A&P II: Ch. 19 Lecture Activity

What layers make up the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes of each

Where does gas exchange between inspired air and blood occur?

Alveoli

Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?

At the alveoli

What effect will hyperventilation have on the blood carbon dioxide level?

Blood CO2 level will decrease.

How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin

Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.

Conchae

Indicate the events that occur with inspiration, in the correct order.

Diaphragm contracts; thoracic cavity expands; intra-alveolar pressure drops; air flows into lungs

Where is the ventral respiratory group located?

In the medulla oblongata in the brain

What is the anatomical name for the voice box?

Larynx

Indicate the equation used to calculate minute ventilation.

Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate

Which direction do gases diffuse at the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries?

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

Which direction do gases diffuse at the arterial end of the systemic capillaries?

O2 diffuses from the blood into tissues, while CO2 diffuses from tissues into the blood.

What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the combination of what two lung volumes?

Residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Quiet Breathing Slow, Deep Breathing Rapid, Shallow Breathing Tidal volume = 500 mL Tidal volume = 800 mL Tidal volume = 300 Breathing rate = 12 breaths/minute Breathing rate = 8 breaths/minute Breathing rate = 20 breaths/min Physiologic dead space = 150 mL Physiologic dead space = 150 mL Physiologic dead space = 150 mL Compared to quiet breathing, which pattern of respiration would INCREASE alveolar ventilation?

Slow, deep breathing

What is the cause of surface tension?

The attraction between water molecules

1. What determines the direction of gas movement? 2. Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart. 3. If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs. 4. The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase?

1. Differences in partial pressure 2. false 3. true 4. Internal respiration

1. What muscles can assist the diaphragm to increase thoracic volume during inhalation? 2. Which of the following best describes why thoracic volume decreases during NORMAL exhalation? 3. What happens to alveolar volume and intra-alveolar pressure during exhalation? 4. The pressure within the alveoli will never reach a pressure equal to that of atmospheric air.

1. External intercostals 2. Elastic recoil of the lungs 3. Decreased alveolar volume causes an increased alveolar pressure 4. False

1. Gas exchange between alveolar air and blood. 2. Gas exchange between blood and tissue. 3. Movement of air into and out of lungs. 4. Use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells.

1. External respiration 2. Internal respiration 3. Ventilation 4. Cellular respiration

What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle?

Tidal volume

What is the role of surfactant?

To reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli

What cell type within an alveolus is part of the respiratory membrane?

Type I cell

A spirometer can measure respiratory air volumes by measuring the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during certain breathing movements. From these air volumes, four respiratory capacities can be calculated. Identify the appropriate lung capacity for each of the following equations. 1. Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume 2. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume 3. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume 4. Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

1. Inspiratory capacity 2. Total lung capacity 3. Vital capacity 4. Functional residual capacity

Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) characterized by a decrease in lung elasticity and increase in lung compliance. As a result, patients with emphysema find it easy to distend their lungs during inhalation, but difficult to empty their lungs during exhalation. In severe cases, patients present with an increase in chest wall girth, called "barrel chest", due to the chronically overinflated lungs. 1. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities would be increased in a patient with emphysema? 2. The residual volume will be decreased in a patient with emphysema.

1. Total lung capacity 2. false

1. Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) = 2. Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) = 4. Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) =

1. Total lung capacity (TLC) 2. Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3. Functional residual capacity (FRC) 4. Vital capacity (VC)

1. Movement of air in and out of the lungs 2. Exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues 3. Use of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide during metabolic reaction that result in ATP production 4. Exchange of gases between alveolar air and the blood

1. Ventilation 2. Internal respiration 3. Cellular respiration 4. External respiration

Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg, at what intra-alveolar pressure would expiration occur?

762 mmHg

What is the effect on alveolar surface area and gas exchange of the thinning of alveolar walls and coalescing of alveoli that occurs with aging?

A decrease in surface area and decrease in gas exchange

When carbon dioxide combines with water, the compound __________ is formed.

carbonic acid

This epithelium, located in the respiratory tract, is equipped with __________ on its free surface.

cilia

Pregnancy can place a stress on many organ systems in the body, including the respiratory system. As the uterus expands, it can increase the volume of the abdominal cavity and place pressure on the diaphragm. Based on the facts provided, will the total lung capacity of a pregnant woman increase or decrease?

decrease

The three major cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the __________ cartilage.

epiglottal

The inferior pair of vocal folds inside the larynx are called the __________ vocal cords.

true

What nonrespiratory air movement is due to a spastic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed?

Hiccup

Function 1. Establishes basic rhythm of breathing 2. Processes sensory input; stimulates inspiratory muscles 3. Limits inspiration

Respiratory Center 1. Ventral respiratory group 2. Dorsal respiratory group 3. Pontine respiratory group

When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate.

increase

At the tissues, the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin __________ as the blood pH decreases.

increases

Indicate the equation used to calculate alveolar ventilation.

Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - physiologic dead space) x breathing rate

1. A 68-year-old male presented to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath. He admitted to the doctor that he has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 40 years. The physician ordered blood work, which indicated an elevated level of carbon dioxide. With this result along with the patient's history of smoking, the doctor concluded that the patient most likely was suffering from COPD. Why did the doctor come to this conclusion? 2. A 54-year-old female with COPD presented to her doctor's office with a productive cough, fever, and chills. Upon examination, her doctor noted that her lips and nail beds were cyanotic (bluish-tint). Although he had been treating her COPD for 3 years this cyanosis was a new symptom. What might explain the cyanosis? 3. A 74-year-old chronic smoker scheduled an appointment with his doctor for a routine check-up. When asked by his physician if he had any new problems or concerns, he admits to experiencing shortness of breath with any type of exercise and a chronic cough for the past 6 months. The physician ordered blood work which indicated a blood pH of 7.31 (normal = 7.35-7.45). What might account for this altered blood pH?

1. COPD causes alveolar wall thickening, increased rigidity, and loss of alveolar wall surface area. This disrupts the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries resulting in a buildup of CO2 in the blood. 2. The patient probably had a respiratory infection, which exacerbated the disease process by increasing mucus production and inflammation of the bronchial airways that further decreased diffusion of oxygen into the blood. 3. The inflamed bronchioles and thickened alveolar walls reduced the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood. The buildup of carbon dioxide caused an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in the blood accounting for the altered pH.

While at the store, 4-year-old Bobby, in a fit of temper, started to hold his breath in an attempt to force his mom to buy him a new toy. His mother knew to not get too worried about her son's behavior. He would only be able to hold his breath for a limited amount of time, not enough to do him any harm. 1. As Bobby held his breath, what changes in his blood gas values would be occurring? 2. Which of these changes in blood gases will be the first to stimulate Bobby's respiratory system to start breathing again?

1. Decrease in PO2; increase in PCO2 2. The change in PCO2

1. Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place? 2. Physiologically what is the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis? 3. What would explain the symptoms of wheezing and shortness of breath experienced by patients suffering from COPD? 4. What is the leading cause of COPD? 5. Why do physicians often prescribe regular use of bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications as a treatment for COPD?

1. Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the blood. 2. Emphysema causes loss of lung elastic tissue and the destruction of the air sac walls leading to the development of fewer, larger air sacs, whereas bronchitis involves the thickening and inflammation of airway walls and an increased production of mucus. 3. Airway inflammation, alveoli destruction, and the buildup of mucus all make inhalation and exhalation more difficult and impede appropriate gas exchange causing the symptoms. 4. Smoking 5. These medications open the airways and reduce inflammation of the bronchial walls making breathing easier and gas exchange more efficient.

1. A common complication of COPD is edema of the feet and ankles. Why would COPD cause this? 2. Why are people with chronic COPD more prone to getting respiratory infections?

1. Increased pressure occurs in the arteries entering the lungs due to the increased resistance in small vessels perfusing the lung tissue. This causes blood to back up into the peripheral circulation, forcing fluid to filter into the tissues. 2. The increased mucus observed in patients with COPD traps microorganisms. Due to the inflamed and thickened bronchioles, expectoration of the mucus is very difficult. The microorganisms multiply within the mucus and an infection ensues.

1. Gas molecules will move from an area of __________ partial pressure to an area of __________ partial pressure. 2. At the lungs, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the __________. 3. At the tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the __________.

1. higher; lower 2. blood entering pulmonary capillaries 3. blood entering systemic capillaries

1. Entry point for airflow during inspiration 2. Voice production 3. Branching structures carrying air to alveoli 4. Warms, filters, and moistens air as it enters respiratory tract 5. Respiratory organs; comprised of airways and air sacs 6. Reduces weight of skull; voice modulation 7. Conveys air from larynx to bronchial tree 8. Conveys air from nasal cavity to larynx

1. nose 2. larynx 3. Bronchial tree 4. nasal cavity 5. lungs 6. Paranasal sinuses 7. Trachea 8. Pharynx

1. Inspiration begins with __________. 2. True or False: As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases. 3. True or False: Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached. 4. Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?

1. the contraction of the diaphragm. 2. true 3. false 4. Out of the lungs, called expiration

An asthma attack is characterized by increased smooth muscle contraction and mucus production in the bronchioles. This leads to the characteristic wheezing, coughing, and/or shortness of breath seen in asthmatic patients. Patients tend to find it easier to inhale than to exhale during an asthma attack. These symptoms lead to temporary changes in respiratory air volumes and capacities. 1. In this scenario, the functional residual capacity will be increased. 2. In this scenario, the total lung capacity has decreased.

1. true 2. false

The saturation of hemoglobin is __________% at the arterial PO2 of 95 mmHg, and is __________% at the venous PO2 of 40 mmHg.

100; 75

The Po2 of alveolar air is __________ mmHg. The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg.

104; 40; 104

Under normal resting conditions, as blood circulates through the systemic circulation, it gives up __________% of the oxygen it is carrying.

25

Hyperventilation affects blood levels of CO2 and pH. What condition results from hyperventilating?

Alkalemia

What is the name of the flap-like cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing, preventing the entry of food into the layrnx, trachea, and lungs?

Epiglottic cartilage

What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood traveling via systemic arteries to tissues?

PO2 = 95 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg

What determines the direction of gas movement?

Partial pressure differences

Method of Transport 1. Dissolved in plasma 2. Bound to amino groups with hemoglobin molecules 3. In the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Percentage of CO2 1. 7% 2. 23% 3. 70%

Respiratory response 1. Detected by stretch receptors; causes inhibition of contraction of the diaphragm 2. Detected by peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased respiratory rate 3. Detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation 4. Detected by central chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation

Stimulus 1. Over-inflation of the lungs 2. Decreased blood oxygen levels 3. Increased blood carbon dioxide levels 4. Increased hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF

Name the respiratory volume that is defined as the amount of air that moves in, then out, during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

Cause of oxygen deficiency: 1. Cells receive adequate oxygen, but are unable to use it. 2. Reduced oxygen transport by blood (i.e., reduced RBC count; reduced hemoglobin content). 3. Inadequate blood flow to tissues. 4. Decreased arterial PO2.

Type of hypoxia: 1. Histotoxic hypoxia 2. Anemic hypoxia 3. Ischemic hypoxia 4. Hypoxemic hypoxia

What is the definition of the term ventilation?

movement of air in and out of the lungs

The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium.

simple squamous

What nonrespiratory air movement helps to clear the upper respiratory passageways?

sneezing