A&P II CHAPTER 22 MULTIPLE CHOICE
D
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere less than the pressure in the atmosphere greater than the intra-alveolar pressure greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
D
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. thalamic control stretch receptors in the alveoli temperature of alveolar air voluntary cortical control
B
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick at least 3 micrometers thick between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? thoracic cavity volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure drops air (gases) flows into lungs diaphragm descends and rib cage rises
B
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells as carbonic acid in the plasma
A
Inspiratory capacity is ________. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration air inspired after a tidal inhalation the total amount of exchangeable air functional residual capacity
D
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure pressure within the pleural cavity negative pressure in the intrapleural space pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa porous structure of turbinate bones ciliated mucous lining in the nose action of the epiglottis
B
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. active transport diffusion osmosis filtration
A
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. too little oxygen in the atmosphere taking several rapid deep breaths getting very cold obstruction of the esophagus
D
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. midbrain and medulla pons and midbrain upper spinal cord and medulla medulla and pons
D
Select the correct statement about the pharynx. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube drains into the nasopharynx.
B
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? obstructive pulmonary disease restrictive disease emphysema asthma
A
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters warming the air before it enters
C
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH. BPG chloride ions oxygen carbon dioxide
B
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. expiratory capacity inspiratory reserve volume vital capacity reserve air
A
The larynx contains ________. the thyroid cartilage an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
D
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ________ law. Boyle's Dalton's Murphy's Henry's
B
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. the Bohr effect ventilation-perfusion coupling chloride shifting the Haldane effect
B
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles force with which air rushes across the vocal folds length of the vocal folds thickness of vestibular folds
C
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. tidal volume inspiratory capacity vital capacity expiratory reserve volume
C
The main site of gas exchange is the ________. alveolar duct alveolar sacs alveoli respiratory bronchiole
C
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. surfactant surface tension friction air pressure
C
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. acidosis alkalosis increase of carbon dioxide loss of oxygen in tissues
B
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. as a passageway for air movement as the direct initiator of the cough reflex warming and humidifying the air cleansing the air
A
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Boyle's law Henry's law Dalton's law Charles' law
D
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts atria and alveolar sacs alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
A
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. Dalton's law Boyle's law Charles' law Henry's law
A
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood lowers blood pH levels reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels helps retain oxygen in the blood
B
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion secrete surfactant trap dust and other debris replace mucus in the alveoli
B
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? compliance and transpulmonary pressures the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
A
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? number of red blood cells partial pressure of carbon dioxide temperature partial pressure of oxygen
A
Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae? assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers help limit the spread of local infections allow the lungs to easily glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements
D
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? tuberculosis coryza pneumonia emphysema
C
Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin attached to the heme part of hemoglobin as bicarbonate ions in plasma
D
Which of the following determines lung compliance? airway opening muscles of inspiration flexibility of the thoracic cage alveolar surface tension
A
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? nitric oxide BPG temperature partial pressure of carbon dioxide
C
Which of the following is NOT a form of lung cancer? squamous cell carcinoma small cell carcinoma Kaposi's sarcoma adenocarcinoma
A
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? rising blood pressure acidosis resulting from CO2 retention rising carbon dioxide levels arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg
C
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? alveolar duct alveolar sac terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole
B
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body slow breathing into a paper bag hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body
B
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization? When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded. At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase. Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2.
D
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
D
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? surface tension of water pseudostratified ciliated epithelium surfactant production C-shaped cartilage rings
A
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? alveoli respiratory bronchioles alveolar sacs alveolar ducts
B
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? gas exchange pulmonary ventilation external respiration internal respiration
B
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
D
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
A
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? alveolus trachea nasopharynx oropharynx
C
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond