A&P chapter 6

What else is found in bone matrix?

CaPO4 and CaCO4

What is articular cartilage?

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses

Whats another name for a sutural bone?

a wormian bone

How do osteoclasts break down matrix?

acids and enzymes eat up the matrix

Whats an example of a long bone?

all the appendages

What bones are included in the appendicular skeletal?

all the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that form the girdles that connect those bones to the axial skeletal.

Where is interstitial lamellae found?

between osteons

What is hemopoiesis?

blood cell production

What does the central canal of the osteon contain?

blood vessels and nerves

How does the skeletal system support?

bone bears weight

What are osteoclasts?

bone cells that break down matrix

What do the bones of the skeletal system protect?

bone protects the organs that they surround

What does the skeletal system consist of?

bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons

What are some examples of short bones?

bones in the wrists and ankles

How are osteoblasts connected to each other?

by gap junctions

What are two minerals that are stored in bone?

calcium and phosphorus

What provides a flexible cushioning for the bodys joints?

cartilage

What is the main organic substance in the bone matrix?

collagen

What are the two different types of bone tissue?

compact bone and spongy bone

Does compact bone have a good blood supply?Why?

compact bone has a good blood supply because the blood vessels and nerves in the central canal actually penetrate the matrix all the way through the bone

What is the arrangement of compact bone?

compact bone is arranged in tubular units called osteons

Short bones look roughly like what?

cubes

What is a single layer of bone forming cells and a little connective tissue that lines the internal cavities of bone?

endosteum

How does the skeletal system function in fat storage?

fat is stored in yellow marrow

What is circumferential lamellae?

flat plains of matrix

Whats another name for red marrow?

hemopoetic tissue

What is the epiphyseal plate made of?

hyaline cartilage

What is the primary chrystallized mineral salt found in the bone matrix?

hydroxyapatite

What do the ions and enzymes secreted by the osteoblasts form?

hydroxyapatite crystals

Where are blood cells produced?

in red marrow

Where is the marrow cavity found?

in spaces in the diaphyses

Where are osteogenic cells found?

in the periosteum, endosteum, and blood vessel canals

Where does a sutural bone form?

in the sutures of the skull, between the skull bones

The axial skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the ____ axis of the human body.

long

What are the six bone shapes?

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid,and sutural

What does bone consist of?

matrix and bone cells

What are osteogenic bone cells made from?

mesechyme

And what do the hydroxyapatite crystals do?

mineralize and and harden the matrix

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

movement

Does an osteocyte secrete matrix?

no

Where is compact bone found?

on the external surface of all bones

What do osteoblasts secrete?

osteoblasts secrete Ca2+ ions and phosphate PO42- ions and enzymes

What do osteoblasts become?

osteocytes

What are the four types of bone cells?

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Its just an extra piece of bone for extra strength

...

Now lets talk about the structure of a bone

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Now, lets talk about bone histology

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now lets talk about bone cells

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now we're talking about bone tissue

...

What is the main function of the axial skeleton?

protection

What are the two types of epiphyses?

proximal and distal

What does the marrow cavity contain?

red marrow or yellow marrow

Where is the metaphyses?

regions in mature bone where the diaphyses meets the epiphyses

What is interstitial lamellae?

remnants of old osteons that were partially removed during bone remodeling

Whats it called when the acids and enzymes eat up and break down the matrix?

resorption

Where are osteoclasts found?

stem cells in the red marrow

What are osteogenic bone cells?

stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts

What are the six functions of the skeletal syste?

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, fat storage and hemopoiesis

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

What is the diaphyses?

the body or shaft of the bone the long main part of the bone

Which part of the skeletal system stores minerals?

the bones

What are the seven main parts in a long bone?

the diaphyses, epihyses, metaphysis, epihyseal line, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary, and endosteum

What does the metaphysis contain?

the epiphyseal plate or line

Whats another name for the marrow cavity?

the medullary cavity

Whats an example of a sesamoid bone?

the patella or kneecap

What is calcification?

the process by which mineral salts harden the matrix

What do osteoblasts produce?

the proteins that make up bone matrix

What are the epiphyses?

the rounded ends of the bones

What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?

the skull bones, ear bones, the hyoid bone, ribs, sternum and the vertebral bones

What are some examples of flat bones?

the sternum, the bones in the skull

Whats an example of an irregular bone?

the vertebra

What is a characteristic of a flat bone?

they are somewhat curved

How many different types of lamellae does compact bone have? What are they?

three; they are concentric lamellae, circumferential lamellae, and interstitial lamellae

How do bones cell communicate?

through canaliculi

What is an osteocytes main function?

to maintain the matrix

What is periosteum?

tough sheath of fibrous connective tissue that covers the bone surfaces not covered by articular cartilage

True or false. Calcification only occurs in the prescence of collagen.

true

How many types of bone tissue are there?

two

Where is it found?

under the periosteum; around the circumference of the bone; encircling the bone

What is the consistency of compact bone?

very dense with few spaces

What are the main inorganic substances in the bone matrix?

water and chrystallized mineral salts

How does the skeletal system produce movement?

when muscles contract

Long bones are longer than they are ____.

wide

What does a sesamoid bone form?

within a tendon

Where is concentric lamellae found?

within osteons

Are osteoclasts found in the endosteum?

yes

Are osteoclasts multinucleate?

yes

Are osteocytes mature bone cells that are completely surrounded by matrix?

yes

Are osteons aligned along lines of stress?

yes

Are osteons found within haversian systems?

yes

Can the alignment of osteons change throughout a persons life?

yes

Do osteogenic cells undergo division and produce osteoblasts?

yes

Does a kid have red marrow?

yes

Does an adult have mostly yellow marrow?

yes

So endosteum covers the marrow cavity?

yes

What fraction of the matrix is organic?

1/3

What fraction of the matrix is inorganic?

2/3

How many bone shapes are there?

6

How many main parts are there in a long bone?

7

What percent of the skeleton does compact bone make up?

80%