A&P II Chapter 16 reading, A&P II Chapter 17 Lab, A& P II Chapter 16 Lab, A&P II Chapter 17 Reading
What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) angiotensin II corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels? cortisol insulin aldosterone thyroxine
aldosterone
What is the primary function of hormones? cause allergic reactions influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses alter cell activity activate extracellular enzymes
alter cell activity
What gland secretes growth hormone? anterior pituitary posterior pituitary adrenal cortex thyroid gland
anterior pituitary
Which hormone aids in water resorption? antidiuretic hormone parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? follicle-stimulating hormone antidiuretic hormone oxytocin thyroid-stimulating hormone
antidiuretic hormone
What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cortisol antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. blood pressure gluconeogenesis plasma glucose levels All of the listed responses are correct.
blood pressure
What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D? parathyroid hormone (PTH) glucocorticoids thyroid hormones calcitonin
calcitonin These humorally-stimulated cells respond to increasing levels of calcium in the blood and secrete calcitonin to counteract it.
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? thyroid adenoid adrenal pituitary
adenoid
Where is the thyroid gland located?
adjacent to the trachea in the neck
Which endocrine gland produces cortisol? parathyroid glands kidney adrenal gland ovary
adrenal gland
Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? thyroid-stimulating hormone prolactin follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
What area of the brain is designated by letter A? hypothalamus thalamus pineal gland limbic system
hypothalamus
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? posterior pituitary follicular cells of the thyroid gland anterior pituitary hypothalamus
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged? cerebrum pons cerebellum hypothalamus
hypothalamus
Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism? neurons becoming more excitable and producing tingling sensations depression of the nervous system skeletal muscle weakness excess calcium deposits in the kidneys forming kidney stones
neurons becoming more excitable and producing tingling sensations
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? thyroid pituitary adrenal parathyroid
parathyroid
Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? conversion of glucose to fat synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources creation of glycogen from glucose breakdown of glycogen into glucose
synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
What allows a cell to respond to a hormone? the gland that releases the hormone the location of the cell the presence of a specific hormone receptor the structure of the hormone
the presence of a specific hormone receptor
The anterior pituitary gland does NOT produce __________. prolactin follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? somatotropins somatostatins growth hormones tropins
tropins
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona fasciculata: catecholemines zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids zona reticularis: aldosterone medulla: glucocorticoids
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista's neck?
It is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive.
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? Vitamin D levels in the blood drop. More calcium is present in feces. Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.
Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? oxytocin ADH prolactin None of the listed responses is correct.
None of the listed responses is correct.
Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on the overall metabolic rate? ACTH PRL TSH FSH
TSH
Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system? the presence of axons capable of secreting substances that are capable of increasing heart rate secretion of epinephrine secretion of norepinephrine All of the listed responses are correct.
secretion of norepinephrine
Which testicular cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing the sex hormone testosterone? ribosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria centrioles
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Identify the thyroid gland.
A The thyroid gland is located in the lower anterior throat superficial to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.
Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart. A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney. Blood potassium levels fall. The body becomes parasympathetically activated.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.
Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? A would release less TRH. B would release more TSH. The thyroid would swell and produce a goiter. More thyroid hormone would be produced.
A would release less TRH
The adrenal glands produce several hormones. Based on what Wally's mother has told you, which hormone(s) are not being produced normally in Wally's case? Choose all the correct answers. Androgens Aldosterone Epinephrine Cortisol
Aldosterone Cortisol
Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______. apoptosis of parathyroid cells failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone) malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Undersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones in children causes several of the following conditions. Which of these would NOT be linked to insufficient hormones form the anterior pituitary? failure to sexually mature possible disproportion of body parts pituitary dwarfism All of the listed responses are correct
All of the listed responses are correct.
At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus?
B The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus.
Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
C The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?
C The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.
Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts? Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. Constantly high blood sugar leads to the release of glucagon. Glucagon causes gluconeogenesis, which makes blood sugar higher. Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High levels of insulin cause up-regulation of insulin receptors. Constantly high blood sugar leads to glucagon release. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin, leading to a decrease in insulin.
Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
When you go back to the office, the doctor is looking Wally's chart over again. "I'm a little worried about his height. Did you notice anything else out of the ordinary?" What are cortisol's other functions in the body? Do they suggest anything about Wally that you should bring to the doctor's attention? Choose the best answer. Cortisol helps control the hypothalamus, so Wally might not be able to maintain homeostasis. Cortisol helps adapt the body to stresses like illness, so Wally might not be able to cope with an infection. The hypothalamus controls many other glands beside the adrenal cortex. Wally's hoarseness might indicate that it is also overstimulating the thyroid, which is situated over the larynx. Aldosterone controls blood volume and water reabsorption; Wally's drippy nose might indicate too much water reabsorption.
