A&P CH 4&5

skeletal muscle tissue

-endomysium (ECM) -multiple nuclei -striations

cardiac muscle tissue

-intercalated discs -endomysium (ECM)

simple epithelia includes

-simple squamous epithelium -simple cuboidal epithelium -simple columnar epithelium -pseudostratified columnar epithelium

smooth muscle tissue

-smooth muscle cells -nucleus

The dermal papillae are labeled __________. -A -B -C -D

A

What does cyanosis signify? -A person has been kept out of the sun. -A person has been exposed to cyanide. -A person has been exposed to too much sun. -A person has oxygen-starved skin.

A person has oxygen-starved skin

A natural result of aging is the thinning of the stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermal layer of the skin. What effects would you expect to see in the epidermis as this layer gets thinner? -As the epidermis thins, there will be an increase in sensitivity to touch. -As the epidermis thins, the dermal layer will thicken, increasing the number of protein fibers present. -As the epidermis thins, there will be higher incidences of lacerations in the elderly, due to the skin's inability to resist mechanical stresses. -As the epidermis thins, there will be a higher number of melanocytes producing even-pigmented skin tone.

As the epidermis thins, there will be higher incidences of lacerations in the elderly, due to the skin's inability to resist mechanical stresses

Max and Breanna go to the beach, and Max tells Breanna that she does not need sunscreen because she is African American and individuals with dark skin cannot get sunburns or skin cancer. What should Breanna tell him in response? -Breanna should inform Max that people with darker skin are still susceptible to skin cancer, though not to sunburns. -Breanna should notify Max that people with darker skin are still susceptible to sunburns, though not to skin cancer. -Breanna should inform Max that people with darker skin are still susceptible to both sunburns and skin cancer -Breanna should thank Max for reinforcing the idea that melanin absorbs all of the UV.

Breanna should inform Max that people with darker skin are still susceptible to both sunburns and skin cancer

The reticular layer of the dermis is labeled __________. -A -B -C -D

C

While woodworking, your friend Lily cuts her forearm with a saw. You examine the wound and see large quantities of adipose tissue at its base. Her wound extends down to the ____. -hyperdermis -Deeper than the cutaneous membrane -dermis -epidermis

Deeper than the cutaneous membrane

How do nutrients reach the epidermis of the skin? -Blood vessels carry nutrients directly into the epidermis. -Solute pumping transports nutrients into the epidermis. -Nutrients migrate in vesicles from the hypodermis into the epidermis. -Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis.

Diffusion transports nutrients from blood vessels in the dermis into the epidermis

Glands that secrete their products directly into the blood are called __________. -Exocrine glands -Endocrine glands -Holocrine glands -Merocrine glands

Endocrine glands

Which of the following is NOT a tissue type? -Muscle tissue -Extracellular tissue -Epithelial tissue -Connective tissue

Extracellular tissue

Fibrocartilage often replaces hyaline cartilage when it is injured or damaged. What effect will this have on articular surfaces of bones? -Fibrocartilage has more tensile strength than hyaline cartilage, so it will help reduce friction on the surfaces. -Fibrocartilage has more ground substance than hyaline cartilage and will make the surface less tough. -Fibrocartilage has more chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage and will improve movement in the joint. -Fibrocartilage contains more protein fibers than hyaline cartilage and will make the surface less smooth.

Fibrocartilage contains more protein fibers than hyaline cartilage and will make the surface less smooth

Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn? -Flexure lines appear where the skin has been stressed. -The skin will darken due to increased melanin accumulation. -Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear. -Tension, or cleavage, lines disappear.

Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear

What is the pigment that protects the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by UV radiation? -Hemoglobin -Albinism -Melanin -Carotene

Melanin

Jill is blind and often uses braille (a system of raised dots) to read her school assignments. What cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis helps her discriminate between the textured dots? -Merkel cell -keratinocyte -dendritic (Langerhans) cell -melanocyte

Merkel cell

Paper cuts often involve only the epidermis. You may get a paper cut and notice that it doesn't bleed, but you can still feel it. Why can you feel it but the cut isn't bleeding? -Merkel cells are found in the stratum basale and the cut is not extensive enough to reach the dermis. -Merkel cells are scattered throughout the deeper layers of the dermis and are very sensitive to touch. -The dendritic cells are damaged; these are located in the stratum spinosum, but blood vessels are located deeper within the stratum basale. -There may be damage to the blood vessels, but it is too deep for us to see bleeding.

Merkel cells are found in the stratum basale and the cut is not extensive enough to reach the dermis

Why would it be detrimental if the digestive tract had stratified columnar epithelium instead of simple columnar epithelium? -Stratified columnar epithelium would contain both microvilli and cilia which would impede the functions of the digestive tract. -Stratified columnar epithelium would contain too many goblets cells, causing mucus to build in the digestive tract beyond tolerable levels. -Stratified columnar epithelium would be too thin to allow for enzymes to work properly in the digestive tract. -Stratified columnar epithelium would be too thick to allow diffusion of water and nutrients into the blood stream.

Stratified columnar epithelium would be too thick to allow diffusion of water and nutrients into the blood stream

Which of the following describes the effector response of sweat glands and blood vessels? -Sweat glands release sweat and blood vessels constrict. -Sweat glands release sweat and blood vessels dilate. -Sweat glands stop releasing sweat and blood vessels constrict. -Sweat glands stop releasing sweat and blood vessels dilate.

Sweat glands release sweat and blood vessels dilate

A patient with osteoarthritis in the knee suffers from severe pain. The orthopedic tells the patient, along with a breakdown of her articular cartilage, there is a reduction of synovial fluid. Why would a lack of synovial fluid influence and increase the pain? -Synovial fluid is a found in the ligaments surrounding the joint and causes them to weaken if reduced. -Synovial fluid resists stresses placed on the joint. -Synovial fluid increases the friction in the knee joint. -Synovial fluid lubricates the joint to provide smooth movement.

Synovial fluid lubricates the joint to provide smooth movement

What happens to bone tissue when osteoclasts become more active than osteoblasts? -The bone tissue will become denser and stronger. -The bone tissue will no longer go through bone resorption. -The bone tissue will be broken down and become weaker. -The bone tissue will remodel at a constant rate.

The bone tissue will be broken down and become weaker

Skeletal muscle is often replaced with a dense irregular connective tissue when the muscle is damaged, leading to what is commonly known as scar tissue. What effect would you expect to see on the function of skeletal muscle tissue that has been replaced by scar tissue? -Dense irregular connective tissue contains mostly collagen fibers and in turn contracts like muscle. -Dense irregular connective tissue resists tension which will allow it to stretch along with muscle tissue when muscles contract. -Dense irregular connective tissue contains fibroblasts that will differentiate into skeletal muscle cells to help repair the damaged tissue and eventually replace the scar tissue with muscle tissue. -The dense irregular connective tissue is not contractile tissue so the function of the muscle would be altered.

The dense irregular connective tissue is not contractile tissue so the function of the muscle would be altered

What would happen if the simple squamous epithelium of the lungs thickened? -The epithelium would not be able to resist mechanical stress. -The epithelium would no longer allow for gas diffusion to occur quickly. -The epithelium would be able to exhibit secretion. -The epithelium would have some added distensibility.

The epithelium would no longer allow for gas diffusion to occur quickly

A hypothetical poison prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin. How would this affect skin color in a fair-skinned person? -It will cause the skin to appear to have a pinkish hue, and the person will appear to have cherry-colored cheeks. -The skin would look yellow-orange. -The skin would become very pale. -The skin would appear to have a faint bluish tint.

The skin would appear to have a faint bluish tint

What would occur in the skin if the desmosomes stopped functioning? -The skin would not show any wrinkles. -The skin would become tougher and less likely to tear. -The skin would not be able to resist mechanical stress and break down easily. -The skin would no longer be able to protect against bacterial infection.

The skin would not be able to resist mechanical stress and break down easily.

Which of the following statements about third- degree burns is INCORRECT? -Third-degree burns destroy hair follicles and nerves. -Third-degree burns are often treated with skin grafts. -Third-degree burns burn through the epidermis, dermis, and into the subcutaneous layer. -Third-degree burns decrease perspiration, so there is no danger of dehydration.

Third-degree burns decrease perspiration, so there is no danger of dehydration

The skin eliminates small amounts of waste products in sweat, a process known as excretion. T/F

True

Why is vitamin D necessary? -Vitamin D protects the skin from UV radiation. -Vitamin D critical for thermoregulation. -Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine. -Vitamin D protects the skin from pathogens.

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine

Glands that release sweat into hair follicles are called __________. -sebaceous glands -eccrine sweat glands -apocrine sweat glands -mammary glands

apocrine sweat glands

Gap junctions will most likely be found in cells that: -prevent molecules from passing between cells -are held together tightly -are subject to a lot of mechanical stress -are able to pass ions from one cell to the next

are able to pass ions from one cell to the next

Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum __________. -are dead and filled with keratin -are metabolically active -are undergoing mitosis -are living and filled with keratin

are dead and filled with keratin

loose CT

areolar, adipose, reticular

What structure stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? -arrector pili muscle -dermal papillae -epidermal ridges -epithelial root sheath

arrector pili muscle

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of epithelial tissue is located in the: -basal lamina. -apical surface. -reticular lamina. -desmosome.

basal lamina

In order, from deep to superficial, what are the five strata of the epidermis? -corneum, lucidum, spinosum, granulosum, basale -basale, granulosum, spinosum, lucidum, corneum -basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum -corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

You are observing a tissue under the microscope and notice dark concentric circles of matrix and osteocytes in lacunae. You identify this tissue as __________. -loose connective tissue -bone tissue -adipose tissue -cartilage

bone tissue

Which of the following best describes holocrine gland secretion? -cell rupture and die to secrete their product -involves glands that lack ducts and secrete products directly into the bloodstream -secretory vesicles release products via exocytosis -portions of a cell's cytoplasm are pinched off with the products being secreted

cell rupture and die to secrete their product

A surgical incision along tension lines __________. -requires no sutures -closes and heals with relatively little scarring -heals slower than incisions made perpendicular to the tension lines -has a tendency to reopen

closes and heals with relatively little scarring

The tissue pictured in this figure is: -composed of two layers of cuboidal cells. -composed of two layers of columnar cells. -composed of multiple layers of columnar cells. -composed of a single layer of columnar cells appearing stratified.

composed of a single layer of columnar cells appearing stratified

Salivary glands are spherical exocrine glands with branched ducts. You would classify them as __________. -simple acinar glands -compound acinar glands -compound tubular glands -simple tubular glands

compound acinar glands

What general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body? -nervous -epithelial -muscle -connective

connective

Which of these tissue types has the most abundant ECM? -epithelial tissue -nervous tissue -connective tissue -muscle tissue

connective tissue

blood

connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

bone

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

dense irregular CT

dermis

What type of intercellular junction bands together adjacent cells, making the epidermis stronger? -tight junction -occluding junction -desmosome -gap junction

desmosome

The most superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane is called the __________. -subcutaneous layer -hypodermis -epidermis -dermis

epidermis

Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the: -epidermis. -hypodermis. -subcutaneous layer. -dermis.

epidermis

The main components of the skin are the: -dermis and hypodermis. -epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. -epidermis and dermis. -epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and the subcutaneous layer.

epidermis and dermis

Exercise often makes the skin flush red, a condition known as: -pallor. -erythema. -jaundice. -cyanosis.

erythema

What type of blood cell transports oxygen throughout the body? -erythrocyte -platelet -leukocyte -osteoblast

erythrocyte

elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

adipose CT

fat

The type of tissue repair seen in this figure is __________. -thrombosis -regeneration -coagulation -fibrosis

fibrosis

The unique, characteristic pattern of epidermal ridges is visible as __________. -flexure lines -fingerprints -wrinkles -tension lines

fingerprints

A burn that only damages the epidermis is classified as a __________. -full thickness burn -third-degree burn -second-degree burn -first-degree burn

first-degree burn

Which unicellular gland is responsible for mucus secretion? -mast cell -adipocyte -fibroblast -goblet cell

goblet cell

Thick skin lacks: -stratum lucidum. -sweat glands. -stratum granulosum. -hair follicles.

hair follicles

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue proper? -loose connective tissue -hyaline cartilage -adipose tissue -dense connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

Subcutaneous injections involve administration of medicine into the: -reticular layer of the dermis. -hypodermis. -epidermis. -papillary layer of the dermis.

hypodermis

fibrocartilage cartilage

intervertebral discs

What symptom distinguishes a second-degree from a third-degree burn? -presence of significant pain initially with the third-degree burn -lack of initial pain associated with the third-degree burn -presence of blisters associated with the third-degree burn -presence of erythema associated with the third-degree burn

lack of initial pain associated with the third-degree burn

dense regular elastic CT

large blood vessels, certain ligaments

Thin skin lacks stratum: -spinosum. -corneum. -granulosum. -lucidum.

lucidum

This tumor is a __________. -malignant melanoma -lipoma -squamous cell carcinoma -basal cell carcinoma

malignant melanoma

The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from: -squamous cell carcinoma. -basal cell carcinoma. -melanoma. -freckles.

melanoma

The type of secretion illustrated in this figure is __________. -autocrine secretion -endocrine secretion -merocrine secretion -holocrine secretion

merocrine secretion

This is an example of __________. -holocrine secretion -autocrine secretion -endocrine secretion -merocrine secretion

merocrine secretion

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside of the body? -cutaneous membrane -mucous membrane -serous membrane -synovial membrane

mucous membrane

The supportive cells of nervous tissue are called __________. -fibroblasts -neuroglial cells -adipocytes -neurons

neuroglial cells

Predict which of the following regions of the body will have predominantly thick skin. -arms -lips -palms -eyelids

palms

An oily substance that coats and conditions the skin and hair is secreted by the __________. -ceruminous glands -sebaceous glands -eccrine sweat glands -mammary glands

sebaceous glands

Which tissue will most likely be found lining organs where substances have to easily diffuse across, such as the intestines and the lungs? -stratified epithelium -muscle tissue -blood -simple epithelium

simple epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

The type of involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels is __________. -striated muscle -cardiac muscle -smooth muscle -skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

reticular CT

spleen and lymph nodes

Dividing stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes are located in the __________. -stratum granulosum -stratum basale -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum

stratum basale

A callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus? -stratum spinosum -stratum basale -stratum corneum -stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells? -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

Eccrine glands produce: -sweat containing mostly water. -hormones. -sebum. -cerumen.

sweat containing mostly water

Skin without keratin would be more likely to: -tear upon being mechanically stressed. -be unable to thermoregulate. -burn upon exposure to the sun. -lose the sensation of touch.

tear upon being mechanically stressed

dense regular collagenous CT

tendons and ligaments

The blue lines on this figure are called __________. -flexure lines -wrinkles -tension lines -fingerprints

tension lines

What type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between our cells? -gap junctions -tight junctions -desmosomes -glycoproteins

tight junctions

stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the integumentary system? -excretion -sensation -protection -vitamin C synthesis

vitamin C synthesis