A&P CH7: The Skeletal System- The Axial Skeleton
On the diagram, which fontanel usually is the last to close, typically closing within 18-24 months after birth: _____
A
The crista galli is shown at ____ (type in the Arabic number or letter)
A
Which of the vertebrae listed below would be the largest and strongest vertebra in adult humans? A.L4 B.C7 C.T4 D.C5 E.T12
A.L4
Which of the following is NOT true of surface markings on bone? A.They allow bones to shorten or lengthen. B.They allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels. C.They help form joints. D.They can be depressions or projections. E.They provide sites of attachment for muscles.
A.They allow bones to shorten or lengthen.
Bones in the following area protect the brain. A.cranium B.ribcage C.sacrum D.face E.vertebral column
A.cranium
What is the COLOR of the bone called the keystone of the cranial floor? A.green B.blue C.yellow D.orange E.red F.purple G.dark yellow
A.green
The pituitary gland is contained in a depression found in which cranial bone? A.sphenoid B.temporal C.parietal D.lacrimal E.ethmoid
A.sphenoid
Which bone forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic bone? A.temporal B.parietal C.mandible D.sphenoid E.frontal
A.temporal
The tubercle found on the neck of a rib articulates with a facet found on the __?___ A.transverse process of a thoracic vertebra B.manubrium of the sternum C.xiphoid process of the sternum D.spinous process of a lumbar vertebra E.spinous process of a lumbar vertebra
A.transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to bones of the skull? A.Some bones of the skull contain sinus cavities. B.The bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures. C.Some skull bone cavities are covered with a mucous membrane. D.The facial bones provide support for the entrance of the digestive system. E.The only movable bone in the skull is the mandible.
B.The bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures.
Hyaline cartilage is associated with numerous structures in the skeletal system. Which bones and structures of the axial skeletal area are NOT associated with hyaline cartilage? A.costal cartilages B.annulus fibrosus C.septal cartilages D.articular surfaces of adjacent vertebrae E.xiphoid process
B.annulus fibrosus
Craniodiaphysial dysplasia is a bone disorder that causes calcium to accumulate in the skull. These deposits of calcium decrease the foramina size in the skull. Which of the following would NOT be an effect of smaller foramina? A.inadequate blood flow to structures in the skull B.compression of spinal nerves C.compression of cranial nerves D.intracranial hypertension (high blood pressure in the skull)
B.compression of spinal nerves
Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages can mimic chest pain associated with a heart attack. What is this condition called? A.otitis B.costochondritis C.intercostal space distension D.cartilaginous distension E.arthritis
B.costochondritis
If cerebrospinal fluid was in the nasal cavity, this would indicate damage to the __?__ bone(s). A.frontal B.ethmoid C.sphenoid D.nasal E.temporal
B.ethmoid
Which of following facial bones is a single (unpaired) bone in the human skull? A.zygomatic B.mandible C.lacrimal D.maxilla E.nasal
B.mandible
Which of the following bones is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with every other cranial bone? A.frontal B.sphenoid C.occipital D.parietal E.ethmoid
B.sphenoid
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? A.scapula B.sphenoid C.clavicle D.tibia E.tarsals
B.sphenoid
Ribs that have costal cartilage that attaches directly to the sternum are called __?__ ribs. A.floating B.true C.separated D.false E.vertebrochondral
B.true
Which are the three components of the nasal septum? A.vomer, septal cartilage, and crista galli of ethmoid B.vomer, superior nasal concha, and septal cartilage C.inferior nasal concha, vomer and lacrimal bone D.vomer, septal cartilage, and perpendicular plate of ethmoid E.inferior nasal concha, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid
B.vomer, superior nasal concha, and septal cartilage
Which of the following is a cranial bone that is located anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones and contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve? A.maxilla B.palatine C.ethmoid D.temporal E.frontal
C.ethmoid
In infants, hydrocephalus, water on the brain, causes bulging and swelling in the head. The head appears larger than expected. Two important diseases that cause hydrocephalus are toxoplasmosis and the Zika virus. What structure in the axial skeletal system will bulge? The __?__. A.foramen (foramina) B.sutures C.fontanelles D.intervertebral discs E.sinuses
C.fontanelles
A rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a __?__. A.foramen B.tuberosity C.head D.trochanter E.condyle
C.head
What is the function of the intervertebral discs? A.act as a spinal fluid reservoir B.store calcium C.help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column D.compress the vertebral bones E.provide muscle attachment
C.help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column
What is the COLOR of the bone with a temporal process? A.blue B.red C.orange D.purple E.green F.dark yellow G.yellow
C.orange
Which condition is characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column in the thoracic region? A.herniated disc B.spina bifida C.scoliosis D.lordosis E.kyphosis
C.scoliosis
Joe was found dead. His hyoid bone was broken. What was the most likely cause of death? A.cardiac arrest B.choking C.strangulation D.gun shot E.natural causes
C.strangulation
Which of the following cranial bones forms the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor? A.parietal B.occipital C.temporal D.frontal E.ethmoid
C.temporal
Which of the following structures passes through the foramen magnum? A.internal carotid artery B.Cranial nerve VII (facial) C.Cranial nerve X (vagus) D.Cranial nerve XI (accessory)
D.Cranial nerve XI (accessory)
Which of the following statements is NOT true? A.The axial skeleton has 80 bones. B.The axial skeleton is composed of the bones that run through the axis of the body. C.The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones D.The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles. E.Children have more bones than adults.
D.The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
A prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a __?__. A.fossa B.tubercle C.sulcus D.crest E.trochanter
D.crest
Which of the following types of bone is the occipital bone? A.long B.sesamoid C.irregular D.flat E.short
D.flat
Which bone of the axial skeleton does NOT articulate with any other bone? A.sternum B.ethmoid C.ilium D.hyoid E.vertebrae
D.hyoid
Which facial bone articulates with teeth? A.vomer B.lacrimal C.palatine D.maxillae E.nasal
D.maxillae
What bone marking found on the second cervical vertebra projects superiorly into the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas? A.body B.spinous process C.transverse process D.odontoid process E.articular facet
D.odontoid process
The branch of medicine that deals with correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called __?__. A.rheumatics B.dermatology C.cardiology D.orthopedics E.podiatry
D.orthopedics
The sella turcica is a bony depression found in which cranial bone? A.temporal B.frontal C.occipital D.sphenoid E.ethmoid
D.sphenoid
Which of the following is classified as a flat bone? A.vertebrae B.humerus C.cuboid D.sternum E.patella
D.sternum
The hyoid bone is suspended by ligaments and muscle that extend from the ___?__ of the temporal bone. A.mastoid process B.superior nuchal line C.zygomatic process D.styloid process E.occipital condyles
D.styloid process
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) though the ear structures, called CSF otorrhea, is a rare but potentially life-threatening situation that requires rapid intervention. A finding of CSF in the middle ear would potentially indicate damage to which bone? The __?___ bone(s). A.zygomatic B.parietal C.occipital D.temporal E.ethmoid
D.temporal
Which of the following cranial bones contains the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible? A.occipital B.parietal C.sphenoid D.temporal E.frontal
D.temporal
The two primary curves of the adult vertebral column are the __?__ curves. A.cervical and lumbar B.lumbar and sacral C.cervical and sacral D.thoracic and sacral E.cervical and thoracic
D.thoracic and sacral
Which letter indicates the sphenoid? A.D B.H C.G D.I E.F
E.F
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? A.hyoid B.sternum C.ribs D.vertebrae E.carpals
E.carpals
An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a __?__. A.sulcus B.meatus C.fissure D.fossa E.foramen
E.foramen
Which condition is the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies in the vertebral column? A.kyphosis B.spina bifida C.scoliosis D.lordosis E.herniated disc
E.herniated disc
Which condition is also called "hunchback" due to an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column? A.scoliosis B.herniated disc C.spina bifida D.lordosis E.kyphosis
E.kyphosis
Which of the following bones houses a sac that collects tears and passes them into the nasal cavity? A.ethmoid B.maxilla C.nasal D.sphenoid E.lacrimal
E.lacrimal
The _?__ suture articulates with the most bones in the skull. A.coronal B.squamous C.sagittal D.frontal E.lambdoid
E.lambdoid
Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? A.lacrimal B.palatine C.mandible D.vomer E.occipital
E.occipital
What is the COLOR of the zygomatic bone? A.yellow B.purple C.green D.blue E.orange
E.orange
Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? A.palatine B.maxillae C.nasal D.zygomatic E.parietal
E.parietal
What is the COLOR of the bone that articulates with every other bone of the face except the mandible? A.blue B.purple C.green D.orange E.yellow
E.yellow
Craniosyntosis occurs when bones in an infant skull fuse too early causing a misshapen head. Which of the following bones would NOT be involved in craniosyntosis? A.sphenoid B.temporal C.occipital D.frontal E.zygomatic F.parietal
E.zygomatic
What is the COLOR of the bone where you would find the styloid process? A.blue B.red C.orange D.dark yellow E.green F.purple G.natural H.yellow
F.purple
What is the COLOR of the bone forming the superior aspect of the orbit? A.dark yellow B.red C.green D.yellow E.purple F.orange G.blue
G.blue
Briefly describe the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. Include a description of the portion of the orbit formed by each bone.
Parts of the frontal and sphenoid bones comprise the roof of the orbit. Parts of the zygomatic and sphenoid bones form the lateral wall of the orbit. Parts of the maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones make up the floor of the orbit. Parts of the maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones form the medial wall of the orbit.
A ________ would articulate at D.
Rib
Briefly describe the location of the four most prominent sutures of the skull including the articulating bones.
The coronal suture unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones. The sagittal suture unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull. The lambdoid suture unites the two parietal bones to the occipital bone. The squamous sutures unite the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull.
Briefly describe the function of the fontanels.
The fontanels are important in allowing flexibility during childbirth and allow brain growth after birth.
Briefly describe the five categories of bones found in the human body based on the shape of the bones.
The human body contains five types of bones based on shape. Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of extremities. Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped because they are nearly equal in length and width. Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bones tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue. Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories. Sesamoid bones develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension and physical stress and are shaped similarly to a sesame seed.
Briefly describe the function of the paranasal sinuses.
The sinuses lighten the skull and contain a mucous membrane lining that helps moisten and clean inspired air. The sinuses also aid in enhancing the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.
Briefly describe the six fontanels of the infant skull including their location, shape and time of closure.
The unpaired anterior fontanel is located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone. It is roughly diamond shaped and is the largest fontanel. It usually closes 18-24 months after birth. The unpaired posterior fontanel is located at the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone. It is smaller than the anterior fontanel and closes about 2 months after birth. The paired anterolateral fontanels are located laterally between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones and are smaller in shape. They close about 3 months after birth. The paired posterolateral fontanels are located laterally between the parietal, occipital and temporal bones and are irregularly shaped. They begin to close 1 to 2 months after birth, but closure is not complete until 12 months.
List and describe the number of bones found in all the regions of the adult vertebral column.
There are seven cervical vertebrae in the neck region. There are twelve thoracic vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity. The five lumbar vertebrae support the lower back. There is one sacrum consisting of five fused sacral vertebrae. There is one coccyx (tail bone) consisting of four fused coccygeal vertebrae.
Letter _____ indicates the spinous process.
b
Which bone in the diagram is classified as a short bone? Letter ____
b
Which letter represents the cribriform plate? Letter ____
b
Letter ____ indicates the right superior articular process.
c
Which letter represents the location where Cranial Nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve) passes through the skull? Letter ____
c
Which letter represents a condyle that articulates with C1? Letter ____
e
Number 2 is the __________ _______
frontal bone
Letter E indicates the right _______________ _______________ process.
inferior articular
Letter A indicates the left ________________ process.
transverse
Letter E is the ______________.
vomer
Number 3 is the ______________ _________
zygomatic bone