involves?

Blood vessel constriction

The formation of web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the _____ pathway.

Common

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

Neutrophils

When Actinomyosin of platelets contracts and squeezes the serum out of a clot the process is called clot _______.

Retraction

The temperature of blood is about _____ than measured body temperature.

1 Degree C higher

In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red bone marrow at approximately?

10 weeks

The life span of an erythrocytes is about _____ days.

120

The globulins make up about _____ percent of all plasma proteins.

37

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

Plasma makes up about _____ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

What are characteristics of type A blood?

B,C,F

Which are characteristics of type Rh negative blood?

B,E

Blood plasma is slightly ______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ______.

Basic, Proteins

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

Basophils

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to?

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? A: Proerythroblast B: Normoblast C: Myeloid stem cell D: Reticulocyte E: Erythroblast F: Mature erythrocyte

C,A,E,B,D,F

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure:

Decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

The main function of leukocytes is to?

Defend against pathogens

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site platelets become activated and their cytoplasm?

Degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2

Fibrinolysis involves _______ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein ______.

Destruction, plasmin

Which is going to result in significant aggultination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called________.

Hemocytoblasts

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called?

Hemopoiesis

Platelets play a key role in_______, but they are not used they are broken down after about _____ days.

Hemostasis, 120

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the layer labeled number 3?

Leukocytes and platelets

The production of leukocytes is called _______.

Leukopoiesis

T-cells are a category of?

Lymphocytes

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a?

Platelet reppellant

The "buffy" coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of?

Platelets and leukocytes

Glucose is a?

Polar molecule, and therefor it dissolves readily in plasma

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are?

Proplatelets

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time?

The intrinsic pathway

Explain how the body tries to maintain enough blood pressure to keep the most vital organs functioning after a catastrophic loss of over 10 % of total blood volume.

The sympathetic nervous system triggers general vasoconstriction, increased heart rate and increased heart contractility. Blood is distributed to heart and brain

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may include?

The wrong blood type was used

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that?

Their values are very similar

The production of platelets is called _______.

Thrombopoiesis

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to?

Collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

Oxygen poor blood is ______ in color.

Dark red

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely?

Decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will?

Decrease

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be?

Decreased in number and less efficient

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma?

Electrolytes

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, number 2 indicates?

Erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the?

Erythrocytes

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of?

Erythrocytes in the blood

Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.

False

Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and are like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

False

The extrinsic pathway refers to a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body.

False

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to?

Increase the viscosity of the blood

Beta-globulins transport ______, whereas gamma-globulins are _______.

Iron ions, antibodies

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed cell" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes?

Lack a nucleus and organelles

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the?

Liver and spleen

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is an?

Monocyte

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Protection

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin

Vascular spasms last?

Several minutes when tissue damage is extensive

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the _____ nervous system.

Sympathetic

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor 3) with factor VII and calcium?

The extrinsic pathway

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)?

Tissue

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

During hemopoieses, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.

True

For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute.

True

Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.

True

The first phase in hemostasis is?

Vascular spasm

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers?

Vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate

Congenital hemolytic anemia is?

When destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a?

White blood cell differential count

The viscosity of blood is _______ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _____ proportional to the amount of fluid.

Directly, indirectly

In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in?

Flat bones of the axial skeleton

The aggultinogens (antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are?

Found on the surface of erythocytes

The percentage of the volume of all formed elements in blood is called the?

Hematocrit

Leukocytes have ______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______.

Largest, prominent nuclei

Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called ___________.

Megakaryocytes

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of?

Monocytes from monoblasts

________ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.

Thrombopoietin

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

True

Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

True

Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.

True

Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.

True

Platelets are formed elements.

True

If someone with kidney damage was losing lots of protein in their urine, what would happen to colloid osmotic pressure and how might it lead to edema of body tissue?

Osmotic pressure would decrease. Since less fluid would be retained by the osmotic draw of the proteins, capillaries would lose more fluid, and swelling could result.

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

92%

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ____ units.

Globin

The test that measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the blood is a ______ count.

Differential

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? A: Neutrophils B: Eosinophils C: Lymphocytes D: Monocytes E: Basophils F: Erythrocytes

A,B,E

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (order is not important)

A,C,D,F

An individual's hematocrit would vary with?

All of the choices are correct

Which are characteristics of leukocytes? A: Smaller than erythrocytes B: Have a nucleus C: Have no hemoglobin D: More numerous than erythrocytes E: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

B,C,E

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is?

Multi-CSF

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _____ line.

Myeloid

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infections is an?

Neutrophil