A&P Final Exam!!
heart beats about _____ times a day?
100,000
the renal threshold for glucose is approximately ___mg/dl
180
91. A sperm count any lower than ___________ million sperm per mL of semen is usually associated with infertility (sterility). 250 to 500 200 to 250 100 to 200 50 to 100 20 to 25
20 to 25
The average life span of a red blood cell is a. about 1 year. b. 1 month. c. 4 months. d. many years. e. 24 hours.
4 months
a typical adult hematocrit is
45
the total volume of blood in the body of a 76 kg man is approximately
5.3 litres
Plasma composes about _____ percent of whole blood and water composes ____ percent of the plasma volume
55; 92
120. Which of the following is a principal sign of puberty in females? Check all that apply. The onset of breast development Appearance of facial hair Appearance of axillary hair Menarche Menopause
Each ovum is found within a follicle. Each ovary is held in place by suspensory and ovarian ligaments. The onset of breast development
112. ____________ inhibit/s the secretion of ____________ during the female sexual cycle. GnRH; FSH and LH Estradiol and progesterone; FSH and LH Estradiol; progesterone Estradiol; LH FSH and LH; androgens
Estradiol and progesterone; FSH and LH
Diaphragm relaxes, ribs depress, internal intercostals....
Expiration
_____ is the formation of glycogen from glucose.
Glycogenesis
Hemoglobin releases O2, it gains ability to pick up CO2.
Haldane Effect
The _____ limits the degree to which inspiration proceeds and prevents overinflation of the lungs.
Hering-Breuer
__________ promotes pepsin activity and kills microorganisms.
Hydrochloric Acid
What hormone inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary?
Inhibin
Diaphragm contracts, ribs elevated, external intercostals...
Inspiration
Phosphate...
Intracellular anion
K+
Intracellular cation
Binds to vitamin B12 and aids in its absorption.
Intrinsic Factor
131. Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological distinction of male and female? Check all that apply. Only the male gamete is motile. The egg, or ovum, is unique to human females. The penis is the copulatory organ of the male. Human females lack a Y chromosome. Both ova and spermatazoa care considered gametes.
Only the male gamete is motile. The penis is the copulatory organ of the male. Human females lack a Y chromosome. Both ova and spermatazoa care considered gametes.
125. Which of the following hormones helps promote milk synthesis? Check all that apply. Estrogen Prolactin Progesterone Insulin Parathyroid hormone
Prolactin Insulin Parathyroid hormone
Depolarization of the ventricles produce the....
QRS complex
What part of the kidney filters the blood?
Renal corpuscle
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
True
which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion appendix pancreas spleen colon esophagus
pancreas
Chief cells secrete A) mucus. B) hydrochloric acid. C) intrinsic factor. D) pepsinogen. E) gastrin
pepsinogen
Excess fluid in the _____ causes cardiac temponade
pericardial cavity
the principal cation in intracellular fluid is
potassium
contraction of the papillary muscle ________________.
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing in the atria
108. Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase? GnRH FSH LH progesterone estradiol
progesterone
80. Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate. urea water protein sodium ions glucose
protein
each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except proteins hydrogen ions urea amino acids creatinine
proteins
the enzyme pepsin digests ___
proteins
the ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are
proteins, potassium, phosphate
where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
pyramids
coronary veins empty into the _____
right atrium
Humoral Hormone Secretion
secretion in response to product in the plasma; something in circulation causes the release of a hormone ie. candy on Halloween causes an increase of insulin production to absorb the excess sugar
Renin/Angiotensin/Aldosterone Mechanism
sensitive to changes in blood pressure
which of these descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? component of mucosa sensory neural network secretes a watery fluid coordinates activity of muscualris externa loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels
sensory neural network
113. During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle several follicles are developing antrums. the corpus luteum is shrinking. the corpus luteum is enlarging. oogonia are transforming into primary oocytes. the oocyte completes meiosis II.
several follicles are developing antrums.
