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A&P Exam 2

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82) What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? A) connective tissue membranes B) fibrocartilage C) mesenchymal tissue D) hyaline cartilage E) Wharton's jelly

D) hyaline cartilage

116) RANKL or receptor activators of nuclear factor kB A) are receptors that bind directly to PTH. B) are found on the surface of osteoclasts. C) are molecules that cause osteoblasts to lay down bone. D) is a signal molecule that stimulates osteoclasts development. E) causes calcium to be excreted by the kidneys.

D) is a signal molecule that stimulates osteoclasts development.

7) Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross A) muscle tissue. B) connective tissue. C) secretory tissue. D) neural tissue. E) epithelial tissue.

E) epithelial tissue.

30) The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes A) histology. B) physiology. C) anatomy. D) embryology. E) exfoliative cytology.

E) exfoliative cytology.

9) Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except A) attachment. B) avascularity. C) regeneration. D) polarity. E) extracellular matrix.

E) extracellular matrix.

115) ________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. A) Sex B) Growth C) Thyroid D) Parathyroid E) Pancreatic

A) Sex

123) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

A) calcitonin.

6) Neural tissue A) carries information from one part of the body to another. B) can contract. C) fills spaces in the body. D) stores energy. E) forms glands.

A) carries information from one part of the body to another.

67) The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are A) circumferential lamellae. B) osteoid plates. C) trabeculae. D) concentric lamellae. E) epiphseal ridges.

A) circumferential lamellae.

34) A surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavage A) closes and heals with relatively little scarring. B) has a tendency to reopen. C) heals slower than incisions made perpendicular to the lines of cleavage. D) does not affect the healing process. E) requires no sutures.

A) closes and heals with relatively little scarring.

121) Of the total organic components in bone most of it is A) collagen. B) keratin. C) keratohyalin. D) elastin. E) actin.

A) collagen.

61) The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is A) collagen. B) elastin. C) actin. D) myosin. E) connectin.

A) collagen.

30) Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"? A) stratified squamous epithelium B) areolar connective tissue C) adipose tissue D) cartilage and blood E) reticular connective tissues

B) areolar connective tissue

99) When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.

B) become narrower.

60) Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development. A) skin B) bone C) muscle D) vision E) neural

B) bone

95) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) cartilage replaces bone. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) compact bone replaces spongy bone.

B) bones grow wider.

109) Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines? A) parathyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) thyroxine D) calcitonin E) estrogen

B) calcitriol

104) Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue. A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) all types of muscle E) nerve

B) cardiac muscle

42) The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are A) carotene, hemoglobin, and xanthophyll. B) carotene, eumelanin, and pheomelanin. C) melanin, chromatin, and chlorophyll. D) xanthophyll, hemoglobin, and melanin. E) melanin, carotene, and chromatin.

B) carotene, eumelanin, and pheomelanin.

48) The pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow is called A) cadmium. B) carotene. C) hemoglobin. D) keratin. E) melanin.

B) carotene.

54) The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called A) basal layer. B) ground substance. C) collagen. D) lymph. E) plasma.

B) ground substance.

80) The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage. A) ligamentous B) hyaline C) elastic D) fibrous E) osseous

B) hyaline

51) Antibodies are produced by A) macrophages. B) microphages. C) plasma cells. D) mast cells. E) fibroblasts.

C) plasma cells.

81) Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum? A) areolar connective tissue B) hyaline cartilage C) elastic cartilage D) fibrous cartilage E) dense regular connective tissue

B) hyaline cartilage

114) The body's first tissue response to any injury is A) fever. B) inflammation. C) bleeding. D) shivering. E) regeneration.

B) inflammation.

8) Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is called ________ perspiration. A) sensible B) insensible C) latent D) active E) inactive

B) insensible

5) The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are A) adipocytes. B) keratinocytes. C) fibroblasts. D) melanocytes. E) dendritic cells.

B) keratinocytes.

39) What are the dermal sensory structures that sense deep pressure? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) lamellar corpuscle C) tactile corpuscles D) tactile dics E) Merkel cells

B) lamellar corpuscle

103) Wrinkles in individuals are the result of A) increased production of epidermal layers. B) loss of elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis. C) increased keratinization of the epidermis. D) the loss of glands and hair follicles from the skin. E) decreased thickness of the dermis.

B) loss of elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis.

74) Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called A) plasma. B) lymph. C) blood. D) humoral fluid. E) plasmin fluid.

B) lymph.

49) Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are A) fibroblasts. C) adipocytes. D) mast cells. E) melanocytes.

B) macrophages.

50) In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine to stimulate inflammation. A) plasma B) mast C) mesenchymal D) gland E) goblet

B) mast

64) Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by A) keratinocytes. B) melanocytes. C) dermal papillae. D) soft keratin. E) carotene cells.

B) melanocytes.

56) Wharton's jelly is a form of A) Marfan's syndrome. B) mucous connective tissue. C) ground substance. D) collagen fiber. E) embryonic epithelium.

B) mucous connective tissue.

85) The nail body covers the A) nail root. B) nail bed. C) lunula. D) free edge. E) hyponychium.

B) nail bed.

108) Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue. A) connective B) neural C) areolar D) osseous E) epithelial

B) neural

110) The function of ________ is to propagate electrical signals from one place to another. A) muscle cells B) neurons C) transmitter cells D) teleocytes E) neuroglia

B) neurons

79) During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis. A) metaphyseal vessels B) nutrient arteries and veins C) periosteal vessels D) endosteal vessels E) diaphyseal artery and vein

B) nutrient arteries and veins

31) Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells? A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoprogenitor cells E) osteogenic cells

B) osteoclasts

48) Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called A) osteolytics. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteogenics. E) osteocytes.

B) osteoclasts.

50) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

B) osteoclasts.

43) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

B) osteocytes.

52) The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called A) osteon. B) osteoid. C) hydroxyapatite. D) mesenchymal tissue. E) calcium phosphate.

B) osteoid.

146) A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called A) osteopenia. B) osteoporosis. C) osteomyelitis. D) osteitis. E) osteomalacia.

B) osteoporosis.

54) The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the A) circumferential lamellae. B) periosteum. C) endosteum. D) concentric lamellae. E) perichondrium.

B) periosteum.

96) The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the A) pleura. B) peritoneum. C) pericardium. D) periosteum. E) perichondrium.

B) peritoneum.

68) The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and A) lymphocytes. B) platelets. C) phagocytes. D) plasma cells. E) mast cells.

B) platelets.

66) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

C) Spongy

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) osteoid matrix. B) calcium carbonate. C) hydroxyapatite. D) calcitriol. E) proteolytic enzymes.

C) hydroxyapatite.

88) Secondary ossification centers occur A) in the diaphysis. B) at the periosteum. C) in the epiphyses. D) in the metaphyses. E) in dermal bones.

C) in the epiphyses.

14) Water loss from insensible perspiration A) is unaffected by damage to the epidermis. B) is too small to be measured reliably. C) is approximately 0.5 liters a day. D) always exceeds sensible perspiration. E) depends on apocrine sweat glands.

C) is approximately 0.5 liters a day.

150) Aging has what effect on the skeletal system? A) progressive loss of processes and tuberosities B) fusion of joints, especially in the vertebral column C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix D) increase in the number of cranial foramina E) increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses

C) loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix

43) Which tissue is correctly paired with its category of connective tissue? A) bone—connective tissue proper B) fat—supporting connective tissue C) lymph—fluid connective tissue D) cartilage—fluid connective tissue E) tendon—supporting connective tissue

C) lymph—fluid connective tissue

32) Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) immature bone cell

C) mature bone cell

47) The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight. A) sebum B) hemoglobin C) melanin D) carotene E) keratin

C) melanin

76) Sensible perspiration is produced by ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) mammary

C) merocrine sweat

11) Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface. A) mitochondria B) cilia C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) Golgi complexes

C) microvilli

39) Glands whose secretions contain mucins are classified as A) serous glands. B) compound glands. C) mucous glands. D) mixed glands. E) endocrine glands.

C) mucous glands.

34) Unicellular exocrine glands secrete A) milk. B) sweat. C) mucus. D) sebum. E) insulin.

C) mucus.

28) Canaliculi are A) also known as Volkmann's channels. B) the same as Haversian canals. C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply. D) layers of bony matrix laid down in rings. E) have both a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply.

78) The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found A) in the axillae. B) on the chest. C) on the palms of the hands. D) on the upper back. E) surrounding the genitals.

C) on the palms of the hands.

4) Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories? A) muscle tissue B) neural tissue C) osseous tissue D) connective tissue E) epithelial tissue

C) osseous tissue

80) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) phosphorylation B) resorption C) ossification D) osteopropagation E) remodeling

C) ossification

34) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells.

C) osteoblasts.

51) Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

C) osteoblasts.

59) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) trabeculae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

C) osteons.

148) If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become A) denser. B) thicker. C) osteopenic. D) stronger. E) calcified.

C) osteopenic.

62) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.

C) parallel.

55) Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called A) elastic fibers. B) reticular fibers. C) perforating fibers. D) superficial fibers. E) calcified fibers.

C) perforating fibers.

89) Tendons and ligaments attach to the ________ of bone. A) osteocytes B) lacunae C) periosteum D) calcium phosphate E) central canals

C) periosteum

70) Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed ________, while these proteins are called antibodies. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) immunocytes E) phagocytes

C) plasma cells

88) Unlike cartilage, bone A) is a connective tissue. B) has a matrix that contains collagen. C) undergoes remodeling throughout life. D) has an outer covering. E) has cells within lacunae.

C) undergoes remodeling throughout life.

10) Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

C) vertebra

83) Which of the following is not a function of the sebum? A) It inhibits growth of bacteria. B) It lubricates the hair shaft. C) It conditions the surrounding skin. D) It helps the skin shed excess heat. E) It protects the hair shaft.

D) It helps the skin shed excess heat.

62) Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except A) tendons. B) ligaments. C) aponeuroses. D) areolar tissue. E) elastic tissue.

D) areolar tissue.

56) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

D) blood vessels.

86) Osseous tissue is also called A) cartilage. B) fat. C) cellulite. D) bone. E) ligament.

D) bone.

87) Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to A) blood. B) epithelium. C) fat. D) bone. E) neural tissue.

D) bone.

126) A child with rickets often has A) oversized facial bones. B) long fingers. C) frequent bruises. D) bowed legs. E) inadequate muscle development.

D) bowed legs.

122) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen.

D) calcium.

127) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium.

D) calcium.

77) Earwax is produced by ________ glands. A) sebaceous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) ceruminous E) eccrine sweat

D) ceruminous

38) Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

D) chondroitin sulfate

53) Which of the following causes yellowing of the skin? A) vitiligo B) pituitary tumor affecting melanocyte stimulating hormone C) Addison's disease D) cyanosis E) faulty bile excretion in the liver

E) faulty bile excretion in the liver

131) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) dislocation. B) contortion. C) rupture. D) fragmentation. E) fracture.

