A&P Chapter 6

Which component is NOT present in spongy bone? A. lamellae B. osteons C. trabeculae D. canaliculi

B. osteons

________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone. A. Osteocyte B. Collagen C. Osteoid D. Lamella E. Hydroxyapatite

C. Osteoid

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A. perichondrium. B. endosteum. C. periosteum. D. epimysium. E. perimysium.

B. endosteum.

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a A. tubercle. B. foramen. C. facet. D. ramus. E. linea.

B. foramen.

Which of the following is not present in bone? A. collagen fibers B. hydroxyapatite C. chondroitin sulfate D. calcium carbonate E. calcium phosphate

C. chondroitin sulfate

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? A. calcitonin B. vitamin D C. thyroid hormones D. calcitriol

D. calcitriol

________ are stronger than steel when stretched. A. Lamellae B. Lacunae C. Hydroxyapatite cells D. Mesenchymal cells E. Collagen fibers

E. Collagen fibers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone? A. The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes. B. The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. C. It contains osteons. D. Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. E. It is the site of hematopoiesis.

E. It is the site of hematopoiesis.

All the following result in decreased calcium levels in the bloodstream EXCEPT __________. A. decreased PTH or calcitriol levels B. PTH stimulation of osteoclasts C. calcitonin inhibition of osteoclasts D. increased calcitonin levels

B. PTH stimulation of osteoclasts

The structural units of mature compact bone are called A. lacunae. B. osteons. C. canaliculi. D. lamellae. E. osteocytes.

B. osteons.

A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A. long B. sutural C. flat D. short E. sesamoid

C. flat

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A. erythema B. hypertension C. hematoma D. cyanosis E. tachycardia

C. hematoma

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? A. calcitriol B. parathyroid hormone (PTH) C. calcitonin

A. calcitriol

The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen. A. medullary B. nutrient C. epiphyseal D. metaphyseal E. articular

B. nutrient

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A. The medullary cavity B. Red bone marrow C. Spongy bone D. Articular cartilage E. Yellow bone marrow

D. Articular cartilage

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? A. calcitonin B. thyroid hormones C. calcitriol D. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A. calcitonin

Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones. A. sutural B. tendon C. Wormian D. irregular E. sesamoid

E. sesamoid

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A. flat B. sesamoid C. irregular D. long E. short

E. short

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A. regular B. irregular C. lamellar D. compact E. spongy

E. spongy

What type of bone growth is the doctor most likely looking for in the example above? A. Endochondral ossification B. Ossification and remodeling around an external callus C. Intramembranous ossification D. Appositional ossification

A. Endochondral ossification

Bill, age 15, is still growing, but his older sister Andrea, age 19, has stopped. What has changed in Andrea's bones? A. Her epiphyseal plates have ossified. B. Her osteoblasts have died. C. They have more cartilage than Bill's. D. Sex hormones are no longer telling them to grow.

A. Her epiphyseal plates have ossified.

Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs? A. Marfan syndrome B. gigantism C. acromegaly D. achondroplasia

A. Marfan syndrome

In what area of a long bone would it probably be easiest to observe the cartilage the orthopedic doctor refers to? A. Metaphysis B. Medullary cavity C. Nutrient foramen D. Surface of epiphysis at articulations

A. Metaphysis

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A. canaliculi. B. foramina. C. medullary cavities. D. lacunae. E. central canals.

A. canaliculi

An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin. A. compound B. simple

A. compound

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A. foramen B. fissure C. line D. ramus E. process

A. foramen

What characteristic may cause life-threatening issues in individuals with Marfan syndrome? A. genetic mutation that affects the structure of connective tissue throughout the body B. genetic mutation that involves the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles C. overproduction of growth hormone D. abnormal epiphyseal activity

A. genetic mutation that affects the structure of connective tissue throughout the body

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A. gigantism. B. dwarfism. C. rickets. D. osteoporosis. E. osteopenia.

A. gigantism.

In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A. greenstick B. comminuted C. compression D. Pott's E. Colles

A. greenstick

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A. lacuna. B. Haversian canal. C. Venetian canal. D. Volkmann's canal. E. trabecula.

A. lacuna.

Cells of the perichondrium need to take on a new role as ossification begins. They will become __________. A. osteoblasts and begin to deposit bone matrix B. new chondrocytes, so the model can continue to grow C. fibroblasts, to coat the model in collagen D. osteoclasts and dissolve cartilage matrix

A. osteoblasts and begin to deposit bone matrix

Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called __________. A. transverse fractures B. Pott's fractures C. Colles' fractures D. displaced fractures

B. Pott's fractures

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A. become shorter. B. grow longer. C. grow wider. D. become thicker. E. become more porous and weaker.

B. grow longer.

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) A. increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney B. increase osteoblasts on bone C. increase osteoclasts

B. increase osteoblasts on bone

Remnants of osteons, which have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts, are known as __________. A. concentric lamellae B. interstitial lamellae C. perforating canals D. circumferential lamellae

B. interstitial lamellae

All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________. A. it actively participates in bone growth and repair B. it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity C. it has two layers, an inner layer and an outer layer D. it provides a route for the blood and nervous supply

B. it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. blood cell production B. temperature regulation C. calcium homeostasis D. protection of internal organs E. body support

B. temperature regulation

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A. condyle. B. trochanter. C. ramus. D. tubercle. E. tuberosity.

B. trochanter.

In compact bone, the osteons are A. lined up perpendicular to the long axis. B. lacking in the diaphysis. C. arranged in concentric lamellae. D. separated by medullary spaces. E. arranged in an irregular pattern.

C. arranged in concentric lamellae.

To form perforating fibers, osteoblasts from the cellular layer of the periosteum cement collagen fibers from tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules into which structures? A. interstitial lamellae B. concentric lamellae C. circumferential lamellae D. central canal

C. circumferential lamellae

The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A. Pott's B. compound C. compression D. transverse E. spiral

C. compression

Which of the following describes spiral fractures? A. fractures that produce new and abnormal bone arrangements B. fractures in which only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent C. fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone D. fractures that break the bone shaft across its long axis

C. fractures that are produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A. flat B. irregular C. long D. sesamoid E. short

C. long

Which of the following best matches osteocyte? A. dissolves matrix B. secretes organic matrix C. mature bone cell D. produce blood cells E. stem cell

C. mature bone cell

The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population? A. osteoprogenitor cells B. osteoblasts C. osteoclasts D. osteocytes

C. osteoclasts

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A. tendon B. sesamoid C. sutural D. irregular E. sagittal

C. sutural

As blood vessels extend into the spaces left by dying chondrocytes, the models begin to ossify internally. Where does internal ossification begin? A. the secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses B. the epiphyseal lines C. the primary ossification center in the diaphysis D. the primary ossification centers in the epiphyses

C. the primary ossification center in the diaphysis

Which structural features of spongy bone are oriented along stress lines and are cross-braced extensively? A. canaliculi B. concentric lamellae C. trabeculae D. perforating canals

C. trabeculae

What is responsible for appositional growth? A. Medullary cavity pushes the osteons outward. B. Bone is deposited by superficial osteoclasts. C. Bone matrix is removed by osteoblasts. D. Bone is deposited by superficial osteoblasts.

D. Bone is deposited by superficial osteoblasts.

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. A. Recurrent B. Compression C. Comminuted D. Closed or simple E. Open or compound

D. Closed or simple

The cartilage the doctor is referring to will disappear when A. The cartilage deteriorates and is eliminated B. Mesenchymal cells cluster around ossification centers C. Chondrocytes accelerate their activities in the bone D. The osteoblasts work faster than cartilage producing cells

D. The osteoblasts work faster than cartilage producing cells

The trabeculae of spongy bone A. are composed mostly of cartilage. B. are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis. C. will collapse under stress. D. are organized along stress lines. E. are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.

D. are organized along stress lines.

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A. growth hormone. B. testosterone. C. thyroid hormone. D. calcitonin. E. parathyroid hormone.

D. calcitonin.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A. osteoblasts model. B. membranous model. C. fibrous connective-tissue model. D. cartilage model. E. calcified model.

D. cartilage model.

The shaft of a long bone is called the A. lamella. B. metaphysis. C. epiphyseal plate. D. diaphysis. E. epiphysis.

D. diaphysis.

Which bone is NOT formed via intramembranous ossification? A. clavicle B. mandible C. patella D. femur

D. femur

Which organ prevents calcium loss in response to PTH stimulation? A. bone B. intestines C. heart D. kidney

D. kidney

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A. appositional bone growth begins. B. puberty begins. C. interstitial bone growth begins. D. long bones have reached their adult length. E. the bone becomes more brittle.

D. long bones have reached their adult length.

The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called A. lacunae. B. osteons. C. interstitial lamellae. D. trabeculae. E. concentric lamellae.

D. trabeculae.

The central canal of an osteon contains A. lacunae. B. concentric lamellae. C. bone marrow. D. osteocytes. E. blood vessels.

E. blood vessels.

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A. roof of the skull B. clavicle C. carpal bones D. femur E. both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

E. both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A. potassium. B. sulfate. C. iron. D. sodium. E. calcium.

E. calcium.

A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments. A. compression B. greenstick C. transverse D. displaced E. comminuted

E. comminuted

What structure allows a bone to grow in length? A. periosteal bud B. metaphysis C. lacunae D. trabeculae E. epiphyseal cartilages

E. epiphyseal cartilages

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A. calcium apatite. B. carbonite. C. calcium carbonate. D. osteocyte. E. hydroxyapatite.

E. hydroxyapatite.

The medullary cavity of bones contains A. cartilage. B. osteons. C. periosteum. D. compact bone. E. marrow.

E. marrow.

Fat is stored within the A. epiphysis. B. spongy bone. C. diaphysis. D. metaphysis. E. medullary cavity.

E. medullary cavity.

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A. osteocytes. B. chondrocytes. C. osteoclasts. D. osteoprogenitor cells. E. osteoblasts.

E. osteoblasts.