the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of _______ epithelium
simple squamous
the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of _______
simple squamous epithelium
the ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are
sodium, potassium, calcium
85. At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail? spermatozoon spermatid primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatogonium
spermatid
a stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the anal canal esophagus stomach oropharynx oral cavity
stomach
97. All of the following play a role in thermoregulation of the testes except the bulbospongiosus muscle. the cremaster muscle. the pampiniform plexus of veins. the countercurrent heat exchanger. the dartos muscle.
the bulbospongiosus muscle.
the region known as the macula densa is part of
the distal convoluted tubule
which of the following statements about blood is false? blood contains buffers that control pH the normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0 blood is more viscous than water blood is about 55 percent plasma cells in blood comprise the formed elements
the normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0
94. The countercurrent heat exchanger that prevents arterial blood from overheating the testes is the rete testis. the epididymis. the pampiniform plexus of veins. the blood-testis barrier. the scrotal portal system.
the pampiniform plexus of veins.
urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters
compared to arteries, veins have_____
thinner wall
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. A) Two B) Three C) Four D) Six to Ten E) One
three
Regulates aldosterone secretion
Angiotensin
Vasoconstricting hormone that increases peripheral resistance, causing blood pressure to increase.
Angiotensin II
According to _______, the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas. (partial pressure)
Dalton's Law
the kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of blood volume blood pH blood pressure blood ion levels
all of the answers are correct
which of the following is a function of the blood? transport of nutrients and wastes transport of body heat transport of gases defense against toxins and pathogens
all of the answers are correct
breaks down starches
amylase
when checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from
an artery
98. The _______________ is an example of the female external genitalia. scrotum clitoris uterine tube seminal vesicle vagina
clitoris
urine passes, in the order given through the following structures
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
the duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the
common bile duct & pancreatic duct
76. Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. loop of Henle. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. calyces. urethra.
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
endocrine chemical messenger
distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is a. metalloprotein D. b. immunoglobulin A. c. lipoprotein C. d. albumin alpha. e. fibrinogen
fibrinogen
the outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule
which of the following is not a function of the digestive system mechanical processing absorption compaction ingestion filtration
filtration
respiratory functions deteriorate as a result of pneumonia because inflammation causes ________.
fluid to leak into the alveoli
a hematocrit provides information on?
formed elements abundance
thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
hormone-binding
109. The basis of pregnancy test kits is the presence of ____________, which is secreted by the _________________. human chorionic somatomammotropin; endometrium and myometrium human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); blastocyst and placenta progesterone; corpus luteum and corpus albicans progesterone; blastocyst and embryo estrogens; blastocyst and placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); blastocyst and placenta
parietal cells secrete ___
hydrochloric acid
Episodic (Cyclic) Hormone Regulation
ie. estrogen
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) colon. D) jejunum. E) ileum
ileum
As carbon dioxide levels ______, pH ______.
increase, decrease
the villi are most developed in the
jejunum
74. Blood loss that occurs during surgery will stimulate cells in the efferent arteriole. wall of the right atrium. proprioceptors. juxtaglomerular apparatus. None of these choices is correct.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
major calyces are
large branches of the renal pelvis
This organ is primarily responsible for water absorption. A) large intestine B) anus C) stomach D) esophagus E) small intestine
large intestine
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? A) anus B) small intestine C) large intestine D) stomach E) esophagus
large intestine
103. The ovulated egg is at prophase I. metaphase I. telophase I. prophase II. metaphase II.
metaphase II.
reactions within ____ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell
mitochondria
what are some differences between the endocrine and nervous system?
mode of transport speed of response (N.S faster/short) duration of response (endo- slow/long)
various types of macrophages are derived from ____
monocytes
various types of macrophages are derived from _____.
monocytes
the lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
which hormone is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
natriuretic peptides
Testosterone has a _____ feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary to reduce ____ and ____ secretion.
negative feedback; reduce LH and FSH secretion.
