A&P Final Review

Four classifications for identifying fractures:

(1) Position of the bone ends after fracture: nondisplaced/displaced (2) Completeness of Break: complete /incomplete (3) Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone: linear/transverse (4) Whether bone ends penetrate the skin: compound (open)/simple(closed)

epiphysis

*E*xtended *E*nds og long bones

Synovial joint stability

*Muscle tone* shape ligaments important for

MOST important factor in stabilizing joints

*Muscle tone* because it keeps tendons that cross joint taut.

contract at the same time

*fibers within ONE motor unit* contract

major direct effects of anaerobic exercise on muscle

*hypertrophy*--increase cell size resulting in increased fiber size increase in number of myofilaments, myofibrils, mitochondria and glycogen reserves

80% of bulk/volume

*myofibrils* make up this percent of muscle bulk/volume

threshold sarcolemma

-55

resting membrane

-70mV

If the interior of a cell is 0.9% NaCl and you add it to a solution, what would the solution need to be in order to maintain the integrity of the cell?

0.9% NaCl

The four major tissue types are:

1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscular tissue 4. Nervous tissue

Three structural classifications for joints:

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

calcium signal for contraction

1. calcium binds to tropinin 2. troponin changes shape, causes tropomysin to move away from active sites of actin subunits 3. allows myosin heads to bind to the now "open" active sites on actin

order of events: muscle contraction

1. information transferred across the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular juntion 2. an action potential along the sarcolemma 3. action potential arriving at the triad 4. Ca++ released from the SR 5. Ca++ binding to *troponin* 6. binding sites for myosin uncovered (tropomyosin moves) 7. hydrolysis of ATP 8. cross bridge formation 9. power stroke 10. active transport of Ca++ back into the SR

order of muscle units small to largest

1. myofilament 2. myofibril 3. muscle fiber 4. fascicle 5. muscle

functions of skeletal system

1. support 2. protect 3. aid with movement 4. hematopioesis 5. mineral/calcium storage 6. triglyceride storage

_______ pair of _______ nerves leave the spinal cord and belong to the PNS

31, spinal

cerebral cortex

40% of the brain is made up of the

plexus

A ____________________ is a complex network of interacting and cross connected nerves

cerumen, ear wax

A ceruminous gland would secrete

GABA

A neurotransmitter reducing anxiety and stress, helps regulate muscle tone

Glutamate

A neurotransmitter which figures in learning and memory

reflex

A rapid involuntary response to a stimulus

Diverging/Amplifying

A single neuron stimulates multiple output neurons. It allows for many skeletal muscles to be innervated simultaneously.

voltage gated Ca++ channels on axon terminals

Action potential travelling down an axon opens *these*, allowing calcium to enter the axon terminal, which signals release of ACh

MESENCHYME is the common ancestor to all connective tissue

All types of connective tissue are produced from this embryonic tissue

Certain cells in Emma's body need to make a protein. These proteins are made of amino acids and the process is called:

Anabolism

__________________________ investigates the body's structure, while __________________ investigates the processes or functions of living things.

Anatomy, physiology

Dermatomes

Area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of the spinal nerve.

Given these 3 characteristics of a transport process in a cell, which would apply? 1. the substance moves down its concentration gradient 2. it does not require energy 3. it requires carrier molecules A. Diffusion B. facilitated difussion C. active transport D. exocytosis E. phagocytosis

B. Facilitated diffusion

GOut

Build up of uric acidin joints and soft tissue

nuclei in cerebral cortex, gray matter of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord

Cell bodies (soma) of neurons in the *CNS* are located in the ____________________________ and ______________________.

ganglia

Cell bodies (soma) of neurons in the PNS are located within structures called

In order, state the six levels of organization of the body - from the smallest to the largest.

Chemical -> Cellular -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

What are cleavage lines and why might they be important during surgery?

Collagen fibers in the reticular dermal layer arrange in bundles which line up and run parallel to the skin surface. The gaps between these bundles are called cleavage lines. Cleavage lines are important during surgery because incisions made along these lines gape less and heal more easily than incisions made across cleavage lines. (less scarring too)

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

Conscious control of skeletal muscle movement

Premotor Cortex

Controls learned, repetitious or patterened motor skills

The ____________________________________ pathway is a pyramidal regulates voluntary movement of facial and neck muscle

Corticobulbar

Given these 3 observations concerning a transport process in a cell, which would apply? 1. ATP is required 2. it does not exhibit saturation 3. solid particles are transported A. Active Transport B. facilitated diffusion C. secondary active transport D. phagocytosis E. pinocytosis

D. Phagocytosis. (stimulated, dependent on reeptors,not channels/gradients. moves large particles and solids. active, uses atp) Active transport depends on electrochemical gradient channels which determine saturation rate. facilitated diffusion is passive, no atp secondary active transport is dependent on initial active process, active transport. pinocytosis moves solutes and small particles

_____________________ lines the blood vessels and the heart.

Endothelium

Describe one way the integument offers biological protection.

Epidermal dendritic cells signal presence of antigens to the white blood cells of the lymphatic system. Dermal macrophages are phagocytic cells which digest virus and bacteria.

____________ tissue has the highest regenerative capacity of all tissue, while ___________________ and ________________ tissues have the least or poorest regenerative capacity.

Epithelial has greatest or highest regenerative capacity. Muscle and Nervous tissue have the least or poorest.

Suture: structure and function

Fibrous; synarthroses

Vestibulospinal Rubrospinal R T

Four indirect or extrapyramidal descending tracts

If Solution A has a greater osmotic pressure than Solution B and they are connected with a selectively permeable membrane between them, water will move:

From Solution B to Solution A

triad

Hong kong gangsters. Also t-tubule + 2 terminal cisternae

What does the term morphology mean when it pertains to a cell or organ?

It's form or structure; its shape. The shape of a cell or organ informs ir is complementary to its function.

What is the energy of motion

KINETIC ENERGY

primary somatosensory cortex, skeltal muscles, joints and tendons

Located in the post central gyrus the ____________________ receives information from proprioceptors located in the ________________________________

What is morphology when it pertains to cells?

Morphology as it pertains to cells refers to the shape and/or structure of the cell and how the shape of a cell determines its function. Red blood cells have a disc shape that gives them more surface area which enables them to take up more oxygen. The red blood cells are flexible, disc-like shape also allows them to travel through blood vessels. People with sickle cell anemia have misshapen blood cells which do not travel well, can actually get jammed up in blood vessels, stopping the flow of blood and ultimately preventing oxygen from reaching tissue.

Converging/concentrating

Multiple neurons stimulate a single outpur neuron

ACTIN and ATP both bind

Myosin head is the bingding site for these two molecules

goblet cells

Name a unicellular exocrine gland

Sodium levels in Curti's blood began to fall. His adrenal glands released a hormone called aldosterone which DECREASED the sodium output in his urine and caused his blood sodium levels to rise. This is an example of a: Positive feedback mechanism or Negative feedback mechanism

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Which organ system produces action potentials to regulate body activities

Nervous System

A MAJOR componenet of the cell membrane is the

Phospholipid bi-layer

oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin around axons in the *CNS*

KERATIN, produced by kerantinocytes.

Protein, produced in the epidermis, that provides protection and strength

flexor (withdrawal)

Pulling a body part away from a painful stimulus is a ___________ reflex.

Regarding resting membrane potential, the cell membrane is _________on the inside relative to the outside and the cell is said to be _________________?

Regarding resting membrane potential, the cell membrane is NEGATIVE on the inside relative to the outside and the cell is said to be POLARIZED?

Ascending pathways

Sensory information travels in

Why might alkaline base soap not be healthy for daily use in patients?

Skin is slightly acidic (pH 4-6.5) which creates a barrier to bacteria. Maintained by slighty acidic sweat and fatty acids and lactic acids in sebum from sebaceous glands. Acid mantle inhibits bateria entering our body 1. killing it off 2. enabling bacteria to adapt to acid environment, deters from moving to our alkaline internal environment. Washing with alkaline base soap would raise pH and disrupt protective benefits of acid mantle.

Solution A has a greater osmotic pressure than B. Therefore solution A contains _____________solutes and __________ water than solution B.

Solution A has MORE solutes and LESS water than Solution B. Sol. A=more solute, Sol. B=more water

Broca's area

Speech area directing muscles of speech production

Fracture Repair: order

Step 1. hematoma formation Step 2. fibrocartilage decomposition and capillary formation Step 3. spongy bone formation Step 4. bone remodeling

Blood pH is sensed by cells known as CHEMORECPTORS which are found in the major arteries of the chest. Chemoreceptors sonstantly SEND information about blod pH TO a part of the BRAIN called the VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP <i>via</i> the cranial nerve 9 and cranial nerve 10. In order to correct disturbances in the blood pH, the VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP <u>sends</u> signals TO the DIAPHRAM (a muscle in the thorax) to adjust its rate of contraction. These signals are SENT VIA the PHRENIC NERVE

Stimulus blood pH changes Receptor: Chemoreceptors Afferent Pathway: Cranial Nerve 9, Cranial Nerve 10 Control Center: VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP Efferent Pathway: Phrenic Nerve Effector (organ): diaphragm Response: Adjust rate of contraction

axon

The *conducting* region of the neuron is the

sensory, mixed

The *dorsal roots* along the spinal cord contain _____________ neurons, while the *dorsal rami* contain _____________neurons.

muscle spindle

The *length* of a muscle is communicated to the brain via a

dendrite

The *receiving* portion of the neuron is the

golgi tendon organ

The *tension* in a muscle is communication to the brain via a

corticospinal

The _______________ pathway regulates voluntary movement of the skeletal muscle lower than the neck

thalamus

The ___________________ is located in the diencephalon and is intrumental in editing and relaying signals to other parts of the CNS

perineurium

The ______________________ is connective tissue surrounding *a fascicle of axons* in a nerve.

mixed neurons

The dorsal *rami* contain

sensory neurons

The dorsal *root* contains

serous membranes

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body

Motor areas

The following are all motor areas or sensory areas Premotor cortex Primary motor cortex Broca's area

Which ascending pathway transmits *pain* and *temperature* to the CNS & where does it terminate?

The lateral spinothalamic tract transmits paind and temperature and it terminates in the somatosensory cortex on the opposite side.

Stratus Corneum

The most superficial layer int he epidermis

frontal

The motor areas of the cerebral cortex are located in the_________________ lobe

somatic, autonomic

The motor division of the *PNS* includes the: ___________________ and the ________________________ nervous system

efferent neurons

The motor division of the PNS contains these neurons

A physician can determine the approximate location of a spinal injury simply by testing areas of the skin for numbness.

The mportance/usefulness of *dermatomes*

nociceptors

The receptors dedicated to sensing *pain*

afferent neurons

The sensory division of the PNS contains

Parallel after discharge

These circuits result in a burst of impulses, called the after-discharge. They are involves in complex mental processing

indirect or Extrapyramidal

These pathways are not voluntary and control muscle tone, balance and posture. (work with the DIrect/pyramidal pathways

The following statements are true about endocrine glands

They produce and secrete hormones Their products diffuse into the blood They are glandular epithelium

Reverberating/Oscillating

This circuit involces a sequence of neurons which will feedback to previous neurons. It involves a circle of excitation. An example of this circuit involves breathing, sleep-wake cycles and other rythmic activities

the epidermis

This consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Stratum Corneum (Stratum Lucidum also)

This layer contains dead cells

Stratum Spinosum is so-named because of the prickly appearance of kerantinocytes.

This layer has a "prickly" appearance

stratum lucidum

This layer is present only on the (hairless, thick) palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Stratum Basale

This layers contains mitotic cells

Mucous membrane

This type of epithelial membrane lines the body cavities open to the exterior and traps infectious agents:

Parallel processing

This type of processing involves many pathways and is important for higher level mental functions

Serial Processing

This type of processing is a single pathway and cause rapid automatic response to a stimulus.

Epineurium

Tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

Structure and Function

Two criteria by which joints are classified

Hyaline: ends of long bones, costal cartilage Fibrocartilage: between vertebrae, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joints

Two types of skeletal cartilage and location in body

Mechanoreceptors

Type of receptors are stimulated when sound waves vibrate hair cells in the inner ear

patellar reflex

Type of stretch reflex the doctor doing when he/she taps you on the knee with that little blue triangular hammer

What is vesicular transport?

Vesicular transport moves molecules and/or fluids into, across and/or out of a cell which would otherwise be unable to cross palsma membrane. THe substances are packaged into "sacs" called vesicles. Vascular transport requires ATP and is (therefore) an active process.

anchors actin

Z-line connects to this thin filament

stretch

___________________ reflexes cause contraction of the stretched muscle and relaxation of the the antagonist muscle

Primary visual cortex, visual association area

_________________________ receives visual information from the retinas and the _____________ interprets the information

Serotonin

a biogenic amine that regulates sleep and has a role in depression

Wolf's Law

a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it. (1) Handedness (right or left handed) results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger (2)Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle (3)Trabeculae form along lines of stress (4)Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach

Brittany mixed 10 grams of NaCl with 250 liters of water. a. What is the solute? b. What is the solvent? c. When the NaCl dissolves in the water it forms:

a. NaCl (salt) b. Water c. Solvent

extensibility

ability of muscle cell to be stretched

elasticity

ability of muscle cell to recoil after stretching

cholesteral

adds stability to the cell membrane

greater resistance to fatigue

aerobic exercise (endurance)

articulation

aka joint, any site where two bones meet

glycolysis

an anaerobic use of glucose to produce ATP

epiphyseal plate

area of bone where longitudinal bone growth takes place, active childhood thru adolescence (late teens?)

joint cavity is surrounded by

articular capsule (joint capsule)

gomphosis

articulations of the alveolar sockets of the mandible or maxilla with the teeth

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disorder

The basement membrane is made of the:

basal lamina (superficial) and reticular lamina (deep) layers.

displaced fractures

bone ends are out of normal alignment

closed/simple

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

open/compound

bone ends penetrate the skin

osseous tissue (aka)

bone tissue

linear fracture

break parallels long axis

transverse

break perpendicular to bones long axis,

Na+/K+ pump

brings potassium into cell and pushes sodium out in order to restore ion balance

complete

broken all the way through

gouty arthritis

build up of uric acid crystals

tracts

bundles of nerve cell *processes* in the CNS are located in pathways called

Out kidneys can normally reabsorb any glucose filtered out of our blood using facilitated diffusion. WHY do you think diabetics often have sugar in their urine? a. there is no more ATP to transport the glucose b. Glucose has reached equilibrium c. Carriers for glucose are saturated d. There is too little glucose in the blood

c. CARRIERS FOR GLUCOSE ARE SATURATED

Which of these substances may diffuse directly through the bi-layer of the cell membrane: a. glucose b. amino acids c. O2 and CO2 d. whole cells

c. O2 and CO2 (gas, simple diffusion)

Oligomycin is a chemical that inhibits ATP production. Which of the following would it have the greatest effect on? a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. phagocytosis d. osmosis

c. phagocytosis Rest are passive processes.

ossification

calcification of hyaline cartilage, the process by which most bone is formed.

symphysis

cartilaginous joint slightly moveable (amphiarthroses) intervertebral discs

The external barrier of the cell is called

cell (plasma) membranes

ganglia

cell bodies of neurons in PNS location

osteoclasts

cells that can absorb bone

chrondroblasts

cells that produce cartilage

function of large motor units

coarse, less precise movements of large muscles

When the anatomy of a body part is closely tied to its specific functions scientists call this the principle of

complimentarity

myosin

composes the *THICK* filament

axon

conducting region of neuron

Sharpey's fibers

connect tissue fibers which hold periosteum to bone

endomysium

connective tissue sheath that covers each individual muscle fiber

Plasma membrane receptors that exhibit a cell to cell interaction are important in

contact signaling

Three characteristics of cells:

contains organelles surrounded by a cell membrane many different types

myofilaments

contractile proteins: myosin & actin

sarcomere

contractile unit of skeletal muscle

first event of muscle contraction

control center signals motor neuron to stimulate skeletal muscle at neuromuscular junction

nerves

cordlike organs in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) consisting of peripheral axons, blood vessels, and connective tissue.

articular cartilage

covers, protects, cushions ends of long bones. Hyaline

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

A band

d*A*rk band on myofilaments

-55 to +30mV (increasing)

depolarization, Na+ enters muscle cell

The term for when cells may move throughout the body

diapedisis

Selected mesenchymal cells

differentiate into osteoblasts during intramembraneous ossification

osteoporosis

disease of the bone where bone resorption outpaces bone deposit resulting in thing, fragile bones

skeletal cartilage does not

does skeletal cartilage contain blood vessels and nerves

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, allowing it to slide and roll without friction and protexting it from damage.

aerobic exercise

endurance exercise; swimming, running, cycling

creatine phosphate

energy source for phosphorylation of ADP, which provides 1 ATP for ~15s of activity

EPOC

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: the extra oxygen needed to replenish glucose, glycogen, CP reserves, etc that is used during vigorous exercise

Receptors near the body's surface which respond to changes in the *external environment* are

exteroceptors

tooth in socket

fibrous joint gomphosis

syndesmoses

fibrous joint slightly moveably (amphiarthroses) ex. distal tibiofibular

The spinal cord begins at the ___________ and ends at the __________

foramen magnum, L1 to L2 vetebrae

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells withing the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

synovial joint

freely moveable (diarthroses) has a joint capsule (articular capsule) hip joint (limb joint)

ball in socket

freely moveable (diarthroses) has joint capsule hip joint

Diarthroses

freely moveable joints

stores calcium

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

end plate potential

generation of local depolarization of the sarcolemma adjacent to ACh activated gated channels

appositional growth

growth in thickness of long bones

Troponin

has a binding site for *calcium ions*, when this occurs, moves tropomysin (round)

satellite cells

help repair *skeletal muscles*, but are limited in their regeneration capacity

titin

holds myosin filament in place

In order to maintain the normal environment of the human body it must maintain a dynamic equilibrium. This equilibrium is called ______________________.

homeostasis

forms articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage

<-70mV

hyperpolarization

recruitment

if the number of motor units stimulated increases, then the force of the contraction will increase

Synarthroses

immovable joint

Tropomysin

in a resting muscle cell this *covers* the binding site on actin (longer)

where secondary ossification centers develop and when?

in one or both epiphysis shortly before or after birth

microvilli

increase surface area

effects of aerobic exercise

increased: muscle capillaries, mitochondria, myoglobin synthesis greater endurance, strength, *resistance to fatigue*

contract asynchronously/independently

independent motor units contract

osteogenic layer of periosteum

inner layer of periosteum

cartilage tear repair

involves arthroscopic surgery because cartilage doesn't repair self.

hollow visceral organs (except heart) (stomach, esophagus, walls of large ateries)

is where smooth muscle is primarily found

fibrous capsule

joint cavity strengthened by

I band

l*I*ght band on myofiliments

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

labor contractions

lamellae

layers of bony matrix surrounding the central canal, made of collagen fibers and minerals