Cortisol helps adapt the body to stresses like illness, so Wally might not be able to cope with an infection.
Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Cushing's syndrome cretinism Graves' disease Addison's disease
Cushing's syndrome
Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine?
D The letter D indicates atrial natriuretic peptide, which is released from the heart when high blood pressure is sensed. It causes more sodium ("natrium") to be placed in the urine ("uretic").
Identify the pancreas.
D The pancreas occupies a retroperitoneal position partially behind the stomach.
As a child grows, his medication doses may need to be increased. The doctor has ordered glucose, sodium, and potassium measurements on Wally's blood. If Wally's medications are inadequate, what will happen to his blood glucose, sodium, and potassium levels, and why? Choose all the lab values that would indicate inadequate treatment of Wally's problem. Elevated K+ Elevated glucose Elevated Na+ Decreased Na+ Decreased K+ Decreased glucose
Elevated K+ Decreased Na+ Decreased glucose
Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.
False
The benefit of using a second messenger signaling system is rapid speed of communication.
False
The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.
False
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
False
Water-soluble hormones are metabolized quickly by the liver.
False
The doctor wants to give Joe an insulin injection, but Joe is unwilling to take it. He tells you that his little sister was on insulin and died in the night after taking her shot. How could insulin hurt somebody with diabetes?
Giving too much insulin can lower plasma glucose levels until the brain and heart do not get enough glucose to function properly.
You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________. cretinism Graves' disease endemic goiter myxedema
Graves' disease
The doctor also ordered measurement of Wally's Na+ and K+ levels. How is the adrenal gland related to these?
If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. K+ will build up in the blood, and Na+ will be lost in the urine.
How is the adrenal gland related to glucose levels?
If the adrenal does not produce cortisol, the child will not be able to increase blood glucose during illness or stress.
Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin? Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. Insulin encourages release of glucose into the blood by liver cells. Insulin encourages catabolism of glycogen into glucose. Insulin encourages synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules.
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.
The Role of Insulin Diabetes mellitus is a disease of sugar balance. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system gradually destroys the cells that produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role? Choose the answer that best describes the role of insulin. Insulin controls the rate of carbohydrate digestion; without insulin, less sugar enters the blood. Insulin is necessary for digested carbohydrates to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood; without insulin, less sugar enters the blood. Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood. Insulin is needed for cells to metabolize glucose; without insulin, cells will fill with unused glucose.
Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood.
One of the more experienced nurses says it is easy to spot a patient with ketoacidosis because of his/her heavy breathing. Why would somebody with ketones and fatty acids in his/her blood breathe heavily?
Joe's heavy breathing is a response to the acid in his blood. By exhaling more, he will remove CO2 from his blood and bring the blood's pH up.
Insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas is a vital part of the negative feedback loop that regulates blood glucose levels. Let's review how insulin and glucagon release change in response to plasma glucose levels and how that helps keep plasma glucose constant. Drag the labels onto the figure to create a flow chart of how insulin and glucagon release change in different circumstances to keep blood glucose within a normal range.
Look at picture
On the follow-up exam, the doctor checks Wally for axillary hair growth and signs of puberty. How is the adrenal related to male sexual development? Why might a boy who cannot make his own cortisol go into puberty early? Wally cannot synthesize cortisol. Let's review the changes that will cause in his hypothalamo-pituitary axis again − and this time, let's add the hormones his adrenal cortex CAN make!
Look at picture
One of the other nurses has questioned why Wally's producing less cortisol than normal although his adrenal cortex is enlarged. Wally's primary problem is that he cannot synthesize cortisol. Drag the changes this will cause in the system controlling the adrenal cortex into position. You may use the same term in more than one place on the diagram and it might be easier to start at the bottom, with the adrenal cortex and what it cannot do.
Look at picture
You are discussing Wally's case with the other nurses when one of them says it does not make any sense. "It's called adrenal hypertrophy," she says. "That means the adrenal is bigger than normal! So why are they giving him cortisol? His adrenal should be making more cortisol if it's bigger than normal." How is the adrenal cortex controlled? Drag the components of the system controlling the adrenal cortex into position.
Look at picture
What do steroids and amino acid-based hormones have in common?
Steroids and amino acid-based hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
__________ is the situation when one hormone exaggerates the effects of another hormone at the target cell? Permissiveness Antagonism Activism Synergism
Synergism
Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH?
TSH will increase.
Joe is becoming more confused and uncoordinated. When he tries to get up to leave the examination room, he stumbles and falls down. He is semiconscious and breathing even more heavily. One of the aides says he needs some orange juice, right away. "That's just the wrong thing to do," the doctor answers. "Don't you see his heavy breathing and smell the ketones on his breath? Give him the insulin, stat!" Who is right?
The doctor is right − Joe's plasma glucose is elevated, so he cannot have hypoglycemia.
