A&P Chapter 26
Which of the following conditions promotes edema?
hypoproteinemia
The majority of the fluid in the body is the __________.
intracellular fluid
ECF osmolality is primarily dependent on __________.
relative quantities of sodium and water
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3
Which of the following is NOT an effect of PTH?
to decrease Ca+ absorption in the gut
Which of the following would likely be increased by the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
water excretion by the kidneys
What would be an appropriate concentration of intravenous (IV) saline to give a patient suffering from severe water intoxication?
3.00%
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water intake and output by the body?
An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism.
The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.
What negatively charged ion is reabsorbed by renal tubules when the blood pH is drawing near its alkaline limit?
Cl-
Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?
Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Which of the following is true of electrolytes?
They are ionic compounds.
If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.
Which of the following would NOT be associated with a rise in K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
a drop in Na+ reabsorption
An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.
a drop in blood pH
Which of the following is most likely to trigger the release of renin?
a drop in blood pressure
What hormone helps to maintain correct extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the primary buffer in the plasma?
bicarbonate buffer system
Which of the following is not an electrolyte?
carbohydrate
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?
hypotonic hydration
The role of ADH is to __________.
increase water reabsorption
What is a likely result of rapidly consuming excessive quantities of electrolytes?
increased blood pressure
What might be a sign that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is NOT producing enough aldosterone?
increased excretion of water and NaCl in urine
Angiotensinogen is constantly produced by the __________.
liver
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
metabolic alkalosis
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
What is the most significant direct effect of aldosterone release?
reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
renal system
What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
What compound in body fluids adds to the fluids' electrical conductivity?
sodium
Which of the electrolyte solutes is most responsible for osmotic pressure in body fluids and cells?
sodium
Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______.
the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential
Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed?
transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule