A&P Chapter 16 review

stimulus modality

thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors

The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the

vitreous humor.

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?

Rods

Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called

sensation

6. Artificial sweeteners

sweet

The middle and inner ear are housed within the _____ bone.

temporal

Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma?

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body caused by the stretch or distention of internal structures.

Baroreceptors

In this view of the olfactory epithelium, what structure does number 4 indicate?

Basal cell

In this diagram of a taste bud, what structures does number 3 indicate?

Basal cells

Select all the areas of the brain where olfactory information is received.

Primary olfactory cortex Amygdala

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments.

Chemoreceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?

Proprioceptors

What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

stapes

The foot plate is part of the

stapes.

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?

Exteroceptors

What part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply.

Rods are responsible for night vision. Cones are associated with color vision. Cones function in brighter light.

sour

acids H+

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of

dendrites

High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

false

Rods and cones face the light coming into the eye.

false

umami

glutamate

special

located only in head, structurally complex, photoreceptors in the eye, chemoreceptors for smell

Frequency is the________ that move past a point during a specific amount of time. Frequency is measured in ________and is classified as high, medium, or low. Frequency is interpreted as the _______of a sound. Intensity refers to the ______of a sound and is measured in _____. Louder sounds ______ the rate of nerve signals relayed to the brain

Frequency is the number of waves that move past a point during a specific amount of time. Frequency is measured in hertz and is classified as high, medium, or low. Frequency is interpreted as the pitch of a sound. Intensity refers to the loudness of a sound and is measured in decibels. Louder sounds increase the rate of nerve signals relayed to the brain

Which statement accurately describes the merits of different receptive field properties?

Having small receptive fields allows for more precision, but because more receptors are needed it increases overall energy costs.

1. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate

In the dark

Where is the greatest concentration of cones located?

In the fovea centralis

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?

Interoceptors

salty

NA+

In this view of the olfactory epithelium, what structure does number 6 indicate?

Olfactory receptor cell body

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

Optic disc

What is the most numerous type of receptor?

Tactile receptors

The function of the ossicles is to

amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.

The flavor of food depends upon

both olfaction and gustation.

To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______.

contract; loosen; rounded

In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the _____ of the eye.

corners

The middle ear has four bones.

false

The center of the retina is a pit called the ________

fovea centralis.

The _______ of a sound stimulus is interpreted as its pitch and measured in hertz, whereas its _______ is the amplitude of the sound waves and is measured in decibels.

frequency, loudness

The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are

hair cells

When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating.

hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane

During hearing, the last structure(s) to vibrate is/are the

hair cells of spiral organ.

stimulus origin

interoreceptors, exteroreceptors

The structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is the

iris

Tactile receptors are a type of

mechanoreceptor.

A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ____ rod(s).

multiple

The type of receptor that readily adapts to a stimulus is known as a ________ receptor.

phasic

Phototransduction is the process in which

photoreceptors convert light energy to changes in membrane potential.

The entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cells are distributed is the

receptive field.

receptor distribution

receptors widely distributed in the skin, receptors associated with cranial nerves

A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as

referred pain.

If a receptor's receptive field is ___________, it allows for greater specificity of localization.

small

2. Acidic compounds

sour

The stereocilia of cochlear hair cells project into the

tectorial membrane.

The "dark current" of photoreceptors refers to

the entry of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell.

The classification of a receptor as a photoreceptor or a mechanoreceptor depends on

the modality of the stimulus it perceives.

1. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. 2. The amsler grid is used to test for macular degeneration. 3. The majority of macular degeneration cases are found in adolescents. 4. There is currently no cure for macular degeration.

true true false true

During hearing, the structure(s) first to vibrate is/are the

tympanic membrane.

What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing? a: The tympanic membrane vibrates. b: Ossicles vibrate .c: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse .d: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli.

a, b, d, c

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons? a: Optic nerve b: Optic chiasm c: Occipital lobed: Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

a, b, d, c

4. Alkaloids/base compounds

bitter

Arrange the middle ear bones from lateral to medial. a: Stapes b: Incus c: Malleus

c, b, a

bitter

caffeine, nicotine

In bright-light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ____ of the eye.

center

By definition, transducers

change one form of energy into another form.

The lens of the eye flattens when

ciliary muscles relax.

Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of

cones

The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ____.

cones

High-frequency sounds activate neurons within the cochlea that are

near the oval window at the base of the cochlea.

Olfactory glomeruli are located in the

olfactory bulbs.

Each cone synapses with ___ganglion cell(s).

one

sweet

sucrose, saccharine

3. Sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins

sweet

The superior colliculi and pretectal nuclei function to direct reflexive responses to visual stimuli.

true

In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors

undergo adaptation.

When you travel on a moving walkway or an elevator, the linear acceleration of your body is sensed by the

utricle and saccule.

The papillae that are fewest in number, but contain the most taste buds, are the _________ papillae.

vallate

When light strikes a photoreceptor it

hyperpolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter.

When we initiate a rapid rotation of our head, it results in bending of cilia on hair cells

in the ampullae of our semicircular ducts.

2. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods.

in the dark

3. The bipolar cells do not stimulate the ganglion cells.

in the dark

4. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods.

in the light

5. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells.

in the light

6. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve.

in the light

A part of the auditory pathway responsible for auditory reflexes is the

inferior colliculus.

Distortion of hair cells in the cochlea causes

initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.

Some prey animals, such as rabbits, have laterally placed eyes, and the images on their two retinas do not overlap. Such animals would be expected to show _________ depth perception.

poor

1. Na+

salty

A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a(n)

somatic sensory receptor.

general

somatic sensory receptors, visceral sensory receptors, touch receptors, proprioceptors

Changes in the external and internal environment are ________ that are detected by the sensory system.

stimuli

Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.

true

The sense of taste is heavily influenced by the olfactory sense as well.

true

7. Beef

umami

5. Amino acid glutamate and related compounds

umami

The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called _____ papillae.

vallate

A given receptor is described based on each classification criterion: receptor distribution, stimulus origin, and modality of stimulus. The eyes, for example, are _______ because they are located in the head (receptor distribution); _________ because they detect stimuli outside the body (stimulus origin); and ________ because they detect light (modality of stimulus). In comparison, receptors that detect stretch of blood vessels are classified as _________ because they are distributed throughout the body, _______ because they detect stimuli within the body, and _____ because they detect changes in distension of the organ wall.

A given receptor is described based on each classification criterion: receptor distribution, stimulus origin, and modality of stimulus. The eyes, for example, are special senses because they are located in the head (receptor distribution); exteroceptors because they detect stimuli outside the body (stimulus origin); and photoreceptors because they detect light (modality of stimulus). In comparison, receptors that detect stretch of blood vessels are classified as general senses because they are distributed throughout the body, interoceptors because they detect stimuli within the body, and baroreceptors because they detect changes in distension of the organ wall.