E) fracture.

125) Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except A) stimulating osteoclast activity. B) increasing the rate of calcium absorption. C) decreasing the rate of calcium excretion. D) raising the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibiting calcitonin secretion.

E) inhibiting calcitonin secretion.

2) Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration. A) imprudent B) non-sense C) impractical D) vacuous E) insensible

E) insensible

84) Growth of cartilage by accumulation of new matrix around chondrocytes that are embedded in existing matrix is called ________ growth. A) appositional B) intrasitional C) transitional D) transformational E) interstitial

E) interstitial

26) Bones that have complex shapes are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

E) irregular bones.

55) Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation? A) increased activity by melanocytes B) production of cholecalciferol within epidermal cells C) reduced amounts of elastic fibers in the dermis D) chromosomal damage in germinative cells or melanocytes E) loss in skin pigmentation as seen in vitiligo

E) loss in skin pigmentation as seen in vitiligo

4) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabeculae

C) trochlea

54) Which pigment is responsible for blushing? A) eumelanin B) pheomelanin C) carotene D) hemoglobin E) melanocyte stimulating hormone

D) hemoglobin

67) When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) "goose bumps" are formed. B) hairs are shed. C) sweat is released from sweat glands. D) shivering occurs. E) the skin changes color.

A) "goose bumps" are formed.

27) Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

A) 1

94) The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. What is the correct order for these events? 1. inflammation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 2, 4, 1, 3

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

25) The amount of time it takes for a cell to progress from stratum basale to stratum corneum is A) 7-10 days. B) 14 days. C) 5 days. D) 1 day. E) 1 minute.

A) 7-10 days.

68) Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.

13) ________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system. A) Dendritic cells B) Basal cells C) Merkel cells D) Squamous cells E) Melanocytes

A) Dendritic cells

57) Which of the following statements about rickets is not true? A) It is usually genetic. B) It leads to weak bones. C) It leads to skeletal deformity. D) It is prevented by vitamin D. E) It is prevented by sunlight.

A) It is usually genetic.

90) Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue structures. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) It may also cause cardiovascular problems.

A) It results in short, stubby fingers.

92) If a fair-skinned person is outside on a hot sunny day, why does his or her skin turn red? A) The blood flow to the skin increases. B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. D) Carotene production greatly increases. E) Decreased heat causes the skin to turn red.

A) The blood flow to the skin increases.

61) Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.

94) Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true? A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible. B) Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.

A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

102) The effects of aging on the skin include A) a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands. B) increased production of vitamin D. C) thickening of the epidermis. D) an increased blood supply to the dermis. E) a decreased number of sweat glands.

A) a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

89) A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n) A) abrasion. B) laceration. C) puncture. D) incision. E) contusion.

A) abrasion.

13) An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface. A) apical B) pinnacle C) topical D) crest E) apogeal

A) apical

85) In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter. A) appositional B) intrasitional C) transitional D) transformational E) interstitial

A) appositional

78) The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is A) appositional growth. B) interstitial growth. C) intramembranous growth. D) endochondral ossification. E) epiphyseal ossification.

A) appositional growth.

2) Where is the tissue level of organization? A) between cells and organs B) between organelles and cells C) between organs and organ systems D) between atoms and molecules E) between molecules and organelles

A) between cells and organs

134) A ________ fracture shatters the bone. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

A) comminuted

73) Identify the structures labeled "4." A) concentric lamellae B) circumferential lamellae C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum

A) concentric lamellae

42) The three categories of connective tissues are A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue. B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue. C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue. D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue. E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

6) The tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum

A) corneum.

7) The largest quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum A) corneum. B) lucidum. C) basale. D) granulosum. E) spinosum.

A) corneum.

32) Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands. A) endocrine B) interstitial C) exocrine D) merocrine E) holocrine

A) endocrine

65) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epiosteum. D) mediosteum. E) paraosteum.

A) endosteum.

21) All of the following contain blood vessels except the A) epidermis. B) papillary layer. C) reticular layer. D) subcutaneous layer. E) hypodermis.

A) epidermis.

11) The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the A) epiphyses. B) diaphyses. C) epiphyseal plates. D) metaphyses. E) periphyses.

A) epiphyses.

8) The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscle D) basal E) apical

A) epithelial

12) Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.

A) epithelium.

87) The cuticle around a nail is the A) eponychium. B) hyponychium. C) free edge. D) perinychium. E) lunula.

A) eponychium.

69) What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood? A) erythrocyte B) leukocyte C) platelet D) monocyte E) phagocyte

A) erythrocyte

51) Which of the following is the brown-black form of melanin? A) eumelanin B) phycomelanin C) anthomelanin D) pheomelanin E) promelanin

A) eumelanin

25) An example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium would be A) exposed skin. B) air sacs of the lungs. C) the lining of the anus. D) the outer covering of the intestines. E) the lining of the oral cavity.

A) exposed skin.

12) All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they A) extend into the hypodermis. B) increase surface area and friction on fingertips. C) cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin. D) produce patterns that are determined partially genetically. E) interconnect with the dermal papillae.

A) extend into the hypodermis.

21) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.

A) fossa.

97) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

A) grow longer.

7) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a A) head. B) crown. C) capitulum. D) corona. E) bulb.

A) head.