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to...
nuclear receptors
the activities of the digestive system are regulated by hormones parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons the contents of the digestive tract intrinsic nerve plexuses
all of the answers are correct
Neural Hormone Secretion
Central Nervous System causes release of hormone; brain senses something happening, causing a hormone to be released
______ promote phagocytosis and inflammation.
Chemical Mediators
_____ produce pepsinogen.
Chief cells
Inhibits gastric secretion
Cholecystokinin
between diaphragm and liver
Coronary ligament
111. Why is breast milk superior to cow's milk for an infant? Cow's milk provides fewer calories per mL. Cow's milk provides less calcium per mL. Cow's milk provides less phosphorous per mL. Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it. It is a myth; cow's milk is equal in quality to breast milk.
Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it.
Ligands
a chemical that binds to a receptor
Hormonal Hormone Secretion
a hormone activates the release of a second hormone
a glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
105. Which of these does not leave a follicle when it ovulates? a secondary oocyte a zona pellucida a corona radiata a second polar body the theca folliculi
a second polar body
whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
a superficial vein
_____ is at its peak during ovulation.
Estrogen
between liver and abdominal wall
Falciform ligament
functions of the stomach include all of the following except storage of ingested food denaturation of proteins initiation of protein digestion absorption of triglycerides mechanical breakdown of food
absorption of triglycerides
the release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would ____
activate antibodies
the most abundant proteins in blood plasma are _____
albumins
function of the urinary system include regulation of blood volume and blood pressure regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions helping to stabilize blood pH conservation of valuable nutrients
all of the answers are correct
the urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by adjusting the volume of water lost in urine releasing erythropoietin releasing renin regulating NaCl levels in the blood
all of the answers are correct
the bodies innate defenses include all of the following except _____. antibodies complement interferon the skin inflammation
antibodies
the most superior portion of the lung is termed the ____
apex
peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
81. This image shows a section of the testis and scrotal contents. What does "2" represent? spermatic cord epididymis rete testis seminiferous tubules ductus (vas) deferens
ductus deferens
Lymph from right upper body drains into the...
right thoracic veins
101. After puberty, the vaginal lining becomes _________ to ________. simple squamous epithelium; allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication
stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
The muscles of mastication...
temporalis masseter medial pterygoid lateral pterygoid
87. The most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction is that it reduces the size of the gametes. that it produces at least one gamete that is mobile. that it prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation. that it ensures that each daughter cell doubles the number of chromosomes. that it changes the genetic composition of each chromosome.
that it prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation.
in glycolysis each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?
2
you are caring for Dr. Lee, who weighs 100 lbs, what would her approx. blood volume be?
4.0 litres
formed elements make up about what percent of blood?
45 percent
90. Gonads begin to develop 2 to 3 weeks after fertilization. 5 to 6 weeks after fertilization. 8 to 9 weeks after fertilization. 20 to 24 weeks after fertilization. at birth.
5 to 6 weeks after fertilization
the heart pumps approximately ____ liters of blood each day.
8 thousand
136. Which of the following might be a result of a breakdown of the tight junctions of sustentacular cells? Check all that apply. A decrease in spermatogensis. An auto-immune response to secondary spermatocytes. A breakdown of the blood-testis-barrier. A lower sperm count. A decrease in the rate of meiosis among primary spermatocytes.
A breakdown of the blood-testis-barrier. A decrease in spermatogensis.
which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism
ADH
130. Which of the following is an effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on water retention in the collecting duct? Check all that apply. ADH decreases the water permeability of the collecting duct. ADH stimulates aquaporin synthesis. ADH release is stimulated by an increase in blood osmotic pressure. ADH is stimulated by angiotensin II. Renin converts ADH to angiotensin II.
ADH release is stimulated by an increase in blood osmotic pressure. ADH stimulates aquaporin synthesis. ADH is stimulated by angiotensin II.
Can enter citric acid cycle and can be converted to ketone bodies, and can be used to generate ATP...
Acetyl-CoA
Release H+ into solution
Acids
Results from deliberate exposure to an antigen....
Active artificial immunity
Results from natural exposure to an antigen....
Active natural immunity
Increases Na+ reabsorption
Aldosterone
Secreted by cortical cells of the adrenal glands
Aldosterone
123. Which of the following is a true statement regarding a woman's bodily adaptations to pregnancy? Check all that apply. Reduced intestinal motility causes constipation. The mother's blood volume can increase as much as 30%. The tidal volume and minute ventilation increase to meet the oxygen demands of pregnancy. While salt retention increases, so does the glomerular filtration rate, increasing urine production. Dermal tears from extensive cutaneous stretching cause striae.
All
127. Which of the following is a reason why breast milk is more nutritionally beneficial than cow's milk? Check all that apply. The excess protein in cow's milk makes it more difficult for the infant to digest. Cow's milk can increase the likelihood of diaper rash. Human breast milk helps clear the meconium out of the newborn's intestines. Human breast milk helps populate the newborn's intestines with bacteria. Human breast milk supplies antibodies to the newborn to help defend against infection.
All
124. Which of the following endocrine glands or organs contribute to the development of the mammary glands during pregnancy? Check all that apply. Anterior pituitary Pancreas Adrenal Ovaries Thymus
Anterior pituitary Pancreas Adrenal Ovaries
_____ cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.
B cells
Remove H+ from solution
Base
The effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is called the.... Hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin, which promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin.
Bohr Effect
As volume increases, pressure decreases. As volume decreases, pressure increases.
Boyle's Law
The ____ respiratory groups are primarily responsible for stimulating contraction of the diaphragm.
Dorsal (inspiration)
133. Which of the following anatomical structures is part of the tract within which sperm travels from the testis to outside of the body? Check all that apply. Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra Bulbourethral gland Ductus deferens Efferent ductules
Ductus deferens Efferent ductules Seminal vesicle
121. The symptoms of female climacteric are largely in part to the ovarian follicles' decreased response to gonadotropins. Taking which of the following hormones orally may diminish the symptoms of female climacteric? Check all that apply. FSH LH Estrogen Progesterone GnRH
Estrogen Progesterone
______ results when barometric air pressure is less than intra-alveolar pressure.
Expiration
What hormone stimulates sustentacular cells to increase spermatogenesis?
FSH
______ stimulates LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary.
GnRH
135. Which of the following is a change in the male body during puberty? Check all that apply. Increase in teste and scrotum size Hair growth in the axillary region, pubic region, and face Increased rate of spermatogenesis Increased levels of FSH and LH in the beginning of puberty Increased estrogen levels resulting in increased libido (sex drive)
Increase in teste and scrotum size Hair growth in the axillary region, pubic region, and face Increased rate of spermatogenesis Increased levels of FSH and LH in the beginning of puberty Increased estrogen levels resulting in increased libido (sex drive)
______ results when barometric air pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure.
Inspiration
119. If there was an obstruction in the right common iliac artery, which of the following structures would lose a significant amount of blood supply? Check all that apply. Ipsilateral vaginal wall Ipsilateral uterine wall The entire ipsilateral ovary The contralateral vaginal wall The ipsilateral ampulla of the uterine tube
Ipsilateral vaginal wall Ipsilateral uterine wall The entire ipsilateral ovary The ipsilateral ampulla of the uterine tube waiting for confirmation!!
83. Why would an enlarged prostate gland interfere with urination? It inhibits urine production. It develops calcified deposits that block the urethra. It produces thicker prostatic secretions that block the urethra. It inhibits the micturition reflex. It compresses the urethra.
It compresses the urethra.
The rapid release of ____ hormone triggers ovulation.
LH
What hormone stimulates testosterone secretion from the interstitial cells?
LH
Hemoglobin's ability to hold oxygen increases because of a shift of the curve to the ____ due to increased pH, decreased CO2, or decreased temp.
