A&P II Exam 1

Match the specific area of the heart on the left side supplied by the coronary artery branch on the right. 1) Anterior surface of both ventricles 2) Left atrium and ventricle 3 )Right border of the heart 4) Posterior surface of both ventricles

1) Anterior interventricular 2) Circumflex 3) Marginal 4) Posterior interventricular

1) P wave 2) QRS complex 3) T wave 4) PQ segment 5) ST segment

1) Atrial depolarization 2) Ventricular depolarization 3) Ventricular repolarization 4) Atrial contraction or atrial systole 5) Ventricular contraction or ventricular systole

Match the heart valve with its location 1) Aortic Semilunar Valve 2) Bicupsid Valve 3) Tricupsid Valve 4) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

1) Between left ventricle and ascending aorta 2) Between left atrium and left ventricle 3) Between right atrium and right ventricle 4) Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Match the component of the heart wall with the correct explanation or definition. 1) Thin serous membrane of the outer surface of the heart 2) Thick middle layer of the heart 3) Covers surfaces of the heart valves 4) Composed of cardiac muscle cells 5) The inner surface of the heart 6) Also known as the visceral layer of serosal pericardium

1) Epicardium 2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium 4) Myocardium 5) Endocardium 6) Epicardium

Indicate the heart chamber responsible for the given function. 1) Right atrium 2) Left atrium 3) Right ventricle 4) Left ventricle

1) Pumps blood to the right ventricle 2) Pumps blood to the left ventricle, passively fills with blood returning from the lungs 3) Pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk 4) Pumps blood to the aorta, the strongest chamber, greatest contributor to systematic blood pressure

Put the steps (5) of the cardiac cycle into the correct order, starting with the beginning of the cardiac cycle.

1) atrial contraction and ventricular filling 2) isovolumetric contraction 3) ventricular ejection 4) isovolumetric contraction 5) atrial relaxation and ventricular filling

Match the vessel with its associated chamber of the heart 1) inferior and superior vena cava 2) pulmonary trunk 3) pulmonary veins 4) aorta .

1) right atrium 2) right ventricle 3) left atrium 4) left ventricle

An ECG tracing from someone with a third-degree AV block is best described as a tracing with a what?

2:1 ratio of P waves to QRS complexes

What is the correct order of mechanical events associated with cardiac muscle contraction?

Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes

What increases stroke volume? Decreases?

Increases: ~ increasing EDV ~ increasing preload ~ increasing contractility ~ exercise Decreases: ~ decreased venous return ~ significant hemorrhage ~ increased mitral valve regurgitation ~ dehydration

Action potentials received directly from ___ stimulate the papillary muscles to contract, allowing for the proper ___ of the AV valves.

Purkinje fibers; closing

The contraction of the heart begins with autorhythmic depolarization of the ___ node located in the superior portion of the posterior atrial wall. From the ___ , the wave of depolarization disperses through the myocardium of the atria. Depolarization then arrives at the ___ node located in the inferior interatrial septum. The AV node fires causing the signal to travel into the AV BUNDLE BRANCHES as it passes through the ___ ___ Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the ___ ___ through the exterior walls of the ventricles.

The contraction of the heart begins with autorhythmic depolarization of the SINOATRIAL node located in the superior portion of the posterior atrial wall. From the PACEMAKER , the wave of depolarization disperses through the myocardium of the atria. Depolarization then arrives at the ATRIOVENTRICULAR node located in the inferior interatrial septum. The AV node fires causing the signal to travel into the AV BUNDLE BRANCHES as it passes through the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM. Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the PURKINJE FIBERS through the exterior walls of the ventricles.

