A&P Midterm
Tensile strength
Resistance to being stretched or torn apart
Most sports injuries should be treated initially with what tyoe of therapy?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE)
Negative feedback system
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton
Ribs
This tissue's contractions help physically break down and move food, move fluids through the body, and eliminate waste
Smooth muscle tissues
Cavities
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs (PSS)
Protiens in the form of enzymes:
Speed up most essential bio-chemical reactions
Plasma
The ECF within blood vessels
Contractility
The ability of muscle tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential
Motion results from:
The alternate contraction ans relaxation of muscles
Cell
The basic, living, structural, and functional unit of the body
Parietals
The bones forming the greater portions of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Muscles that move the radius and ulna are innervated by nerves derived from:
The brachial plexus
Amino Acids
The building blocks of protiens
Effort
The cause of movement
Mediastinum
The central portion of the thoracic cavity
When the forearm is flexed the following occurs:
The coronoid process moves into the coronoid fossa and the radial head moves into the radial fossa
Dense irregular connective tissue
The dermis of the skin, heart valves, perichondrium, and periosteum
Hinge joint
The elbow
Cytoplasm
The fluid portion of cytoplasm, where many chemical reactions required for a cell's existence take place
Effort is
The force exerted by muscular contraction
Fibrosis
The formation of scar tissue
Muscles consitute what percent of the total body weight?
40-50%
Flat bone
A bone consisting of two parallel plates of compact bone, scapula
Short bone
A bones whose length and width are nearly equal, carpals and tarsals
Meniscus
A fibrocartilage disc that extends into a joint cavity
Mature muscle cells have:
A hundred or more nuclei
Connective tissue
A matrix, which tends to prevent tissue cells from touching one another
Surface tension
A measure of difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of liquid
Apoptosis
A programed, normal kind of cell death
Bursa
A sac if Synovial fluid between bones and overlying tissues
Simple cuboidal epithelium
A single layer of cube- shaped cells, functions in secretion and absorption and could be found in ovaries, eyes, and kidneys
Compund
A substance that can be broken down into two or more different elements by ordinary chemical means
The attachment between the basal surface of epithelial cells and connective tissue:
A thin extracellular layer, basement membrane, and basal and recticular lamina
Keratin
A tough fibrous protein which protects from heat, microbes, and chemicals
Elasticity
Ability of muscle tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction of extension
Extensibility
Ability of muscle to stretch without being damaged
The basic unit of compact bone
An Osteen, Haversian system, and chrondrocyte
Disease
An illness characterized by a recognizable set of complaints and indications
Coronal Plane
Another name for frontal plane
Median plane
Another name for midsagittal plane
Macrophages
Are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
Skeletal muscle fibers
Are set before birth, and most last a lifetime
Hyaline cartilage makes up the:
Articular cartilage
White blood cells
At sites of infection, or in response allergic conditions and parasitic invasions these cells migrate from blood into connective tissues
The superior orbital fissure is located:
Between the anterior aspects of the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
A lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx of the great toe and medial displacement of metatarsal describes:
Bunion
During walking, the talus transmits about half of the weight of the body to the:
Calcaneous
Proteins always contain:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
Muscle tissue which is strained and involuntary is:
Cardiac
Cells that can perform Phagocytosis include:
Certain white blood cells
List the regions of the vertebral column in the correct order to form superior to inferior
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
Fibrocartilage
Combines strength and rigidity, and is one of the strongest types of cartilage. Example: discs between backbone
Adipocytes
Connective tissues cells that store triglycerides
Parenchyma are cells that:
Constitute the tissues or organs functioning part
Nonciliates simple columnar epithelium
Contains microvilli and goblet cells
articular cartilage
Covers the epiphysis, reduces friction, and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints
Is NOT part of the axial skeleton
Coxal bones
The function of the nasal conchae is to:
Create turbulence in inspired air for cleaning purposes
The meninges that cover the brain attach anteriorly to the:
Crista galli of the ethmoid bone
The principal parts of a cell are
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
What muscle forms the rounded contour of the shoulder?
Deltoid
The roughened area on the middle protion of the shaft of the humerus is the:
Deltoid tuberosity
Ligament
Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Flexibility
Dependent on the number of collagen fibers
Epiphyses
Distal and proximal ends of long bones
A lever is acted upon at two different points by what two different forces?
Effort and resistance
Endothelium
Epithelial tissue that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Directly anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bones is the
Ethmoid bone
Skeletal muscles produce movement by:
Exerting force on tendons, which in turn pull on bones or other structures
Movement that increases the angle between articulating bones is:
Extension
The ligamentum nuchae ia a fibro elastic ligament extending between the seventh cervical vertebra
External Occipital Protuberance
Main function of the appendicular skeleton is to:
Facilitate movement
Carrier molecules within the plasma membrane are required in order to transport a substance across a membrane via
Facilitated diffusion
The greater and lesser trochanters are projections seen on the:
Femur
Periosteum
Fibrous covering over bone into which tendons and ligaments attach, inner portion is site of osteogenic cells
The lateral malleolus is part of the:
Fibula
The distal end of the fubula articulates with the:
Fibular notch of the tibia
Membranes
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that covers or lines a part of the body
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells of tissues
Intracellular fluid
Fluid within the cells
Cell junctions may serve which function:
Form fluid tight seals between cells, anchor cells together or to extracellular material and act as channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue
The strength and stability of the shoulder joint is provided by:
Four deep muscles of the shoulder
Joints function as:
Fulcrums
A cell's shape is related to its
Function
Frontal suture
General does not persist into adulthood
Greater number of muscle fibers provide:
Greater power
A longer muscle provides:
Greater range of motion
Is NOT in the proximal row of carpal bones:
Hamate
This depends on its crystallized inorganic mineral salts:
Hardness
Nervous tissue
Has the poorest capacity for renewal
A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and plateleys by a process called:
Hemopiesis
The coronoid and olecranon fossae are depressions found on the:
Humerus
The tounge is supported by the:
Hyoid
Which of the following bones is considered to be part of the axial skeleton?
Hyoid
Which of the following is located between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the maxilla?
Inferior orbital fissure
Invagination of membrane to form a vesicle in a receptor- mediated endocytosis is triggered by:
Interaction between the protein clathrin and the receptor-ligand complex
Cardiac muscle tissue
Involuntary, its fibers attach by intercalated discs
Plasma membrane
Is composes of protiens and lipids which are held together by noncovalent forces
Recticular
Is not a dnese connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Is not a loose connective tissue
Mucous
Is not a mature connective tissue
When sitting on a stool which part of the Coxal bones touch the stool first?
Ischial tuberosities
Tight junctions
Junctions that prevent the comtents of certain organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues
The largest and most complex joint in the body, actually consisting of three joints within a single Synovial cavity in the:
Knee joint
Tears pass into the nasal cavity via the:
Lacrimal fossa
The part of the tibia that articulates with the head if the fibula:
Lateral condyle
The acromion process of the scapula articulates with the:
Lateral end of the clavicle
Which muscle is commonly called the "swimmers muscle"?
Latissimus Dorsi
Two axial muscles are:
Latissimus Dorsi and Pectoralis Major
Endosteum
Layer of bone cells lining the marrow cavity
Is NOT typical of the female pelvis:
Less moveable coccyx
Bones acts as:
Levers
Serous membrane
Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and covers the organs that lie within the cavity
Mucous membrane
Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior, such as tue digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system
Synovial membrane
Lines joints, contains connective tissue but no epithelium, and secretes a fluid that lubricates and norishes the cartilage covering the bones
Smooth muscle tissue:
Located in the walls of blood vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
Located in the walls of blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
Herniated dics occur most often in which vertebral region?