You are working in the free clinic when Father X comes in. You know him well; he is a type 2 diabetic who keeps his sugar under control with diet and exercise but is often in the clinic with homeless patients from the shelter he runs in the Episcopalian church down the block. On this visit, Father X has brought in a thin man in his twenties named Joe. Joe appears confused and lethargic. He is breathing heavily and has a strong fruity odor. Father X tells you he is concerned about Joe because last night Joe was up every half-hour or so to use the bathroom and get water. Father X knows these are signs of diabetes, so he wants to get Joe checked out. He also tells you that Joe has not been drinking; they have a breathalyzer at the shelter, and Joe tested clean when he checked in the night before. Joe's blood pressure is a little low at 95/60 mm Hg and his heart rate is a little high at 96 bpm. When you take his pulse, you notice that his skin is dry and "tents" up when pinched − a sign of dehydration. His respirations are more rapid than normal, 25 breaths/min, and heavy. His blood glucose is elevated at 320 mg/dL. His urine also contains glucose, and has a lower pH than normal. When you take his history he tells you that type 1 diabetes runs in his family. Many of Joe's signs and symptoms can be related to the loss of glucose in his urine. Normally, urine does not contain glucose. When plasma glucose levels are elevated, however, some of the glucose from the plasma passes into the urine. Apply the principle of osmosis to explain why Joe was getting up all night to use the bathroom and why he has low blood pressure and signs of dehydration. Choose the most accurate explanation for Joe's problem.
The frequent urination is happening because when glucose moved into his urine, water also followed it. This removed water from his plasma, decreasing his blood volume and dehydrating him.
How do steroid hormones and thyroid hormone affect change in their target cells?
The hormone passes through the cell membrane and activates intracellular receptors that enter the nucleus to activate genes.
Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? They drain into blood vessels. They have ducts. They drain into lymph vessels. They produce hormones.
They have ducts.
Which of the following is a characteristic of thyroid hormone?
Thyroid hormone is lipid soluble.
What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids thyroxine growth hormone
Thyroxine
The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.
True
What is the role of the protein kinases in a cell?
When activated, they phosphorylate other proteins, including other enzymes
Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______.
a decrease in TSH levels
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? somatostatin hyperglycemia release of insulin a decrease in blood glucose levels
a decrease in blood glucose levels
What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects? hypothalamus thyroid cells of the body anterior pituitary
cells of the body
Aldosteronism will cause ______. decreased secretion of renin decreased secretion of ANP (atrial naturetic peptide) decreased loss of K+ in the urine None of the listed responses is correct.
decreased secretion of renin
Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? humoral neural hormonal enzymatic
enzymatic
Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females? insulin follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
What type of cell is shown at letter C? parathyroid cells beta cells parafollicular cells follicular cells
follicular cells
Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels? glucagon somatostatin gastrin insulin
glucagon
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? aldosterone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) thyroid hormones (TH)
growth hormone (GH)
Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show?
high thyroid hormone, high TSH
What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? humoral stimuli neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) hormonal stimuli All of the listed responses are correct.
hormonal stimuli
What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? hormonal paracrine neural humoral
humoral
Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______. hyposecretion of dopamine negative feedback by gonadotropins on the anterior pituitary hypersecretion of milk negative feedback by PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) on the anterior pituitary
hyposecretion of dopamine
One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) decreased secretion of catecholamines decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)
increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)? glucagon insulin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone
insulin
Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship? insulin/glucagon PTH/aldosterone TSH/thyroxin renin/ANP
insulin/glucagon
A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______. triggering the hypersecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones triggering the hyposecretion of hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons causing hypersecretion of ADH
interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of water-soluble hormones? short half-life in blood free in plasma act through second messengers intracellular receptors
intracellular receptors
What material is stored in the thyroid follicles? thyroid hormones, ready to be immediately released enzymes that produce thyroglobulin pure iodine, so the thyroid has a constant supply iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released
iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released
Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______. negative feedback that inhibits estrogen production conversion of estrogens into testosterone lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone increased testosterone secretion
lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone
What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? protein-based bound to a protein complex charged lipid-soluble
lipid-soluble
If the anterior pituitary failed to produce LH appropriately, what might be the result? lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones poor milk production in nursing women dwarfism cretinism
lowered levels of testosterone or ovarian hormones
Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following? hypersecretion of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) pancreatic tumor lack of negative feedback by insulin-like growth factors positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary
positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary
Which of the following is NOT believed to be linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)? predisposing genetic factors weight gain poor diet regular cardiovascular exercise
regular cardiovascular exercise
All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one? a rise in blood amino acid levels sympathetic activation a rise in blood glucose levels acetylcholine release on the pancreatic cells
sympathetic activation
Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? antagonism permissiveness summation synergism
synergism
