A&P Lecture Test 1 (Chapter 2: Chemistry)

colloid

-a mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution -solute particles consist of tiny clumps of molecules large enough to make the liquid mixture opaque

enzymes

-acts as biological catalysts -specific for only one reaction

nucleotides

-building blocks of nucleic acids -makes up genetic material

enzymatic reactions

-chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes -begins when substrates bind to the enzyme

DNA

-deoxyribonucleic acid -a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information -double strand

Electrons

-involved in all chemical reactions -determine whether a chemical reaction will take place and what type of chemical bond is formed

hydrophobic compounds

-nonpolar molecules that don't readily dissolve in water -water fearing

Endergonic

-reactions cause absorption of energy -products have more potential energy than reactants -anabolic reactions

Exergonic reations

-reactions give off energy and results in a release of energy -products have less potential energy than reactants -catabolic and oxidative reactions

RNA

-ribonucleic acid -a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins -single strand

Monosaccharides

1 Saccharides

Disaccharides

2 Saccharides

Molecule

2 or more atoms bonded together

tryglycerides

3 fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis to a glycerol

-Oxygen -Carbon -Hydrogen -Nitrogen

4 most abundant elements in the body

1) Hydroxyl 2) Carboxyl 3) Amino 4) Methyl 5) Phosphate

5 functional groups that are important in human physiology

pH scale

How do you measure pH

ATP

How is energy created by the body?

5

How many nitrogenous bases?

transcription

RNA copies recipe for specific protein

-Protons -Neutrons -Electrons

Three subatomic particles

Less than 7

What indicates a strong acid?

More than 7

What indicates a strong base?

Upside down mickey mouse

What is the shape of a water molecule

H+

What makes a solution more acidic

denaturation

a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Synthesis reaction

a chemical reaction that results in the synthesis (joining) of components that were formerly separate

Electron shell

a layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level

suspension

a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer

Chemical compound

a molecule is made up of two or more atoms of different elements

Element

a substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Bond

a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

peptide bonds

bonds between amino acids

Periodic table of elements

chart identifying the 92 elements found in nature

C6H1206

chemical formula for glucose

Decomposition reaction

chemical reaction that breaks down or "de-composes" something larger into its constituent parts

exchange reaction

chemical reaction where both synthesis and decomposition occur

Glucose

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrates

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

organic compound

contains both carbon and hydrogen

inorganic compound

doesn't contain both carbon and hydrogen

Kinetic energy

energy in action

activation energy

energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

equal sharing of electrons between atoms; results in electrically balanced nonpolar molecules

Na+ (sodium)

example of a cation

Cl (chloride)

example of an anion

secondary structure of protein

folds in specific ways

Covalent bonds

formed b y sharing of 2 or more valence shell electrons between 2 atoms

Ionic bond

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

phospholipids

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid "tails" and one phosphate "head" in place of a third fatty acid

solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

22,000

how many chromosomes do humans have?

20

how many different amino acids are there?

deoxyribose

lacks oxygen-containing group of ribose

polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

fatty acids

lipid monomers

monounsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature; one double bond between 2 carbons

solvent

liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

polyunsaturated fats

liquids at room temperature; has two or more double bonds between carbons in hydrocarbon chain

hydrophilic compounds

polar molecules that readily dissolve in water

Cation

positively charged ion

dehydration synthesis

process where water is removed to put 2 smaller molecules together

enzyme

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

base

proton acceptor that picks up hydrogen

acid

proton donor that releases hydrogen

substrate

reactant in an enzymatic reaction

Atom

smallest quantity of an element

Compound

specific molecule that has 2 or more different atoms bonded together

Cholesterol

steroid that forms basis for all other steroids

glycogen

storage form of glucose in the body

Potential energy

stored/inactive energy

catalyst

substance (protein) that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change

buffers

systems that resist large swings in pH; can release hydrogen ions if pH rises can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls

Ca

Calcium

pH

acid base concentration

primary structure of protein

amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain

Radioactive Isotope

an isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Matter

anything that makes up space and has mass

Electron cloud

area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found

Valence shell

atom's outermost electron shell

Isotope

atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Ion

atoms that have gained or lost electrons and become more charged

polysaccharides

many saccharides

Weight

mass plus the effects of gravity

Law of conservation of mass

matter can't be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

amino acids

monomers of proteins

water

most abundant inorganic compound

Anion

negatively charged ions

lipids

nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed; fats and oils

Atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, identifies the element

proteins

nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Product

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

Reactant

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

monomer

one unit called molecule

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

Mass number

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

phosphorylation

transfer of phosphate from ATP to other molecules

Polar Covalent Bonds

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms; results in electrically polar molecules

trans fats

unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

Hydrogen bonds

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

polar covalent bond

what kind of covalent bond is water