a&p chapter 7
cells called ? dissolve bony matrix, while cells called ? deposit new matrix
osteoclasts; osteoblasts
what are bone cells called?
osteocytes
the rigidity of compact bone comes from the arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal, forming a structural unit known as a(n)
osteon
the ? is the vascular connective tissue membrane that covers bones and plays an important role in bone growth and repair
periosteum
what type of bone tissue contains trabeculae
spongy bone
ulna humerus radius upper or lower limbs?
upper
indicate three facial bones
zygomatic maxilla mandible
most bones of the body are ? bones
endochondral
the membrane lining the medullary cavity is called the ?
endosteum
the membrane that lines the inside of the diaphysis is called the ?
endosteum
the ends of a long bone are called the ?
epiphysis
? have a stronger stimulating effect on the epiphyseal plates than testosterone
estrogens
true/false once bone is built in childhood, it never changes
false
the base of the vertebral column is composed of ? fused vertebrae and is called the sacrum
five
support and protection blood cell formation attachment for muscles storage of inorganic salts
four major functions of a bone and organ
the clinical term for a broken bone is a(n)
fracture
the ? bone is a cranial bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull called the forehead
frontal
provides attachment for muscles that move the jaw
function of the facial skeleton
store inorganic salts house blood-cell forming tissue protect body structures
functions of bone
at what site on the scapula does the humerus articulate
glenoid cavity
gigantism is caused by excess ? hormone in childhood
growth
what hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate
growth hormone
which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate
growth hormone
what is the process of blood cell formation called
hematopoiesis
calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are ?. this hormone stimulates ? to build bone, storing excess calcium
high; osteoblasts
calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are ?. this hormone stimulates ? to build cone, storing excess calcium
high; osteoblasts
what helps control the opposing processes of resorption and deposition of the bone matrix
hormones
where one bone articulates with another, a layer of tissue called ? protects the underlying bone. this layer is also called ?
hyaline cartilage; articular cartilage
the endosteum is found ? of long bones
in the medullary cavity
bone is hard due to ? but resilient due to ?
inorganic salts; collagen
bone remodeling occurs continually as ? reabsorb bone tissue and ? replace the bone. the total mass of bone remains nearly constant
osteoclasts; osteoblasts
3 proteins found in bone
osteonectin; osteocalcin; collagen
compact bone is composed of cylinder shaped units called ?, each containing a(n) ? which contains blood vessels
osteons; central canal
in ?, bone mass declines, bones easily fracture and may spontaneously break because they no longer can support body weight
osteoporosis
the blood vessels within central canals are connected via transverse blood vessels passing through the ? canals
perforating
deficit of growth hormone in childhood results in what disorder
pituitary dwarfism
what are bony projections that allow for attachment of ligaments and tendons called
processes
the formation of blood cells occurs in the ? bone marrow found in bone
red
the two types of bone marrow are ? marrow and ? marrow
red; yellow
the total mass of bone tissue in a healthy adult skeleton
remains nearly constant
the thoracic cage consists of twelve pairs of ? and one ?
ribs; sternum
the lack of vitamin D results in soft and deforming bones. in children, this condition is called ? and in adults this condition is called ?
rickets; osteomalacia
the broad triangular bones on either side of the upper back are the ?
scapulae
in a closed bone fracture, the ? is unbroken. in a compound fracture, it is broken
skin
in a closed fracture, the ? is unbroken. in a compound fracture, it is broken
skin
what is the name of the portion of the vertebra that faces most posteriorly and can be felt in the back
spinous process
the anatomical name for the breastbone is the ?
sternum
the bone called the ? articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages
sternum
what bone forms the side of the skull around the ear
temporal
what is the function of red bone marrow
the production of blood cells
what is the metaphysis of a long bone
the widening part of the bone
physical stress caused by exercise stimulates bones to grow and become ?, whereas lack of exercise causes bones to become ?
thicker; thinner
which hormone stimulates osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate
thyroxine
what is the function of yellow bone marrow
to store energy in the form of fat
what occurs during childhood that would result in pituitary dwarfism
too little growth hormone
what structure of a typical vertebra projects laterally and allows for ligament and muscle attachment
transverse process
in order for a long bone to grow in width (thickness), new bone is deposited ? while bone is eroded ?
under the periosteum; in the medullary cavity
what is rickets
vitamin d deficiency in children causing deformed bones
uv radiation striking skin is a step in activating ?, which then plays a role in absorption and availability of ? for use in forming bone matrix
vitamin d; calcium
how does a long bone grow in width
deposit of new bone under the periosteum of the diaphysis
a long bone has an expanded portion at each end called an epiphysis and a shaft called the
diaphysis
cells called ? are responsible for the break down of calcified extracellular matrix in bone
osteoclasts
parathyroid hormone stimulates bone cells called ?, which break down bone
osteoclasts
vitamin ? is necessary for osteoblast activity and vitamin ? is necessary for collagen synthesis
a; c
the head of the femur articulates with what structure
acetabulum
what disorder is caused by too much growth hormone secretion in adulthood
acromegaly
bones of the pelvic girdle belong to which skeleton
appendicular
femur scapula carpals axial or appendicular?
appendicular
the periosteum is located ? and plays a role in ?
around bones; bone growth and repair
vertebrae ribs frontal bone axial or appendicular?
axial
what are the two major portions of the skeleton
axial; appendicular
after bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone
bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts
what do long bones look like
bones are taller than they are wide with expanded ends
what does the root word "-blast" mean
bud
what vitamin? collagen synthesis
c
the anatomical name for the heel bone is the ?
calcaneus
blood vessels run through a tunnel that is situated in the middle of an osteon. what is this tunnel called
central canal
what bones compose a pectoral girdle
clavicle; scapula
the anatomical name for the tailbone is the ?
coccyx
in bone, what gives bone its resilience
collagen
although about 90% of protein found in bone is ? other proteins exist in bone, such as ?
collagen; osteocalcin
anterior projection of ramus attachment site for chewing muscles
coronoid process
what two structures compose the skull
cranium; facial bones
vitamin ? is necessary for proper absorption of calcium by the body and thus is vital for proper bone formation
d
what vitamin? calcium absorption
d
compact bone has a ? matrix, while the matrix of spongy bone is ?
dense; formed into trabeculae
what vitamin? osteoblast and osteoclast activity
a
osteopenia is a disorder characterized as ?
a milder form of osteoporosis
the bony matrix of compact bone is organized into concentric circles called ? that encircle central canals
lamallae
concentric circles of bone tissue around a central canal are called
lamellae
phalanges fibula femur tarsals upper or lower limbs?
lower
posterior projection of ramus articulates with the temporal bone
mandibular condyle
the ? bones make up the instep of the foot
metatarsal