88) The stratum corneum just under the free edge of a nail is the A) hyponychium. B) lunula. C) eponychium. D) nail root. E) cuticle.

A) hyponychium.

117) Calcitonin does all of the following except A) increase bone deposition. B) inhibit osteoclasts. C) cause kidneys to excrete calcium. D) cause less calcitriol to be secreted. E) increase its level in pregnant women.

A) increase bone deposition.

73) A common cause of dandruff is A) inflammation around sebaceous glands. B) lack of sebaceous glands. C) too many sebaceous glands. D) inactive apocrine glands. E) inactive eccrine glands.

A) inflammation around sebaceous glands.

145) Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it A) is released in large amounts early in life. B) increases the number of osteoclasts. C) increases the activity of osteoclasts. D) produces a severe osteoporosis. E) is released by some cancer tumors.

A) is released in large amounts early in life.

98) A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a A) keloid. B) contusion. C) hematoma. D) psoriasis. E) sclerotome.

A) keloid.

15) The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue? A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B) simple squamous epithelium C) transitional epithelium D) areolar connective tissue E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

95) Scar tissue is the result of A) large numbers of inflexible fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area. B) increased numbers of keratinocytes in the epidermal layers in the area of the injury. C) a thickened stratum basale in the area of the injury. D) increased numbers of fibroblasts in the reticular layer of the injured area. E) a lack of sebaceous glands in the injured area.

A) large numbers of inflexible fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area.

71) Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or A) leukocytes. B) lymphocytes. C) erythrocytes. D) thrombocytes. E) immunocytes.

A) leukocytes.

28) Transitional epithelium is found A) lining the urinary bladder. B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands. C) lining kidney tubules. D) lining the stomach. E) at the surface of the skin.

A) lining the urinary bladder.

17) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

A) long

23) Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

A) long bones.

60) Adipose tissue is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

A) medullary cavity.

43) An albino individual lacks the ability to produce A) melanin. B) keratin. C) carotene. D) perspiration. E) eleidin.

A) melanin.

93) Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body? A) mucous B) serous C) cutaneous D) synovial E) pleural

A) mucous

75) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) canaliculi. C) interstitial canals. D) concentric ducts. E) concentric canals.

A) perforating canals.

79) Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous A) perichondrium. B) ground substance. C) periosteum. D) chondroplasm. E) matrix

A) perichondrium.

92) Intramembranous ossification A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull. B) explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage. E) occurs in all bones before birth.

A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull.

55) Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones. B) supporting epithelia. C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves. D) cushioning and stabilizing. E) filling spaces between organs.

A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

32) The drug tretinoin (Retin-A) A) reduces the appearance of fine wrinkles. B) minimizes scarring after surgery. C) stimulates hair growth. D) improves night vision. E) is used to treat dandruff.

A) reduces the appearance of fine wrinkles.

71) The network of sensory nerves that surrounds the base of each hair follicle is the A) root hair plexus. B) hair papilla. C) hair matrix. D) cutaneous plexus. E) subpapillary plexus.

A) root hair plexus.

36) Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure? A) salivary glands B) sebaceous glands C) mucous glands D) sweat glands E) gastric glands

A) salivary glands

101) A bacterial infection that is often fatal in burn patients is called A) sepsis. B) necrosis. C) toxis. D) pernicious. E) noxious.

A) sepsis.

24) The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as A) simple squamous. B) stratified squamous. C) simple cuboidal. D) stratified cuboidal. E) transitional.

A) simple squamous.

35) A gland formed by cells arranged in a one blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called A) simple tubular. B) simple branched tubular. C) compound tubular. D) compound alveolar. E) tubuloalveolar.

A) simple tubular.

103) Myosatellite cells are found in association with ________ muscle. A) skeletal B) smooth C) cardiac D) involuntary E) both smooth and cardiac

A) skeletal

107) The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is A) smooth muscle. B) involuntary striated muscle. C) skeletal muscle. D) cardiac muscle. E) voluntary striated muscle.

A) smooth muscle.

58) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) osteon C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

A) spongy

2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) other tissues that connect bones

A) tendons

74) What lines the structure labeled "7"? A) the endosteum B) blood vessels C) the central canal D) spongy bone E) trabeculae

A) the endosteum

111) When stress is applied to a bone, A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts. B) osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases. C) the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures. D) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. E) blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate.

A) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.

15) A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n) A) tight junction. B) gap junction. C) intermediate junction. D) desmosome. E) hemidesmosome.

A) tight junction.

29) You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the A) trachea. B) urinary bladder. C) secretory portions of the pancreas. D) surface of the skin. E) stomach.

A) trachea.

70) Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B) 2

72) Arrange the layers of the hair follicle from outermost to innermost layers. 1. cuticle 2. glassy membrane 3. medulla 4. connective tissue sheath 5. external root sheath 6. internal root sheath 7. cortex A) 1,5,7,6,2,3,4 B) 4,2,5,6,1,7,3 C) 4,2,6,5,1,7,3 D) 4,6,2,5,7,1,3 E) 4,2,5,6,3,7,1

B) 4,2,5,6,1,7,3

69) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

B) are organized along stress lines.

84) Which of the following is not a function of the exocrine sweat gland? A) It cools the surface of the skin. B) It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion. C) It excretes electrolytes. D) It interferes with adhesion of microorganisms. E) It uses dermicidin as antibiotic protection.

B) It conditions the surrounding skin with its lipid secretion.

52) Which of the following is not true of melanin? A) There is more than 1 type of melanin. B) Melanin is released by exocytosis. C) It is manufactured from tyrosine. D) It is packaged in vesicles called melanosomes. E) It absorbs UV radiation.

B) Melanin is released by exocytosis.

22) The sensory cells associated with the deep layers of the epidermis are A) Pacinian corpuscles. B) Merkel cells. C) melanocytes. D) Meissner's corpuscles. E) keratinocytes.

B) Merkel cells.

111) ________ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells. A) Nurse cells B) Neuroglia C) Neurons D) Nurturons E) Nutrient cells

B) Neuroglia

75) How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular? A) Cartilage is only the thickness of a few cell layers. B) Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix. C) Cartilage has extensive blood vessels. D) Cartilage does not contain living cells. E) The perichondrium prevents any exchange of nutrients and waste products.

B) Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.

139) A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a ________ fracture. A) carpal B) Pott's C) Colles D) complex E) double-split

B) Pott's

142) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pott's C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles

B) Pott's

16) ________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat

B) Sesamoid

108) How do sex hormones affect bone growth? A) Testosterone stimulates osteoclast activity. B) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement. C) They stimulate the cleavage of hydroxyapetite. D) They cause osteoporosis. E) Estrogen causes slower epiphyseal closure.

B) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement.

37) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called A) Volkmann's canal. B) a lacuna. C) a trabecula. D) a Haversian canal. E) a canaliculus.

B) a lacuna.

106) In normal adult bones, A) there is no turnover of minerals. B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. C) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. D) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. E) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

B) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.

38) The subpapillary plexus is A) a network of nerves in the cutaneous membrane. B) a superficial network of dermal arteries. C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer. D) a neural plexus responsible for deep pressure. E) a network of arteries in the epidermis.

B) a superficial network of dermal arteries.

75) The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) axillary

B) apocrine sweat

91) Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of A) concentric lamellae. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. C) growth of trabeculae. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.

B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.

86) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoid model.

B) cartilage model.

76) Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of A) epithelial tissue. B) cartilage. C) areolar tissue. D) elastic connective tissue. E) adipose tissue.

B) cartilage.

77) A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is A) areolar connective tissue. B) cartilage. C) bone. D) epithelium. E) dense regular connective tissue.

B) cartilage.

147) The condition known as osteopenia A) affects mostly women. B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass. C) is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet. D) is rarely seen as people age. E) only affects the femur.

B) causes a gradual reduction in bone mass.

98) Which type of tissue membrane is characteristically dry? A) synovial B) cutaneous C) serous D) mucous E) pleural

B) cutaneous

63) The layer of hard keratin that acts as the surface of the hair is termed the A) medulla. B) cuticle. C) hair bulb. D) root. E) shaft.

B) cuticle.

33) Skin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termed A) papillitis. B) dermatitis. C) epidermatitis. D) superficialis. E) melanocytis.

B) dermatitis.

5) Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs? A) muscle tissue B) epithelial tissue C) protective tissue D) neural tissue E) connective tissue

B) epithelial tissue

141) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet.

B) external callus.

46) Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen? A) adipocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells E) lymphocytes

B) fibroblasts

83) A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected? A) mesenchymal B) fibrous C) elastic D) hyaline E) articular

B) fibrous

24) Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

B) flat bones.

19) A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet.

B) foramen.

136) In a ________ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

B) greenstick

118) Tissue changes with age include all of the following except A) less efficient tissue maintenance. B) proliferation of epidermal cells. C) thinner epithelia. D) more fragile connective tissues. E) decreased ability to repair tissue damage.

B) proliferation of epidermal cells.

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

B) protein-crystal

31) The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. A) papillary B) reticular C) epidermal D) subcutaneous E) hypodermal

B) reticular

14) The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) flat

B) sesamoid

12) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

B) short

6) A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) foramen. B) sinus. C) fossa. D) canal. E) meatus.

B) sinus.

21) Cells that are flat and thin are classified as A) columnar. B) squamous. C) blasts. D) transitional. E) cuboidal.

B) squamous.

93) Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because A) the epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels. B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury. C) fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis. D) contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together. E) cells of the stratum basale cannot migrate to other positions in the skin.

B) stem cells persist in the skin even after injury.

16) The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum basale. C) papillary layer. D) basal lamina. E) stratum granulosum.

B) stratum basale.

41) The layer of loose connective tissue deep to the dermis is the A) epidermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) hyperdermis. D) deep fascia. E) reticular layer.

B) subcutaneous layer.

65) The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the A) dermis. B) superficial fascia. C) deep fascia. D) cutaneous layer. E) subserous fascia.

B) superficial fascia.

57) The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

B) trabeculae.

18) A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone. A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle

B) trochanter

113) Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except A) vitamin A. B) vitamin E. C) vitamin C. D) the hormone thyroxine. E) vitamin D.

B) vitamin E.

45) Jaundice is indicated by a(n) ________ skin coloration. A) reddish B) yellowish C) orange D) bluish E) brown

B) yellowish

79) ________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. A) Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine B) Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous C) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine D) Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous E) Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine

C) Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

33) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

C) 2

28) Which layer contains most of the accessory structures? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

C) 3

120) Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent? A) 17% B) 9.7% C) 39% D) 72% E) 0.72%

C) 39%

100) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 4, 2, 1

C) 4, 2, 1, 3

17) ________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction. A) Bindins B) Adhesions C) Connexins D) Attachons E) Tieons

C) Connexins

128) Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented? A) Supplement the diet with more calcium from meat. B) Increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair. C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C. D) Drink more water to promote bone remodeling and repair. E) Amputate fractured limbs to prevent the spread of scurvy.

C) Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C.

19) Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by A) keratin. B) interfacial canals. C) a basement membrane. D) a reticular lamina. E) proteoglycan.

C) a basement membrane.

37) The cutaneous plexus is A) a network of nerves in the cutaneous membrane. B) a superficial network of dermal arteries. C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer. D) a neural plexus responsible for deep pressure. E) a network of arteries in the epidermis.

C) a deep network of dermal arteries along the boundary of the reticular layer.

47) Cells that store fat are called A) fibrocytes. B) macrocytes. C) adipocytes. D) podocytes. E) melanocytes

C) adipocytes.

1) Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis is/are called A) keloids. B) scabs. C) blisters. D) scars. E) pus.

C) blisters.

36) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

C) bony matrix is dissolved.

109) Most of the nervous tissue of the body is in the A) nerves and muscles. B) hands. C) brain and spinal cord. D) skin. E) eyes, ears, nose and tongue.

C) brain and spinal cord.

84) The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling.

C) calcification.

119) If blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated? A) parathyroid hormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

C) calcitonin

45) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

C) canaliculi.

62) Children in northern regions experience months of inadequate sunlight exposure on the skin. To prevent possible abnormal bone development, what essential organic nutrient is necessary in the diet? A) vitamin C B) calcium C) cholecalciferol D) protein E) retinol-A

C) cholecalciferol

78) Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels. A) leukocytes B) lymphocytes C) chondrocytes D) erythrocytes E) mesenchymal cells

C) chondrocytes

140) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

C) compression

4) The two components of the integumentary system are the A) epidermis and dermis. B) cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. C) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures. D) integument and hypodermis. E) epidermis and superficial fascia.

C) cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

66) Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon? A) superficial fascia B) hypodermis C) deep fascia D) subserous fascia E) subcutaneous layer

C) deep fascia

35) While assessing a patient, you discover that after pinching the skin on the back of the hand, it remains peaked. This is a sign of A) hydration intoxication. B) water intoxication. C) dehydration. D) advanced skin cancer. E) malfunctioning elastin.

C) dehydration.

60) A tissue that provides strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions is A) any connective tissue proper. B) elastic or hyaline cartilage. C) dense irregular connective tissue. D) reticular connective tissue. E) dense regular connective tissue.

C) dense irregular connective tissue.

3) The shaft of long bones is called the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) paraphysis. E) endophysis.

C) diaphysis.

98) Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of estrogen. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone.

C) elevated levels of estrogen.

10) The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the A) dermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) epidermis. D) stratum basale. E) sebaceous layer

C) epidermis.

92) Tissue membranes combine A) muscle and connective tissue. B) neural and epithelial tissue. C) epithelial and connective tissue. D) neural and muscle tissue. E) epithelial and muscle tissue.

C) epithelial and connective tissue.

152) Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for Mary? A) thyroid hormone B) growth hormone C) estrogen D) parathyroid hormone E) calcitonin

C) estrogen

117) The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called A) inflammation. B) apoptosis. C) fibrosis. D) cystosis. E) necrosis.

C) fibrosis.

13) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

C) flat

14) The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the A) desmosome. B) hemidesmosome. C) gap junction. D) tight junction. E) zonula adherens.

C) gap junction.

96) During repair of the integument, fibroblasts follow areas of new capillary growth and produce ________ tissue. A) scar B) epithelial C) granulation D) pus E) keloid

C) granulation

81) A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of A) bone spurs. B) osteoporosis. C) heterotopic bone formation. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteomalacia.

C) heterotopic bone formation.

37) Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands. A) apocrine B) sudoriferous C) holocrine D) endocrine E) merocrine

C) holocrine

83) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseous cartilage

C) hyaline cartilage

3) The study of tissues is called A) cytology. B) toxicology. C) microbiology. D) histology. E) mycology.

D) histology.

72) The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact bone D) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis

C) remodeling of compact bone

110) A lack of exercise could A) cause bones to become thicker. B) cause bones to store more calcium. C) result in porous and weak bones. D) cause bones to become longer. E) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.

C) result in porous and weak bones.

86) Nail production occurs at the nail A) body. B) bed. C) root. D) cuticle. E) hyponychium.

C) root.

81) Merocrine sweat glands A) are compound alveolar glands. B) produce organic secretions that are metabolized by bacteria to produce body odor. C) secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin. D) increase in number and activity with aging. E) primarily function in lubricating the hairs.

C) secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

31) Gland cells produce A) mesenchyme. B) antibodies. C) secretions. D) phagocytes. E) fibers.

C) secretions.

94) Which of the following membranes covers the surface of visceral organs? A) synovial B) plasma C) serous D) cutaneous E) mucous

C) serous

95) The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of A) cutaneous membranes. B) mucous membranes. C) serous membranes. D) synovial membranes. E) the lamina propria.

C) serous membranes.

27) Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

C) sesamoid bones.

132) A(n) ________, or closed, fracture does not break the skin. A) plain B) internal C) simple D) contained E) common

C) simple

27) Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach? A) simple squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) simple columnar epithelium D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium E) stratified squamous epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

105) The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle. A) skeletal B) cardiac C) smooth D) voluntary E) multinucleated

C) smooth

23) The layer of epidermis where most cells have stopped dividing and started making large amounts of keratin is the A) stratum spinosum. B) stratum corneum. C) stratum granulosum. D) stratum lucidum. E) stratum basale.

