A&P I Test 1 Study Guide

A solution of full ionized MgCl2 would have an osmolarity of 3.0, what is the molarity of the solution?

1.0

What is the osmolarity of a 1.5 M solution of Glucose?

1.5 osm

What is the osmolarity of a 1.0 M solution of KCl?

2 osm

What is the osmolarity of a 4.0 M solution of Sucrose?

4 osm

What is the osmolarity of a 2.0 M solution of MgCl2?

6 osm

What is the osmolarity of a 3.0 M solution of NaCl?

6 osm

What is the osmolarity of a 3.0 M of MgCl2?

9.0 M

What is tonicity?

A cell placed in solution with a different osmotic pressure which affects the cell

Your patient presents with pain in the lower right quadrant...what could be a common reason why?

Appendicitis

A patient prevention with severe pain to the right lower quadrant. What organ in this area could potentially be causing the pain?

Appendix

What is the correct order of structural organization?

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

function of cell adhesion molecules

Binds one cell to another

function of receptor proteins

Binds to chemical messengers such as hormones

Inside one osmosis bag, A, is a 50% glucose solution and inside bag B is a 20% glucose solution. Both bags are put into beakers containing 100% water.

Both bags will gain weight

Inside one osmosis bag, A, is a 50% glucose solution and inside bag B is a 20% glucose solution. Both bags are put into beakers containing water.

Both bags will gain weight

Function of a enzyme (membrane protein)

Breaks down a chemical messenger

function of gated ion channels

Channel opens and closes to allow ions thru

Function of a leak ion channel

Channel that is constantly open

Name some true statements about cilia?

Composed of microtubules Help transport the ovulated egg through the Fallopian tubes They beat in unison to keep dust out of the airway

The afferent pathway send information to the....

Control center

Name some true statements about positive feedback

Deviations from a set point are amplified They are likely causes of disease

function of cell identity markers

Distinguished self from foreign cells

Which body system regulated growth, reproduction, metabolism, and communicates through chemical messengers?

Endocrine system

All of the following are human organ systems except...

Epidermal

Name 3 properties of the Na+/K+ Pump?

Expends lots of energy Maintains resting potential Regulates cellular volume

The phosphate "head" of a phospholipid is bilayer faces the____________outside the cell and the _______________inside the cell

Extracellular fluid; intercellular fluid

Flasks X, Y, and Z contain solutions with different concentrations of the solute NaCl. Flask X has 0.5% NaCl Flask Y has 0.9% NaCl Flask Z has 1.5% NaCl Red blood cells (0.9% NaCl) will be placed into each flask. Predict what will happen to the blood cells in each of the flasks

Flask X: Swell Flask Y: Unchanged Flask Z: Contract

Name the specific region for these common locations: forearm, back of knee, ankle, shin, bicep

Forearm: antebrachium Back of Knee: popliteal Ankle: tarsal Shin: crural Bicep: brachium

The tear ducts in your eyes make large quantities of an anti-bacterial protein called lysozome. This enzyme is secreted (exported) in tears that keep your eyes moist. What organelle would you expect to see in abundance in a cell responsible for manufacturing lysozome?

Golgi complex

What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic?

Hyper-> a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another

In osmosis, water always moves toward the ____________ solution: that is, toward the solution with the ____________solute concentration

Hypertonic...greater

If a blood cell with normal osmolarity was placed in a beaker with a solution of 200 M of KCl, the solution will be ________________ to the cell and the cell will _________________.

Hypertonic; crenate

Which of the following filaments is made of the protein keratin?

Intermediate filaments

Before you drink the water, are your red blood cells in a hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solution?

Isotonic

The sagittal plane divides the body into...

Left and right

Which quadrant are the liver and stomach located in?

Liver is in upper right quadrant; stomach is in upper left quadrant

Which body system is responsible for filtering and retiring leaked fluid into the blood and immune response?

Lymphatic

Your patient who was previous dehydrated is now losing blood cells. They are swelling excessively and exploding. What is this called?

Lysis

What are the essential tools of anatomy?

Manipulation Percussion Curiosity Master of terminology

Which of the following is true of symport?

Moves solutes in the same direction

Blood glucose concentrations rise after a meal and stimulates release of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces blood glucose concentration. This is an example of...

Negative feedback

An____________is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ______________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

Organ, organelles

Describe what will happen to the osmolarity of your plasma after drinking the water?

Osmolarity will go down

Normally, the cytosol of red blood cells is 300 mOsm. If you drink a gallon of water, how will your body communicate this change?

Osmoreceptors turn off ADH and reduce thirst

Based on what we know about the Na+/K+ pump, which way will water flow?

Out of the cell

A patient presents with access acteylaldehide (product if broken down ethanol). What organelles could have potentially caused this?

Peroxisome

What type of bulk transport is referred to as "cell drinking" and what does it move?

Pinocytosis; smaller particles

Functions of the skeletal system

Protects & supports organs Storage of minerals Framework of muscle movement

The knee is ____________ to the ankle

Proximal

Name some true statements about negative feedback

Results in stability Generally long term Used to regulate blood pressure

Your body is exposed to the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the phagocytosis cells of your immune system fights this bacteria, your cells endocytose the bacteria. Which of the following is a correct explanation for how your body may successfully defeat that bacteria?

The bacteria gets endocytosed and a phagosome is formed. The phagosome merges with the lysosome, forming a phagolysosome. The enzymes from the lysosome destroy the bacteria and the remaining pieces are exocytosed

The breakdown of glucagon into glucose is called?

The body can't do this

What happens to the electrochemical charge inside and outside of the cell in relation to the Sodium/Potassium ATPase Pump

The inside of the cell is slightly more negative because sodium is moving out of the cell

Name two steps of phagocytosis

The phagosome fuses with a lysosome and becomes a phagolysosome Enzymes from the lysosome digest the foreign matter

A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to red blood cells. Which of these describes the results if red blood cells are placed into a 9% solution of NaCl?

They will shrink

Which cell-adhesion protein is necessary in the heart because of its virtually impermeable nature and minimum space between cells?

Tight junctions

What is the name of the serous membrane that lines the organs?

Visceral

Name 3 examples of channel mediated facilitates diffusion

Voltage gated Mechanically gated Ligand gated

Normally, the cytosol of red blood cells is 300 mOsm. If you drink a gallon of water, what effect will that have on your red blood cells?

Water goes in

Why would facilitated diffusion be essential for human survival?

Water soluble molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane Hydrophilic molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane

Aquaporins allow for:

Water, a polar molecule, to move thru the phospholipid bilayer

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?

a hypertonic sucrose solution

A dialysis tube filled with 360 g of glucose in placed in a beaker that contains 180 g of glucose. Which direction would water move? a. Into the tube b. Out of the tube c. No net movement

a. Into the tube

Your previous patient who is probably going to sue you for giving them the wrong solution causing their cells to explode, is now naturally returning to homeostasis. How is this process occurring? Which of the following is false? a. Dehydration causes decreases me blood volume and increase plasma osmolarity b. Osmoreceptors in the thymus detect change in blood volume c. ADH secretion targets the kidney and water intake and retention increases d. After circuit ends, blood volume increases and blood osmolarity decreases e. None of the above

b. Osmoreceptors in the thymus detect change in blood volume

Which of the following contains the others? a. Osmosis b. Passive transport c. Facilitated diffusion d. Channel mediated diffusion e. Simple diffusion

b. Passive transport

Which of the following are the most influential during the movement of microvilli? a. Microtubules b. Intermediate filaments c. Microfilaments d. Cilia e. Flagella

c. Actin Microfilaments

The sodium/hydrogen transport protein is an example of a(n) a. Uniport b. Antiport c. Symport d. Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion e. Primary Active Transport

c. Symport

What type of bond would form between Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine)? Does this type of bond dissociate in solution? a. Ionic; no b. Hydrogen; no c. Covalent; yes d. Ionic; yes

d. Ionic; yes

Which body system is responsible for filtering and returning leaked fluid into the blood and immune response? a. Integumentary System b. Cardiovascular System c. Digestive System d. Lymphatic System e. Respiratory System

d. Lymphatic System

Red blood cells have an osmolarity of 300 mOsm. If a person is severely dehydrated, which of the following statements is true? a. Blood plasma osmolarity decreases during dehydration b. Blood plasma volume increases during dehydration c. Effectors in the posterior pituitary release ADH which decreases water retention by the kidneys d. Red blood cells cremate due to the changes in blood osmolarity e. Thirst effectors are turned off through the efferent pathway

d. Red blood cells cremate due to the changes in blood osmolarity

The principle of complementarity refers to... a. The fact that anatomy and physiology are inseparable b. Function always reflects structure c. What a structure can do doesn't depend on its specific form d. Two of the above e. None of the above

d. Two of the above

Which of the following statements are true of the sodium potassium pump? a. It creates a higher concentration of potassium outside of the cell membrane which draws water out of the cell and regulates cell volume b. It moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell c. It indirectly powers the sodium/glucose symporter d. b and c e. a, b, & c

d. b and c

Which of the following integral proteins is a glycoprotein? a. Enzyme b. Gated Ion Channel c. Receptor d. Cell Adhesion Molecule e. Cell Identity Marker

e. Cell Identity Marker

If you soak your hands in dishwater, you may notice that your skin absorbs water and swells into wrinkles. This is because your skin cells are _______________ to the _______________ dishwater.

hypertonic, hypotonic

The muscles are __________ to the bones

superficial

the eyes are ______ to the nose

superior and lateral