Lumbar
The radius articulates with the:
Lunate
Elastic connective tissue
Lung tissue and arteries whose recoil between heart beats helps maintain blood flow
Prone
Lying face down
Supine
Lying face up
Diaphysis
Main portion of bone (long)
Cardiac muscle tissue
Makes up most of the heart wall
The only moveable bone of the skull is
Mandible
Which if the following has both an alveolar process and a Coronoid process?
Mandible
Mediated transport
Materials move through the cell membrane with assistance of a transporter protein
The articular facets of the patella articulate with the:
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
Most of the muscles of the forearm attach to the:
Medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
Is NOT true for the scapula
Medial border articulates with the vertebral column
Hair color drpends upon of this substance in its keratinized cells
Melanin
Periosteum
Membrane containing bone forming cells, protects bone, assists in fracture repair, norishes bone tissues, is the attachment point for tendons and ligaments, and where a bone grows in thickness
Bones which make up the palm of the hand
Metacarpals
Cilia and flagella are mostly of:
Microtubules
The auditory ossicles are located in the
Middle ear
Fibroblasts
Migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substance of the matrix
Phagoctyes
Move freely through the body searching for invaders
The principal epithelial membranes of the body are:
Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes and skin
Positive feedback system
Must be shut off by some outside system, and strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions that doesn't happen very often
Fossa
NOT a process or projection
Neuron
Nerve cells
Microvilli
Nonmotile fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that are supported by microfilaments
Synovial
Not a classification of muscle tissue
The superior articulat facets of the atlas articulated with the:
Occipital condyles
The prominence of the elbow is formed by the:
Olecranon process of ulna
There are normally two of each maxilla, nasal, temporal, and zygomatic bones
Only one vomer bone
Mitochondria
Organelles that contain enzymes for production of ADP
Lysosomes
Organelles that contain enzymes that destroy material engulfed by phagocytes
Proteins
Organic compunds which are. the cellular building material
The biceps, triceps , and quadriceps are named as such based upon the number of (blank) that they have
Orgins
The cell does not need to expend energy (ATP) in order to perform
Osmosis
Cleft palate results from incomplete fusion of the:
Palatine processes of the maxillae
The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone articulates with what part of the mandible?
Parietal, zygomatic, mandible, and sphenoid bone
Mediated transport
Passage of materials across the membrane with the assistance of a transporter protien
A bone that is considered a sesamoid bone
Patella
The tibial tuberosity is the attachment point for the:
Patellar ligament
This muscle is synergist to Sternocleidomastioid
Pectoralis Major
Skin provides protection in the form of:
Physical, biological, and chemicals barriers
Form of vesicular transport:
Pinocytosis
There are 5 characteristic patterns of fascicles to tendons each of which represent a compromise between:
Power and range of motion
Most of the structural differences between male and female skeletons are related to adaptation for:
Pregnancy and childbirth
Mast cells
Produce histamine as part of the body's reaction to injury
Functions of muscle tissue:
Produces body movement, stabilizes positions, regulates organ volume, and moves substances
What role does epithelial tisssue play in the body?
Protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion (PFSAE)
Is NOT a basic function of the skeletal system
Protein storage
Subatomic particles include:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
endocrine system
Provides gradual change to correct homeostatic disturbances. Also, a group of glands that secrete molecules called hormones into the blood
Nervous system
Provides rapid change to correct homeostatic disturbances
Elastic cartilage
Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain structures, such as the external ear
Some muscles that move the mandible attach to the:
Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone
The interosseous membrane joins the:
Radius and Ulna
Golgi complex
Recieves synthesized products from the rough ER and modifies, sorts, packages, and transports them within to various locations
Metaphysis
Region of mature bone where diaphysis joins epiphysis
Functions of the skin
Regulation of body temperature, reservoir for blood and excretion and absorption
articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the end of long bone
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
This cartilage consists of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate
interstitial fluid
This is offten called the body's internal environment
Transverse, Cross sectional, and horizontal planes
This plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
The "shinbone" is the:
Tibia
The prominence that can be felt in the medial surface of the ankle is part of the:
Tibia
List the distal row of carpal bones in the correct order from lateral to medial
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Is NOT in the distal row of carpal bones:
Triquetrum
Is part of the elbow joint:
Trochlear notch of the ulna
Best describes inversion:
Turning soles of feet to face each other
The spinal cord passes through the:
Vertebral foramen
Skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntary
"Muscular System"
Voluntary skeletal muscle tissue only
The nasal septum is formed by cartilage and the:
Vomer & perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
The most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems, in which nearly all of the body's chemical reactions occur
Water
Aquaporins
Water channels in a plasma membrane
isotonic contraction
When a muscle develops tension and the muscle shortens
isometric contraction
When a muscle develops tension but does not shorten
Decomposition
When large molecules are split up into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules
Snythesis
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
Simple squamous epithelium is found in parts of the body;
Where filtration or diffusion are priority processes
Mitochondria
Where reactions to cellular respiration occur
Rough ER
Where secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized
Mendullary Cavity
Within the diaphysis, contains fatty yellow bone marrow
Paranasal sinuses are not found in these bones:
Zygomatic
Disorder
any derangement or abnormality of function
Extracellular Fluid
fluid outside the cell bodies
Signs
objective changes that can be observed and measured
Fibers
The individual cells that make up muscle tissue
Crenation
The shrinking of cells when placed in hypertonic solution
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis
Symptoms
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Resistance
Also called the load, the opposition to movement & the weight of the body part is moved
Genu Varum is:
Bow leggedness (RUM makes have to pee/open your legs)
Muscles that move the arm are innervated by:
Brachial plexus
The patellae are examples of
Sesamoid bones
Which joint has more freedom of movement than any other joint in the body?
Shoulder joint
Fascicles
Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged within the muscle in bundles
The largest organ in the body in surface area and weight
Skin
The Zygomatic process is part of the:
Temporal bone
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons and most ligaments
Osteogenesis
The process in which bone is formed
Keratinization
The process of cells moving up through the epidermal layers and accumulating more and more tough fibrous protein
Calcification & Mineralization
The process of mineral salts being depositied in the framework of matrix causing hardening of the tissue
Sebaceous glands
Absent in the palms and soles
The proximal end of the femur articulates with the:
Acetabulum
Most microfilaments are composed of:
Actin
Hyaline cartilage
Affords flexibility and support at joints, reduces friction, and absorbs shock. This is the weakest of the types of cartilage
Metabolism
All chemical reactions occuring in the body
Catabolism
All decomposition reactions that occur in the body collectively
Anabolism
All synthesis reactions that occur in the body
List the proximal row of the carpal bones in the correct order from lateral to medial:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform (SLTP)
Plasma cells
Secrete antibodies and are an important part of the body's immune system
Hyponychium
Securing the nail to the fingertip
The pituitary glad is loacted in the:
Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Is not part of the appendicular skeleton
Sternum
The xiphoid process is part of the:
Sternum
The Hyoid bone is suspended from the:
Styloid process of the temporal bones
The base of the patella is the:
Superior end
What two muscles ate named for the fossa they fill?
Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus
Plasma membrane
Surrounding and containing the cytoplasm of a cell
Lysosome
The major tyoe of storage vesicle produced by the Golgi complex
Pericardium
The membrane associated with the heart is
Pleura
The membrane associated with the lung
The advantage of the presence of microvilli on cell membranes
The membrane has a greater surface area for an increased rate of diffusion
Covalent Bonds
The most common chemical bonds in the body
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter rleases at the NMJ
Anaerobic
The phase of cellular respiration that lacks oxygen
Aerobic
The phase of cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen
Epiphyseal Plate
The point at which cartilage is replaced with bone, and where bone grows in length