C) stratum granulosum.

24) The layer of epidermis where keratohyalin crosslinks keratin fibers is the A) stratum spinosum. B) stratum corneum. C) stratum granulosum. D) stratum lucidum. E) stratum basale.

C) stratum granulosum.

15) Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

C) sutural

99) The fluid that lubricates movable joints is produced by A) mucous membrane. B) cutaneous membrane. C) synovial membrane. D) serous membrane. E) plasma membrane.

C) synovial membrane.

36) Stretch marks occur when A) the skin is stretched in normal movements. B) surgical incisions are made perpendicular to the skin's lines of cleavage. C) the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded. D) athletes overextend a muscle. E) individual epidermal layers separate.

C) the skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded.

91) The type of burn that may require a skin graft is a ________ burn. A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) partial-thickness E) epidermal

C) third-degree

97) Charlie is badly burned in an accident. When he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from Charlie's arm when he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. Charlie is suffering from a(n) ________ burn. A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) partial-thickness E) epidermal

C) third-degree

44) Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"? 1. areolar connective tissue 2. adipose tissue 3. fibrocartilage 4. dense irregular connective tissue A) 3 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 1 and 3

D) 1, 2, and 4

63) The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

D) 10 to 15

9) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 88 B) 115 C) 174 D) 206 E) 251

D) 206

18) Thin skin contains ________ epidermal layer(s) and thick skin contains ________ layers. A) 1; 2 B) 2; 3 C) 3; 4 D) 4; 5 E) 5; 6

D) 4; 5

1) Which statement about tissues is correct? A) Tissues are always in the form of sheets of cells. B) All the organs of an organ system are composed of a single tissue type. C) A tissue is composed of a single type of cell. D) An organ combines several different tissues. E) Tissues are microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye.

D) An organ combines several different tissues.

49) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) A synovial membrane B) Elastic cartilage C) A serous membrane D) Articular cartilage E) Serous fluid

D) Articular cartilage

80) Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal? A) Circulation in the skin decreases. B) Sweat gland activity decreases. C) Evaporative cooling stops. D) Blood flow to the skin increases. E) The activity of melanocytes increases.

D) Blood flow to the skin increases.

40) ________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteolytic

D) Osteogenic

35) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Osteoid cells

D) Osteogenic cells

44) How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be more compressible.

D) The bone would be more flexible.

129) How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? A) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix. B) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity. C) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification. D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract. E) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton.

D) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

115) Inflammation is A) a repair process that restores normal function to injured tissue. B) a fever. C) an infection of a wound. D) a process that clears damaged cells and dangerous microorganisms from an injury. E) the process of blood clotting.

D) a process that clears damaged cells and dangerous microorganisms from an injury.

26) The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is A) support and structure. B) protection and transport. C) phagocytosis and immunity. D) absorption and secretion. E) storage and retrieval.

D) absorption and secretion.

38) The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells. A) epicrine B) eccrine C) holocrine D) apocrine E) endocrine

D) apocrine

116) During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury? A) increase in basophils B) increase in histamine C) increase in blood flow D) cold, pale skin E) swelling

D) cold, pale skin

53) The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are A) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments. B) loose, dense, and irregular. C) cartilage, bone, and collagen. D) collagen, reticular, and elastic. E) polar, cellular, and permeable.

D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.

133) An open or ________ fracture projects through the skin. A) external B) exposed C) complex D) compound E) complicated

D) compound

20) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

124) The hormone calcitonin functions to A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.

D) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.

63) Which kind of connective tissue has collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other? A) adipose tissue B) areolar tissue C) superficial fascia D) dense regular connective tissue E) dense irregular connective tissue

D) dense regular connective tissue

16) Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called A) gap junctions. B) intermediate junctions. C) tight junctions. D) desmosomes. E) junctional complexes.

D) desmosomes.

20) Germinative cells A) start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue. B) cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue. C) make up most of the epithelial type of tissue. D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells. E) cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue.

D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

65) Which of the following is correct about Lanugo hairs? A) also known as "peach fuzz" B) persists throughout the entire life C) deeply pigmented and somewhat coarse D) exists primarily in fetuses E) never found on the feet

D) exists primarily in fetuses

33) The pancreas produces ________ secretions that include digestive enzymes and hormones, respectively. A) serous and sebaceous B) mucous and acid C) merocrine and holocrine D) exocrine and endocrine E) secretory and absorptive

D) exocrine and endocrine

90) In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis. A) granulation cells B) dendritic cells C) macrophages D) fibroblasts E) muscle cells

D) fibroblasts

8) A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) sinus B) fossa C) meatus D) foramen E) cavernosa

D) foramen

112) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

D) gigantism.

100) The combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called ________ tissue. A) germinative B) spinous C) fibrocytic D) granulation E) abscess

D) granulation

143) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis

D) hematoma

40) All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer except it A) contains many blood vessels. B) permits independent movement of deeper structures. C) contains large amounts of adipose tissue. D) is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

D) is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

57) The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat A) includes active melanocytes. B) is more superficial. C) traps pollutants. D) is highly vascular. E) is more mature.

D) is highly vascular.

17) The protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface is A) eleidin. B) collagen. C) mucin. D) keratin. E) melanin.

D) keratin.