Unlike the membrane of neurons and skeletal muscle, resting potential of the SA node drifts upward due to ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Moving from -60 mV to a threshold of -40 mV, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ The rapid movement of ___ ___ ___ into the cell causes the depolarizing event of the action potential. Then, as in skeletal muscle and neurons, ___ ___ ___ open and allow potassium to rush out of the cell. The movement of potassium to the ECF repolarizes the membrane and returns the SA node cells to ___

Unlike the membrane of neurons and skeletal muscle, resting potential of the SA node drifts upward due to A STEADY LEAK OF SODIUM INTO THE CELL Moving from -60 mV to a threshold of -40 mV, VOLTAGE-REGULATED FAST CALCIUM AND SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN The rapid movement of SODIUM AND CALCIUM into the cell causes the depolarizing event of the action potential. Then, as in skeletal muscle and neurons, VOLTAGE-REGULATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS open and allow potassium to rush out of the cell. The movement of potassium to the ECF repolarizes the membrane and returns the SA node cells to -60 mV

The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called ___ ___

cardiac reserve.

The AV valves close in response to what?

contraction of the ventricles and the resulting rise in ventricular pressure

What seperates the atria from the ventricles?

coronary sulcus

A first degree block is caused by what?

delay of the action potential between the SA and AV nodes

The pericardium consists of a tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer called the ___ pericardium.

fibrous

Mitral valve prolapse severe enough to cause regurgitation may directly cause ___ pressure in the ___ atrium.

increased; left

As the exercise progresses, muscular activity ___ venous return. This increases the ___ on the right ventricle.

increases, preload

Neighboring cardiac muscle cells in the walls of heart chambers have specialized cell-cell contacts that electrically and mechanically link the cells together, permitting the immediate passage of muscle impulses. These cell-cell contacts are called ____ ____

intercalated discs

The semilunar valves remain open throughout the ___ ___ ___ phase of the cardiac cycle.

late ventricular systole

The heat is located posterior to the sternum, left of the body midline, between the lungs in the ___

mediastinum

Positive inotropes allow the heart to pump ___ blood with fewer heart beats. They do this by ___ the end-systolic volume (ESV).

more; decreasing

An individual with high blood pressure (hypertension) is expected to benefit from the administration of ___ inotropic drugs that ___ the hearts workload.

negative; decrease

In the right atrium, the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges called

pectinate muscles

The expected effect of the drug Digoxin is to ___ ventricular contraction and ___ stroke volume.

strengthen; increase

Without a plateau extending the refractory period in cardiac muscle, sarcomeres might be stimulated so quickly that they would contract and not relax and instead would experience a sustained contraction, also called ___

tetany

A common embryologic heart malformation is called the ___ ___ ___

tetralogy of Fallot.

The rate of ventricular conduction is best determined by what on an ECG?

the number of QRS complexes present within a specific unit of time

The atria remain in diastole throughout both the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ phases of the cardiac cycle.

ventricular systole and ventricular diastole

During the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle what channels open

voltage-gated sodium channels open.

What influences autonomic reflex activity from the cardiac center (3)

~ Baroreceptors ~ Chemoreceptors ~ Atrial stretch

Check all that are characteristics of cardiac muscle.

~ Cells are short and branching. ~ Cells have one or two nuclei in the center of the cell. ~ They are composed of thick and thin filaments. ~ The functional contractile unit is the sarcomere.

What are the individual ion contributions to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the SA nodal cells?

~ Greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell ~ Greater concentration of K+ inside the cell ~ Calcium (Ca2+) gradient with more calcium outside the cell

What are the ways in which the heart chambers are involved in pulmonary circulation.

~ Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. ~ The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. ~ Pulmonary veins pass blood into the left atrium whereas pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle.

What occurs during ventricular systole (2)

~ The semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the large arteries. ~ The AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.

What are the functions of the pericardium? (3)

~ prevent the heart from bounding in the thoracic cavity ~ prevent the heart from overfilling with blood ~ create a near-frictionless environment through the production of serous fluid

Which are characteristics of the heart when it is at rest prior to atrial contraction (atrial systole)? (3)

~AV valves are open ~ All four heart chambers are at rest. ~ Passive filling of the ventricles is underway