Left
Progesterone levels are ____ during the proliferative phase.
Low
Lack a basement membrane and have loosely overlapping epithelial cells.
Lymphatic capillaries
Depolarization of the atria produces the....
P wave
determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for _____
PH, PO2 and PCO2
_________ increases calcium.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
_____ cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Parietal cells
Results from transfer antibodies from an immune animal to non-immune animal...
Passive artificial immunity
Results from the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus...
Passive natural immunity
During the ______, blood glucose levels are maintained.
Postabsorptive State
92. _________ have 46 chromosomes, whereas _____________ have 23. Spermatids; spermatozoa Primary spermatocytes; spermatids Secondary spermatocytes; primary spermatocytes Spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes Type A spermatogonia; type B spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes; spermatids
What hormone is at its peak during the secretory phase?
Progesterone
Secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus Drop in afferent arteriole pressure Na+ concentration drops
Renin
Low blood pH and breathing slowly
Respiratory Acidosis
High blood pH and breathing quickly
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hemoglobin's ability to hold oxygen decreases because of a shift of the curve to the _____ due to decreased pH, increased CO2, or increased temp.
Right
134. Scenario: Semen is very low in volume and the sperm cells have difficulty with motility because there isn't enough of an energy supply to power their flagella. Which of the following accessory glands of male reproduction may be malfunctioning? Check all that apply. Seminal vesicle Prostate Bulbourethral glands Thymus gland Adrenal glands
Seminal vesicle
the cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ____.
T cell
_____ are involved with cell-mediated immunity.
T cells
Repolarization of the ventricles produce the...
T wave
93. ________________ stimulates the descent of the testes. The presence of Y chromosome The presence of the X chromosome The absence of the X chromosome Testosterone Estrogens
Testosterone
126. Which of the following statements is true regarding the letdown reflex? Check all that apply. The infant typically gets no milk for the first 30 to 60 seconds of suckling. Damage to the posterior pituitary gland could result in a diminished ability to eject milk. This reflex is a positive feedback loop. In this process, epithelial cells contract like smooth muscle. Progesterone is the main hormone responsible for mike ejection.
The infant typically gets no milk for the first 30 to 60 seconds of suckling. Damage to the posterior pituitary gland could result in a diminished ability to eject milk. This reflex is a positive feedback loop. In this process, epithelial cells contract like smooth muscle.
118. Which of the following statements is true regarding the functional anatomy of the ovary? Check all that apply. The ovaries produce gametes and progesterone. The ovary is divided into to a superficial medulla and a deep cortex. The ovarian follicles are each surrounded by the tunica albuginea. Each ovum is found within a follicle. Each ovary is held in place by suspensory and ovarian ligaments.
The ovaries produce gametes and progesterone. Each ovum is found within a follicle. Each ovary is held in place by suspensory and ovarian ligaments.
129. Which of the following statements is true regarding renal innervation? Check all that apply. The renal plexus issues nerve fibers into the renal parenchyma. The kidneys have only sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic stimulation increases urine production. Sympathetic stimulation causes the kidneys to secrete renin in response to low blood pressure. Blood flow through the glomerular capillaries increases in response to sympathetic stimulation.
The renal plexus issues nerve fibers into the renal parenchyma. Sympathetic stimulation increases urine production.
Gas exchange....
Type I Pneumocytes
Produce surfactant....
Type II Pneumocytes
128. Which of the following is a major nitrogenous waste of the human body? Check all that apply. Uric acid Urea Creatine phosphate Creatinine Nucleic acids
Urea
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except A) analysis of material before swallowing. B) mechanical processing of food. C) absorption of monosaccharides. D) digestion of carbohydrates. E) lubrication.
absorption of monosaccharides
the digestive tract is also referred to as the
alimentary canal and the GI tract
Functions of the large intestine include A) absorption of bile salts. B) absorption of vitamins. C) resorption of water and compaction of feces. D) all of the above. E) B and C only
all of the above
an activated G protein can trigger the production of diacylglycerol the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores a fall in cAMP levels
all of the answers are correct
which of these is NOT one of the formed elements of blood? RBC's platelets antibodies lymphocytes basophils
antibodies
Each of the following is a function of the liver, except A) inactivation of toxins. B) synthesis of plasma proteins. C) antibody production. D) synthesis and secretion of bile. E) storage of glycogen and iron reserves.
antibody production
which of the following descriptions matches the term near the left fifth intercostal space? pericardial cavity visceral pericardium apex of the heart aorta right atrium
apex of the heart
132 The sex of a child is determined ___________. Check all that apply. at conception at fertilization by the sperm cell by an X or a Y sex chromosome by the mother
at conception at fertilization by the sperm cell by an X or a Y sex chromosome
the earlike extension of the atrium is the _____.
auricle
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are a. monocytes. b. lymphocytes. c. eosinophils. d. neutrophils. e. basophils.
basophils
Classes of Receptors: Water-Soluble Hormones
bind to membrane-bound receptors; quicker response; faster; ie. large proteins - glycoproteins - polypeptides - smaller molecules like epinephrine and norepinephrine
Classes of Receptors: Lipid-Soluble Hormones
bind to nuclear receptors; longer-lasting; more time consuming; ie. Thyroid Hormones - testosterone - estrogen - progesterone - aldosterone - cortisol
each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the stomach pharynx esophagus bladder colon
bladder
what are some similarities between the endocrine and nervous system?
both associated with the brain can use same chemical messengers
100. This image shows a sagittal section of the male reproductive system. What does "4" represent? seminal vesicle urethra bulbourethral gland prostate gland ejaculatory duct
bulbourethral gland
102. The term menstrual cycle specifically refers to the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth. the events that recur every month during pregnancy. the cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes. the cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormonal changes.
the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes.
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because a. their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins. b. their blood lacks A or B agglutinins. c. they usually have very strong immune systems. d. their blood cells lack A and B antigens. e. they are usually Rh negative
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins
79. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate. tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume. tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman's capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary. tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate.
tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
urine is eliminated and carried out of the body through the
urethra
Endocrine System Communication
uses cells, not tissues and organs
each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except a temperature of approximately 38 degrees C viscosity about the same as water pH of 7.4 built-in system for clotting deep red color from hemoglobin
viscosity about the same as water
the most abundant component of plasma is
water
the combination of plasma and formed elements is called ______
whole blood
77. If the tubular maximum for a particular amino acid is 200 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 100 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will be actively secreted into the filtrate. will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells. will appear in the urine. will not appear in the urine. None of these choices is correct.
will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells.
calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein ______
calmodulin
most of the middle layer in the heart is composed of ______
cardiac muscle cells
most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of _____
cardiac muscle cells
cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is NOT one of them? cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus cardiac muscle cells branch skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs cardiac muscle cells lack transvers tubules
cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules
the term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as
cardiac tamponade
the cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to _____.
chordae tendinae
The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the A) common bile duct. B) common pancreatic duct. C) portal hepatis. D) bile canaliculus. E) hepatic portal vein
common bile duct
the chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the _____
concentration of proteins
as blood leaved the Right ventricle it passes through the _______ and then into the pulmonary trunk
conus arteriousus
104. After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the ____________ and secretes __________. corpus albicans; FSH and LH corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone corpus luteum; FSH and LH corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone corpus albicans; progesterone
corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
99. This image shows a sagittal section of the male reproductive system. What does "3" represent? epididymis corpus spongiosum corpus cavernosum scrotum ductus (vas) deferens
corpus spongiosum
95. The penile urethra is enclosed by the corpus cavernosum. corpus spongiosum. trabecular muscle. prepuce. frenulum.
corpus spongiosum.
PTH will _____ phosphate.
decrease
Change in Receptor Number: Down-Regulation
decrease in receptor number over time due to an external variable; hormones, responses happening in regard to the receptor, etc. ie. insulin receptors; Type II Diabetes
72. A 15% increase in blood pressure would result in which of the following changes in ADH secretion? increased secretion decreased secretion no change in secretion
decreased secretion
86. Dilation of the ______________ causes the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis to become erect. helicine arteries internal pudendal (penile) arteries dorsal arteries dorsal veins deep arteries
deep arteries
115. During the plateau phase, the glans and clitoris swell as the _________ arteries dilate and the corpus or corpora ____________ The ovulated egg is dorsal; cavernosa deep; spongiosum deep; cavernosa dorsal; spongiosum dorsal; vaginalis
deep; cavernosa
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are...
derivative of the amino acid tyrosine
external respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following, except a. when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted. b. at high altitudes. c. during periods of fasting. d. as a consequence of hemorrhage. e. during anemia.
during periods of fasting
blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole
arrange the structures in order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of cardiovascular flow circuit
elastic arteries - muscular arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - medium veins - large veins -
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the a. neutrophils. b. eosinophils. c. basophils. d. lymphocytes. e. monocytes.
eosinophils
the visceral pericardium is the same as the _______
epicardium
The kidneys secrete the hormone ______, which stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells in red bone marrow.
erythropoietin
107. During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete ____________, which stimulates secretion of ___________. estradiol; LH estradiol; FSH estradiol; GnRH progesterone; FSH progesterone; LH
estradiol; LH
116. During ____________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia. excitement detumescence orgasm resolution pregnancy
excitement
the urinary system does all of the following, except that it excretes excess albumin molecules regulates blood volume contributes to stabilizing blood pH eliminates organic waste products regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes
excretes excess albumin molecules
Haustra are A) expansible pouches of the colon. B) strips of muscle in the colon. C) compact feces stored in the rectum. D) the source of colon hormones. E) glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus.
expansible pouches of the colon
the human liver is composed of ___ lobes
four
G cells of the stomach secrete A) pepsin. B) cholecystokinin. C) gastrin. D) enteropeptidase. E) secretin
gastrin
70. Choose the term that does not belong. glomerulus macula densa juxtaglomerular cells juxtaglomerular apparatus afferent arteriole
glomerulus
78. An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the glomerulus. renal artery. macula densa. efferent arteriole. arcuate artery.
glomerulus.
96. Testosterone inhibits libido. development of secondary sex organs. development of secondary sex characteristics. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. sperm production.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.
69. The filtrate that drips from the renal papillae into the calyces has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate. may have lost up to 99% of its original volume. is called urine. has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate, may have lost up to 99% of its original waste, and is called urine. None of these choices is correct.
has a higher concentration of waste products (urea) than the original filtrate.
consider these results from Dr. Lee's blood lab test. which value is most likely abnormal? RBCs - 5.2 million/ul platelets - 280,000/ul leukocytes - 8600/ul hemoglobin - 10.7g/100ml hematocrit - 44 percent
hemoglobin
the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the a. albumins. b. metalloproteins. c. lipoproteins. d. fibrinogens. e. immunoglobulins.
immunoglobulins
82. When do the testes start secreting testosterone? in the first trimester of fetal development in the first trimester after birth in the first three years after birth in the first three years of adolescence after the first ejaculation
in the first trimester of fetal development
75. In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe? increase in filtration volume anuria - no urine production necrosis of the renal corpuscle low protein levels in the filtrate no change in the filtrate
increase in filtration volume
Change in Receptor Number: Up-Regulation
increase in receptor number over time due to an external variable ie. FSH stimulation of the ovary causes an increase of LH receptors
Physiological trigger of thirst and ADH secretion...
increased osmolality
73. Increased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone results in increased thirst. increased urine output. increased blood pressure. increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid. decreased urine output.
increased urine output.
Aldosterone ____ K+ secretion.
increases
71. Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by increasing net filtration pressure. increasing capsular pressure. increasing glomerular capillary pressure. increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. None of these choices is correct.
increasing net filtration pressure.
84. Which hormone suppresses spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone secretion? gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) testosterone itself inhibin luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
inhibin
the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids in ________.
internal respiration
plasma is closest in composition to _____
interstitial fluid
The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the A) duodenum. B) stomach. C) jejunum. D) colon. E) cecum
jejunum
Lymph from lower limbs and left upper body drain into....
left thoracic veins
Hormone Secretion: Negative Feedback Systems
limit the excursion of a product ie. once a thermostat reaches its set temperature, it stops running
which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
secondary bronchi supply air to the ______/
lobes of the lungs
all of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are located in a position that is retroperitoneal surrounded by a fibrous capsule located partly within the pelvic cavity held in place by the renal fascia covered by peritoneum
located partly within the pelvic cavity
Chronic Hormone Regulation
long term secretion ie. testosterone
damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lung would result in _________.
loss of surfactant
the coronary sulcus is a groove that _________.
marks the border between the atria and the ventricles
digestion refers to
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
in the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, & trachea called the _____.
medaistinum
Water-soluble hormones bind to....
membrane bound receptors
the double layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called
mesenteries
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein? a. metalloprotein b. apolipoprotein c. hormone-binding protein d. transport albumin e. steroid-binding protein
metalloprotein
110. The basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the ____________ feedback effect of ____________. positive; FSH and LH positive; estrogens and progesterone negative; FSH and LH negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) negative; estrogens and progesterone
negative; estrogens and progesterone
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of a. neutrophils. b. thrombocytes. c. reticulocytes. d. basophils. e. eosinophils.
neutrophils
117. Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the ____________ , which leads to the release of ______________ from the pituitary. mammary acini; oxytocin mammary acini; prolactin nipple and areola; oxytocin nipple and areola; prolactin nipple and areola; progesterone
nipple and areola; oxytocin
Paracrine
one cell to another cell
Autocrine
one cell to the same cell
waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
a kinase is an enzyme that performs ______
phosphorylation
89. The blood-testis barrier prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells. prevents heat loss from the testes. prevents blood from getting to the testes. maintains testis temperature at 35°C. maintains testis temperature at 37°C.
prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells.
106. In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as primary follicles. secondary follicles. tertiary follicle. mature (graafian) follicles. primordial follicles.
primordial follicles.
The function of platelets is to assist in the a. transport of blood gases such as oxygen. b. removal of worn out red blood cells. c. immune response during an infection. d. destruction of bacteria. e. process called hemostasis
process called hemostasis
Acute Hormone Regulation
rapid release; typically more connection with the CNS ie. epinephrine, norepinephrine
each fo the following organs is part of the urinary system except the kidney urinary bladder rectum ureter urethra
rectum
endocrine cells
release their secretions directly into body fluids
Lymph nodes do all of the following except that they produce antibodies monitor contents of lymph remove debris & pathogens from lymph accumulate cancer cells remove excess nutrients from lymph
remove excess nutrients from lymph
88. This image shows spermatogenesis. What does "3" represent? spermatogonium secondary spermatocyte primary spermatocyte spermatid sperm
secondary spermatocyte
Correct flow of air into lungs:
two main bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.
122. Which of the following statements is true regarding the comparison of the male and female sexual response? Check all that apply. Unlike the male, the female sexual response does not include a refractory period, making multiple orgasms possible. The male reproductive system has erectile tissue and the female does not. Vasocongestion is a component of both the male and female sexual response. The female has an orgasmic platform while the male does not. Both the male and female have the capacity for ejaculation.
Vasocongestion is a component of both the male and female sexual response. The female has an orgasmic platform while the male does not. Both the male and female have the capacity for ejaculation. Unlike the male, the female sexual response does not include a refractory period, making multiple orgasms possible.
114. The ovulated egg is a primary oocyte. a secondary oocyte. a primary follicle. a secondary follicle. a tertiary follicle.
a secondary oocyte.