91) The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the A) lamina densa. B) basal lamina. C) areolar lamina. D) lamina propria. E) mucina lamina.

D) lamina propria.

96) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

D) long bones have reached their adult length.

72) The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and A) synovial fluid. B) urine. C) sweat. D) lymph. E) serous fluid.

D) lymph.

41) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as A) collagen. B) cartilage. C) chondroitin. D) matrix. E) scaffold.

D) matrix.

59) The most dangerous type of skin cancer is called A) keratosis. B) psoriasis. C) squamous cell carcinoma. D) melanoma. E) basal cell carcinoma.

D) melanoma.

48) Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are A) mast cells. B) fibroblasts. C) plasmocytes. D) mesenchymal cells. E) lymphocytes.

D) mesenchymal cells.

22) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

D) metaphysis.

113) The body's longest cells are A) muscle cells. B) connective tissue. C) epithelia. D) neurons. E) neuroglia.

D) neurons.

52) Two types of microphages include A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes. B) mast cells and basophils. C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages. D) neutrophils and eosinophils. E) microphages and adipocytes.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils.

89) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteolytic C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

D) osteoblast

44) Cyanosis signifies that a patient has A) had too much sun. B) been kept out of the sun. C) an allergic reaction. D) oxygen-starved skin. E) been exposed to cyanide.

D) oxygen-starved skin.

77) The superficial membrane of a bone is called the A) endosteum. B) ectosteum. C) cortical membrane. D) periosteum. E) osteoid collar.

D) periosteum.

50) Which one of the following is the red-yellow form of melanin? A) eumelanin B) phycomelanin C) anthomelanin D) pheomelanin E) promelanin

D) pheomelanin

10) Epithelial cells that line the small intestine transport nutrients into the body. Directional transport is associated with the epithelial tissue property of A) avascularity. B) regeneration. C) cellularity. D) polarity. E) attachment.

D) polarity.

59) The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue. A) loose connective B) regular dense connective C) irregular dense connective D) reticular tissue E) adipose

D) reticular tissue

58) A deficiency disease that illustrates the effect of integumentary system function on the structure of the skeletal system is A) osteoporosis. B) seborrheic dermatitis. C) decubitus ulcers. D) rickets. E) beriberi.

D) rickets.

99) A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called a A) scar. B) keloid. C) graft. D) scab. E) plug.

D) scab.

74) Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) merocrine sweat D) sebaceous E) mammary

D) sebaceous

97) The term transudate describes fluid associated with A) mucus membranes. B) mammary glands. C) cutaneous membranes. D) serous membranes. E) endocrine glands.

D) serous membranes.

25) Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

D) short bones.

22) The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are A) simple and proper. B) stratified and pseudostratified. C) squamous and simple. D) simple and stratified. E) cuboidal and columnar.

D) simple and stratified.

102) Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of A) nonstriated muscle. B) all types of muscle. C) smooth muscle. D) skeletal muscle. E) cardiac muscle.

D) skeletal muscle.

64) Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance, with a wide variety of cell types. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) lungs. C) spleen. D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.

D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.

3) Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except A) protection of underlying tissue. B) excretion of salts and wastes. C) maintenance of body temperature. D) synthesis of vitamin C. E) detection of sensations.

D) synthesis of vitamin C.

58) If an obese person loses weight, a factor that increases the risk of regaining the weight is A) weight loss causes the metabolic rate to slow. B) during weight loss, calories are only temporarily displaced from fat to other tissues. C) brown fat can become white fat if dietary intake increases again. D) the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again. E) the body feels unfamiliar after weight loss.

D) the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again.

66) If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed, A) the hair produced by the follicle will change from terminal to vellus. B) the color of the hair will become lighter. C) the texture of the hair will become coarser. D) the hair matrix will lose its blood supply. E) hair production will not be affected.

D) the hair matrix will lose its blood supply.

101) What is the cause of the striated appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle? A) the nuclei of the muscle cells B) the connections of neurons to muscle cells C) the arrangement of intercalated discs D) the repeating arrangement of the contractile proteins, actin and myosin E) the stacking of muscle cells

D) the repeating arrangement of the contractile proteins, actin and myosin

112) All of the following are true of neurons except that A) they cannot divide. B) they conduct a nervous impulse. C) they are composed of a cell body and axon. D) they are a very specialized form of connective tissue. E) they receive information from other neurons through their dendrites.

D) they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.

135) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ________ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

D) transverse

5) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tubercle. B) trochanter. C) trochlea. D) tuberosity. E) trabecula.

D) tuberosity.

69) Fine hairs (like "velvet") that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________ hairs. A) veneer B) gossamer C) lanugo D) vellus E) terminal

D) vellus

56) Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B C) vitamin C D) vitamin D E) vitamin E

D) vitamin D

130) The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are A) more resistant to compression. B) stronger and heavier. C) stronger and contain more spongy bone. D) weaker and more flexible. E) weaker and more brittle.

D) weaker and more flexible.

82) The auricle, or outer ear, contains A) muscle. B) hyaline cartilage. C) bone. D) fibrous cartilage. E) elastic cartilage.

E) elastic cartilage.

19) While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

26) From what structure does sensible perspiration occur? A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 9 E) 10

E) 10

144) What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair? 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone. 2. A hematoma occurs. 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury. 4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bone at the site of repair. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 4, 2, 3, 1 E) 2, 3, 1, 4

E) 2, 3, 1, 4

87) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

71) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

29) Adipose tissue is a major component of the region labeled A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5.

E) 5.

1) Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct.