A&P Exam 4

Which does NOT describe ANS? *Effectors are skeletal muscles *Involuntary *Pre-ganglion release acetylcholine *Parasympathetic nervous system

*Effectors are skeletal muscles

Which does NOT describe the sympathetic nervous system? *cranialsacral output *short pre-ganglionic

*cranialsacral output

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Uptake by cells All of these choices

All of these choices

If I can block neurotransmitters attaching to chemically-gated sodium channels, what will be the result? An action potential will not be produced The cell will die The cell will become hyperactive The cell will depolarize but not repolarize

An action potential will not be produced

Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: C7 and C9 C7 and T1 C7 and L1 C7 and S1

C7 and T1

Most cerebrospinal fluid is produced by _______ located in the walls of the ventricles of the brain. Choroid plexuses Satellite cells Septum pellucida Arachnoid villi

Choroid plexuses

Adrenergic neurons release acetylcholine into the synapse. True False

False

Dual innervation describes the situation when effectors are controlled by only one division of the autonomic nervous system. True False

False

During periods of rest and recovery, the sympathetic activity to glands and smooth muscles predominates over parasympathetic activity. True False

False

Gray matter has its distinctive color due to myelination of axons. True False

False

In the autonomic nervous system, a single motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle. True False

False

Rabies virus and tetanus toxin use retrograde transport to travel backward along axons to reach the neuronal cell body. Retrograde transport is a type of slow axonal transport. True False

False

The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier does not allow any substances from the blood to enter the CSF. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? It is a polysynaptic reflex. It involves an inhibitory interneuron. An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar reflex. It is an ipsilateral reflex.

It is a polysynaptic reflex.

Choose the statement below that accurately represents a significant feature of graded potentials. Like graded potentials can sum to create a larger graded potential. Like graded potentials will subtract from each other to create a smaller graded potential. Graded potentials activate enzymes to excite the cell. Graded potentials randomly occur all the time but are of no significance.

Like graded potentials can sum to create a larger graded potential.

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of the cell membrane Na+ and K+ ions is higher outside the cell membrane Na+ is higher on the inside and K+ is higher on the outside Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

The autonomic nervous system is part of the PNS SNS CNS All of these choices

PNS

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm? Lesser occipital Transverse cervical Phrenic Anse cervicalis Supraclavicular

Phrenic

Postganglionic neuron:

Releases neurotransmitter at the effector cell

Once neurotransmitters are released, they do not remain in the synapse. What happens to them? Some are degraded by enzymes while some are transported back into the presynaptic cell. Some are transported back into the presynaptic cell. Some are degraded by enzymes. Some decompose on their own by a process known as autodecomposition.

Some are degraded by enzymes while some are transported back into the presynaptic cell.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The anterior gray horn, posterior gray horn and lateral gray horns contain myelinated fibers. The anterior and posterior gray horns divide the white matter into columns. The white matter of the spinal cord contains tracts. Sensory tracts carry information to the brain. Motor tracts carry information away from the brain.

The anterior gray horn, posterior gray horn and lateral gray horns contain myelinated fibers.

Which of the following is not a difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system? The involvement of the spinal cord. The number of motor neurons. The number and types of neurotransmitters. The presence of ganglia.

The involvement of the spinal cord.

What is true about the charge when a neuron is at rest?

The outside is positively charged

All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. True False

True

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are near the spinal cord or major abdominal arteries. True False

True

Intercostal nerves directly connect to the structures they supply while plexuses are networks of nerves that supply a general area of the body. True False

True

Some physiological responses require activation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system; the hypothalamus regulates this balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. True False

True

The Sympathetic division is associated with excitement or embarrassment. True False

True

The autonomic nervous system operates by reflex arcs that include sensory neurons, integrating centers that are mainly in the hypothalamus and brain stem, and motor neurons. True False

True

The parasympathetic NS is also called the craniosacral division because it includes four cranial nerves and spinal nerves from S2-S4. True False

True

The pons is superior to the medulla and inferior to the midbrain. True False

True

The primary difference between an autonomic reflex arc and a somatic reflex arc is that the former has two motor neurons connecting the CNS to an effector. True False

True

The regeneration tube guides the growth of a new axon from the proximal area across the injured area to the distal area where it replaces the original axon. True False

True

The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the reticular formation. The primary function of the descending fibers of the RAS is to maintain muscle tone. True False

True

The trigeminal nerve has three branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. All three branches contain somatic sensory fibers, but the mandibular also contains somatic motor fibers. True False

True

To establish and maintain resting membrane potential, more potassium ions move out of the cell than sodium ions move into the cell. True False

True

Which cranial nerves do NOT have somatic motor fibers that control the extraocular muscles? Check all that apply! III IV V VI VII

V & VII

What results in the depolarization of the cell membrane? Chemically-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell causing the inside of the membrane to become more negative. Mechanically-gated channels open to allow potassium ions to diffuse into the cell causing the membrane to become more negatively charged inside. Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane. Voltage-gated potassium channels open allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell taking their positive charges with them.

Voltage-gated sodium channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the cell to cancel negative charges on the inside of the membrane.

A mixed spinal nerve has: a dorsal and posterior root two sizes of neurons a sensory and an afferent component a posterior and anterior root a motor and an efferent component

a posterior and anterior root

Which of the following neurotransmitters does not bind to adrenergic receptors? noradrenaline acetylcholine epinephrine norepinephrine adrenaline

acetylcholine

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by afferent neurons efferent neurons motor neurons interneurons

afferent neurons

The nervous system: works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. communicates with the body via action potentials (nerve impulses). is responsible for perceptions and behaviors. initiates voluntary movements. all of these are correct.

all of these are correct.

What is the function(s) of the nervous system? detecting stimuli processing information sending a response to muscles or glands all of these choices

all of these choices

Spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the cord are mixed nerves contain axons going to skeletal muscles contain sensory axons carrying information from the skin might contain autonomic motor axons all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve? it supplies cardiac muscle and decreases heart rate it carries taste and somatic sensation from the epiglottis and pharynx it carries information about blood pressure, blood pH and stretch in respiratory structures it controls the muscles involved in swallowing, coughing and voice production all of these choices are functions of the vagus nerve

all of these choices are functions of the vagus nerve

Which statement about dermatomes is TRUE? dermatomes covering the face are supplied by the trigeminal nerve dermatomes may lose sensation due to spinal nerve damage the nerve supply in adjacent dermatomes may overlap dermatomes are areas of skin that send sensation to the brain via one pair of spinal nerves all of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

Postganglionic neurons are myelinated. release acetylcholine via exocytosis. are NOT myelinated. all of these.

are NOT myelinated.

The dendrites of a neuron are the main receiving region of a neuron secrete neurotransmitters conduct impulses toward another neuron do not carry potentials, only axons do

are the main receiving region of a neuron

Graded potentials: arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential. usually propagate down the length of an axon. occur when voltage-gated channels open. are most often observed in axons. are usually associated with ion movement through leakage channels.

arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential.

The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus? sacral cervical lumbar brachial

brachial

Which part of the brain is associated with ten of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves? medulla oblongata. pons. midbrain. brain stem. none of these choice is correct.

brain stem.

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? a) The epidural space is located between the dura mater and the vertebral canal wall. b) The subdural space is located between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. c) The subarachnoid space contains interstitial fluid and is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. d) Statement a and b are incorrect. e) Statements b and c are incorrect.

c) The subarachnoid space contains interstitial fluid and is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

The indicated structure (dorsal root ganglion) contains cell bodies of motor neurons cell bodies of sensory neurons cell bodies of interneurons ascending tracts descending tracts

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Cerebral spinal fluid is produced in which structure(s)? choroid plexuses cerebral aqueduct arachnoid villi arachnoid granulation median aperture

choroid plexuses

The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: filum terminale lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cauda equina spinal root

conus medullaris

Which of the following reflexes is contralateral? flexor stretch crossed extensor tendon

crossed extensor

The term 'decussation' means: to split in half control of movement a form of sensory input crossing swallowing

crossing

Branched fibers that convey impulses toward cell body are called

dendrites

Typically graded potentials occur in the... myelin sheath axon dendrites and cell body axon terminal

dendrites and cell body

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes

dilation of pupils

The spinal cord is held in place by the conus medullaris and cauda equina filum terminale and denticulate ligaments pia mater and choroid plexus ascending and descending tracts

filum terminale and denticulate ligaments

Which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges? have the same basic structure as the spinal meninges have three layers of the dura mater are continuous with the spinal meninges are named the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater

have three layers of the dura mater

Subtle anatomical differences between each hemisphere in the brain is called: lobular specialization global differentiation hemispheric lateralization cranial integration apraxia

hemispheric lateralization

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? astrocytes play a primary role it consists mainly of gap junctions it prevents passage of possible therapeutic drugs it allows easy passage of lipid-soluble substances it prevents the flow of proteins across it

it consists mainly of gap junctions

Which of the following is true of the thalamus? it is the major relay center for just motor impulses it is a component of the diencephalon it precisely locates sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and sound the external capsule connects the thalamus with the cerebral cortex

it is a component of the diencephalon

The sympathetic division of the ANS is called the thoracolumbar division because: the axons of the preganglionic neurons control thoracolumbar inflow sensory stimulation is received via all thoracic and lumber nerve roots it controls only organs and muscles in the thoracic and lumbar areas of the body its preganglionic neurons' cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

its preganglionic neurons' cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Resting membrane potential is maintained by leak channels. chemically-gated channels. leak channels and sodium-Potassium pumps. sodium-Potassium pumps.

leak channels and sodium-Potassium pumps.

Consider the cell body of a neuron. Through which types of ion channel might sodium enter the cell body? Check all that apply! ligand-gated channels voltage gated channels Na+1/K+1 ATPase leakage channels

ligand-gated channels leakage channels

Which component of the brain is referred to as the "emotional brain" as it plays primary role in a wide range of emotions? basal ganglia frontal lobe of the cerebrum corpus callosum limbic system cerebral cortex

limbic system

Which of the following sympathetic responses is mismatched with its body part? iris of eye - dilation of pupil liver - increased glycogen synthesis stomach - decreased motility hair follicles - contraction of arrector pili muscles adipose tissue - increased lipolysis

liver - increased glycogen synthesis

The white matter of the spinal cord is: located around the outside. in the center. composed of interneurons. composed of ganglia.

located around the outside.

Multiple sclerosis involves a progressive destruction of the neuron's ___. myelin sheath axon dendrites cell body

myelin sheath

The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain? frontal occipital parietal flocculonodular posterior

occipital

The ___ are types of neuroglial cells that provide myelin to the CNS

oligodendrites

If three depolarizing graded potentials and two hyperpolarizing graded potentials occur in a dendrite at the same instant, what is the summation of their potentials equivalent to? one depolarizing graded potential no potential at all five graded potentials one hyperpolarizing graded potential

one depolarizing graded potential

A structure that contains a network of axons from several anterior rami is known as a ramus thoracic nerve tract plexus ganglion

plexus

Which statement best describes the location of the cerebellum? anterior to cerebrum and anterior to brain stem posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum superior to cerebrum and posterior to brainstem superior to brainstem and posterior to cerebrum

posterior to brainstem and inferior to cerebrum

Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily? sodium calcium potassium phosphate

potassium

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal towards the synapse is called the _______ neuron. presynaptic postsynaptic axodendritic axoaxonic

presynaptic

Which statement best describes reciprocal innervation: contraction of antagonist with simultaneous relaxation of agonist contraction of agonist with delayed relaxation of antagonist relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist simultaneous relaxation of agonist and antagonist simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist

relaxation of antagonist at the same time of contraction of agonist

Which neural circuit enables a single presynaptic stimulation to cause a postsynaptic cell to send a series of impulses? simple circuit convergent circuit diverging circuit parallel after-discharge circuit reverberating circuit

reverberating circuit

The cells that conduct messages to the brain

sensory neurons

Which of the following is the sequence of the transmission of signals of a reflex arc integration center, sensory receptor, sensory neuron, effector, motor neuron sensory neuron, sensory receptor, integration center, motor neuron, effector sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector integration center, sensory neuron, sensory receptor, effector, motor neuron effector, sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

What term does not belong with the others? *spinal nerve *brain *spinal cord *CNS

spinal nerve

In a diagnostic spinal tap (lumbar puncture) of an adult, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the lateral ventricles central canal subarachnoid space subdural space

subarachnoid space

The space between the middle layer of the meninges and the deepest layer of the meninges is: epidural space epiarachnoid space subdural space subarachnoid space subpia space

subarachnoid space

Which of the following comparisons of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS) is not true? the SNS carries information from the special senses the ANS has sensory receptors called interoceptors tissues of the ANS can function even if their nerve supply is damaged the SNS contains motor neurons which are excitatory and inhibitory angina pectoris is an example of input from the ANS

the SNS contains motor neurons which are excitatory and inhibitory

Which of the following does not describe the autonomic nervous system? the effectors are primarily skeletal muscles the sympathetic division generally stimulates an organ preganglionic axons release acetylcholine it is under involuntary control the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate

the effectors are primarily skeletal muscles

Which part of the hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland? the mammillary region the infundibulum the supraoptic region the Preoptic region

the infundibulum

Which statement is true? the central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe the postcentral gyrus contains the primary motor area the insula lies within the precentral gyrus the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

the lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

The generation of a graded potential is by the momentary opening of mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels feedback created in the axon of the neuron chemical reactions occurring near the cell membrane which change the cell's electrical state a sudden surge of ATP production on one side of the cell membrane

the momentary opening of mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels

The electrical balance of the membrane potential can be changed from its resting potential by a change in osmotic pressure. the opening of ion channels. the activation of ion pumps. the effect of leak channels.

the opening of ion channels.

Which of the following effects does not occur during the fight-or-flight response? the pupils constrict the airways increase in diameter blood vessels to skeletal muscles dilate heart rate speeds up blood pressure increases

the pupils constrict

Which statement is NOT true about electrical synapses? they occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells. they allow rapid communication between cells. they allow synchronization of cellular activities. they are found in heart muscle they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes

Which statement is true regarding cranial nerves? they pass through intervertebral foramina there are 31 pairs they are part of the peripheral nervous system they all contain sensory and motor axons they originate from the brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum

they are part of the peripheral nervous system

Which would be an example of a condition in the body not controlled by autonomic reflexes? breathing rate and depth rate of urine formation tracking a bird flying by digestion of your evening meal blood pressure change during exercise

tracking a bird flying by

If someone is a hemiplegic due to a spinal cord injury, then ___. both upper limbs are paralyzed all four limbs are paralyzed both lower limbs are paralyzed osteosarcoma upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed

upper and lower limbs on one side of the body are paralyzed