What component of the cell membrane functions as a platform for cell signaling?

lipid raft

nuclei in cerebral cortex gray matter of cerebral cortex and spinal cord

location of cell bodies (soma) of neurons in CNS

dorsal root ganglia

location of cell bodies of sensory neurons

endochondrial ossification

long bone formation

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

make up the motor division of the PNS

glycocalyx

marker for "cell to cell" recognition

arteries veins capillaries lymph vessels nerve fibers

may be found in the central (Haversian) canal which runs length of osteon

integral protein

may function in cell transport

periosteum

membrane that covers the *outside* of long bone, exterior of compact bone.

The sum of all chemical processes in the body

metabolism

diaphysis

middle/shaft of long bone

hydroxyapatites

mineralized substances which make up about 2/3 of bone matrix

synovial

most joints in the body

efferent neurons

motor division neurons (act on effectors)

motor unit composition

motor neuron & ALL the muscle fibers it innervates

ANS

motor output to glnads, organs

excitibility/irritability

muscle cell's ability to receive and respond to stimuli

Association FIbers

myelinated fiber tract that connects the gray matter of the different parts of the same atmosphere

Commisural fibers

myelinated fier tract that connects two atmospheres

dense bodies

myofilaments in SMOOTH muscle pull against

marrow cavity

name of cavity in diaphysis of long bone

Peripheral Nervous System

neural structures other than the brain and spinal cord are all part of the

astrocyte

neuroglial cell in CNS that makes exchanges between capillaries and neurons

ACh

neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction which binds with chemoreceptors at motor end plates and opens gated channels, which depolarizes the local area resulting in end plate potential

varicosities

neurotransmitters released to smooth muscles via these bulbous regions in axons of nerves which innervate smooth muscles

incomplete

not broken all the way through

A survival need to be present in adequate amounts in the body is

nutrients

Lateral horns

only located in thoracic regions of SC

osteoid

organic part of the matrix of compact bone

longitudinal and circular layers

organization of smooth muscle cells which allow them to shorten or squeeze

epiphyseal line

ossification of epiphyseal plate, appearance signals the end of long bone growth in adulthood

fibrous layer of periosteum

outer layer

osteoarthritis

overuse and age, most common

Dermal papillae are located in the ______________________ layer of the _______________________ and contain:

papillary layer of the dermis and contain: 1. capillary loops, 2. free nerve endings (pain receptors) and 3. Meissner's corpuscles (light touch receptors)

T tubules

part of the *sarcolemma*; carries action potential within skeletal muscles

proteoglycans

part of the osteoid

terminal cisternae

part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; stores Ca++

decussating

pathways crossing to other sidein CNS

tracts

pathways of bundles of nerve processes in the CNS

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell

oligodendrocytes

produce myelin around axons in CNS

neurolemmocytes

produce myelin around axons in PNS

neurolemmocytes (aka Schwann cells)

produce myelin around axons in the *PNS*

Calcitonin

produced by *thyroid*, this hormone signals *osteoblasts* to *deposit calcium in the bone* to lower calcium levels in the blood.

growth hormone (GH)

produced by anterior pituitary, stimulates the epiphyseal plate

desmosomes

protects cells from mechanical stress

Articular cartilage on ends of long bones

provides a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

calcitonin (thyroid)

pulls calcium from blood, adds to bone

parathyroid hormone

pulls calcium from bone, adds to blood

multimodal association areas

receive input from many sensory areas and send output to many other atrea

dendrites

receiving portion of the neuron

interoceptors

receptors in the *internal* viscera and blood vessels which sense chemical changes, temperature, and other factors necessary to maintain homeostasis.

ADP & Inorganic Phosphate

released from myosin as the two filaments (actin and myosin) slide past on another

damaged cardiac muscle

repaired by connective tissue which provides structure but not function

+30 to -70mV (decreasing)

repolarization, K+ leaves muscle cell

anaerobic exercise

resistance exercise; push-ups, weights, lunges

increased hypertrophy

result of anaerobic exercise (resistance)

myofibril structure

rod-shaped structures that make up muscle fiber

perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

run perpendicular to central canals takes blood and nervous informations

Specifically, which type of transport is driven by energy stored in ion gradients?

secondary active transport

afferent neurons

sensory division neurons

somatic sensory

sensory information from skeletal muscles, skin, joints

aponeurosis

sheet-like extension of the epimysium

t-tubules acting on sarcoplasmic reticulum

signals release of calcium

somatic neurons excite

skeletal muscles

Amphiarthroses

slightly moveable joint, allow small amount movement

canaliculus

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone and connect lacunae

autonomic (ANS) neurons excite

smooth muscles

osteomalacia

softening of bone tissue in *ADULTS* caused by Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

rickets

softening of bone tissue in *CHILDREN* caused by Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

The ___________ tract ends in the ______________ ans sends information about muscle or tendon stretch.

spinocerebellar tract, cerebellum

cancellous bone (aka)

spongy bone

diploe

spongy bone (on flat bones)

organization phase

step in tissue repair does *granulation tissue forms* and replaces the blood clot.

sarcoplasmic reticulum and calveoli in ECF

stores calcium in smooth muscles

osteum

structural units of compact bone, layers of circles around central (haversian) canal

Term for *NO MOVEMENT* at a joint and two examples

synarthroses gomphosis (teeth) suture (skull)

Joint cavity is filled with

synovial fluid

smooth muscle

takes less energy and contracts for longer periods (turtle)

skeletal muscle

takes more energy and contracts for shorter periods (rabbit)

actin

the *THIN* filament is composed of

sensation

the *awareness* to stimuli (changes in the internal or external environment)

perception

the *interpretation* of stimuli

pineal, epithalamus, Melatonin, regulate sleep -wake cycle

the __________ gland is located in the _______________________part of the diencephalon and secretes _________________________________ which funtion is to ________________________

nondisplaced fractures

the bone ends retain their normal position

endoneurium

the connective tissue surrounding *individual axons* within a nerve

hip stability mainly from

the deep socket of the acetabulum

endosteum

the membrane lining on *inside* of long bone around the marrow cavity

Actin

the myofilament that has a binding site for *myosin head*

astrocyte

the neuroglial cell in the CNS that makes exchanges between capillaries and neurons is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) of muscle cell

Which does NOT describe a cell? it contains organelles they are the largest living things they are surrounded by a cell membrane there are many different types

they are the largest living things

ADP phosphorylation anaerobic cellular respiration aerobic cellular respiration

three methods used by muscle cells to regenerate ATP

latent period

time during which a second action potential may not occur in muscle contraction

Projection fibers

tract that runs to thalamus or spinal cord

gap junctions in smooth muscle

transmit Action potentials from cells to cell, allowing *entire sheets* of cell to contract in response to a *single* signal

regulatory proteins

tropomyosin (long covering/door) & troponin (bouncer), associated with the myofilament actin

testosterone and estrogen in re: bone

what are the two hormones which produces growth spurt during adolescence?

power stroke

when myosin head pulls actin toward center of sarcomere

sprain

where a ligaments around joint are stretched or torn

nutrient foramina

where nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter the bone

cerebral dominance

where one hemisphere is more dominant ovr the tohter and exhibits more influence over fucntions than other. soemtimes referred to as being " right- or Left- brained"

the center of the hyaline shaft in the primary ossification center of the bone

where ossification occurs during long bone formation in the fetus

Dorsal root

where sensory information enters the SC

avoid muscle fatigue

why separate motor units contract separately

Zone 1, proliferation zone

zone of interstitial growth which contains mitotic cartilage cells; where cartilage cells undergo mitosis