A&P study guide (HW)

During bone repair, the bony callus may last up to ________________. 2-3 days 1-2 years 3-4 months 12-24 hours

3-4 months

The continual life cycle of keratinocytes being sloughed and replaced by cells undergoing mitosis takes about _________. 5-7 days 2-3 weeks 40-50 days 3 months

40-50 days

How long does bone repair generally take? Answer 4 months 6 weeks 2 weeks 12 weeks

6 weeks

How many cervical vertebrae exist in the vertebral column? 12 7 5 3

7

How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum? 5 12 2 7

7

What does cyanosis signify? A person has oxygen-starved skin. A person has been exposed to too much sun. A person has been kept out of the sun. A person has been exposed to cyanide.

A person has oxygen-starved skin.

What is the medical term used for baldness? Cyanosis Erythema Lanugo Alopecia

Alopecia

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences? Appositional growth Endochondral ossification Longitudinal growth Lengthwise growth

Appositional growth

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences? Endochondral ossification Longitudinal growth Lengthwise growth Appositional growth

Appositional growth

What stands hairs on end, causing piloerection? Epidermal ridges Dermal papillae Arrector pili muscle Epithelial root sheath

Arrector pili muscle

What is the most common type of skin cancer that results in the formation of a nodule with a central "crater" that ulcerates? Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Papillary carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Which of the following characteristics is not part of the ABCDE rule? Asymmetrical shape Border regularity Diameter larger than 6 mm Evolving shape and size

Border regularity

Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Calcitriol Estrogen Testosterone Calcitonin

Calcitriol

Which of the following molecules is responsible for yellow-orange skin pigment? Carotene Melanin Hemoglobin Cyanide

Carotene

What modified apocrine glands secrete ear wax? Eccrine glands Sebaceous glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands

Ceruminous glands

A patient shows up in the emergency department with the end of the bone protruding through his skin. What type of fracture does he have? Simple fracture Epiphyseal plate fracture Compound fracture Closed fracture

Compound fracture

What cells of the epidermis function as phagocytes of the immune system? Merkel cells Dendritic cells Keratinocytes Melanocytes

Dendritic cells

What structure is present on the second cervical vertebra (C2 or axis) that allows you to rotate your neck to say "no"? Dens (odontoid process) Posterior tubercle Transverse ligament Body

Dens (odontoid process)

What tissue composes the reticular layer of the dermis? Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis? Dermal papillae The reticular layer of the dermis Stratum basale of the epidermis Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Dermal papillae

If a break occurs in the shaft of a thigh bone, what part of the bone has been broken? Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate Epiphysis Articular cartilage

Diaphysis

What are the main components of the cutaneous membrane? Epidermis and dermis Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis dermis and hypodermis Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and the subcutaneous layer

Epidermis and dermis

Which of the following sensations is not detected by the skin? Pain Temperature Light touch Equilibrium

Equilibrium

Which of the following characteristics is typical of a first-degree burn? Erythema Blistering Scarring Dehydration

Erythema

Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis? Keratinocyte Fibroblast Melanocyte Dendritic (Langerhans) cell

Fibroblast

Which of the following cells are associated with the dermis? Dendritic cells Fibroblasts Keratinocytes Melanocytes

Fibroblasts

What is another name for the vertebral ribs? True ribs Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs floating ribs

Floating ribs

Which of the following structures is not found in thick skin? Sweat glands Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Hair follicles

Hair follicles

In which of the following locations are dead keratinized cells found? Hair root Hair shaft Hair bulb Hair follicle

Hair shaft

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing? Remodeling occurs -> hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms Hematoma forms -> hard callus forms -> soft callus forms -> remodeling occurs Hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms -> remodeling occurs Soft callus forms -> hematoma forms -> remodeling occurs -> hard callus forms

Hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms -> remodeling occurs

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false? It occurs throughout life. It only occurs if there is low blood calcium levels. It occurs only at the articular surface. It occurs in response to stress and tension on a bone.

It occurs only at the articular surface.

What is the main tissue of the epidermis? Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Loose connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the most numerous cell type in the epidermis? Dendritic (Langerhans) cell Melanocyte Merkel cell Keratinocyte

Keratinocyte

Which abnormal spinal curvature gives a "hunchback" appearance? Scoliosis Lordosis Kyphosis Osteoporosis

Kyphosis

What type of hair does a fetus have? Terminal hair Vellus hair Arrector pili Lanugo

Lanugo

The __________ is the opaque crescent-shaped area near the proximal nail fold. Eponychium Lunula Nail body Cuticle

Lunula

What is the primary pigment found in skin? Hemoglobin Carotene Keratin Melanin

Melanin

What is the soft jellylike substance that functions as a shock absorber in an intervertebral disc called? Centrum Nucleus pulposus Vertebra prominens Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

What is the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas? Occipital condyle Superior articular facet Mastoid process Anterior tubercle

Occipital condyle

Which of the following hormones inhibits bone growth? Estrogen Parathyroid hormone Growth hormone Testosterone

Parathyroid hormone

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? Testosterone Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin Estrogen

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which of the following vertebrae features border the vertebral foramen laterally? Pedicle Lamina Posterior tubercle Body

Pedicle

Which of the following components do vellus hairs lack? Cortex Keratin Pigment Cuticle

Pigment

Which of the following factors promotes bone resorption? Pressure Compression Tension Calcium-rich diet

Pressure

What is the oily waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands called? Cerumen Sweat Milk Sebum

Sebum

What stimulates the secretion of sebum? High temperatures Ultraviolet (UV) radiation Sex hormones Low temperatures

Sex hormones

What does the first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) lack? Transverse process Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen

Spinous process

Where are melanocytes located? Reticular layer of the dermis Papillary layer of the dermis Stratum basale of the epidermis Stratum granulosum of the epidermis

Stratum basale of the epidermis

From superficial to deep, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin? a) Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum b) Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum c) Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale d) Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, and stratum granulosum

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis is not present in thin skin? a) Stratum lucidum b) Stratum corneum c) Stratum spinosum d) Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis? Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum

Stratum spinosum

What are the sensory receptors in the dermal papillae that respond to light touch stimuli called? Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles Merkel cells Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

What is the thicker, coarser, more pigmented hair found on the scalp? Lanugo Terminal hair Vellus hair Arrector pili

Terminal hair

Why do keratinocytes in the superficial strata of the epidermis die? Why do keratinocytes in the superficial strata of the epidermis die? They are too far away from the blood supply in the dermis. They are surrounded by a lipid-based substance that makes them more permeable to water. They do not die in the superficial strata. They are destroyed by dendritic cells.

They are too far away from the blood supply in the dermis.

Which of the following characteristics make lumbar vertebrae easy to recognize? Thicker and shorter pedicles and laminae Heart-shaped bodies Possess transverse foramina No spinous process

Thicker and shorter pedicles and laminae

Which vertebrae resemble the head of a giraffe? Thoracic Lumbar Cervical Sacral

Thoracic

What are the two primary curvatures seen in the vertebral column of a fetus? Cervical and thoracic Thoracic and sacral Thoracic and lumbar Cervical and sacral

Thoracic and sacral

What is the primary function of melanin? To protect the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation To increase the synthesis of vitamin D in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation To provide protection from burns as a result of ultraviolet (UV) radiation To protect the body from mechanical trauma

To protect the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation

What unique feature is present only on cervical vertebrae? Anterior tubercle Superior costal facet Transverse foramina Spinous Process

Transverse foramina

What enzyme plays a major role in skin color? Tyrosinase Melanin Hemoglobin Helicase

Tyrosinase

Which of the following functions is not associated with the skin? Thermoregulation Sensation Vitamin A synthesis Protection

Vitamin A synthesis

Which vitamin is important for the synthesis of collagen? Vitamin K Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin B

Vitamin C

What is the primary function of vitamin D? Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine. Vitamin D protects the skin from pathogens. Vitamin D protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation. Vitamin D is critical for thermoregulation.

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption from the small intestine.

Which of the following is the bony projection at the bottom of the sternum? Sternal angle Xiphoid process Body Manubrium

Xiphoid process

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae? Zone of hypertrophy Zone of proliferation Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of ossification

Zone of proliferation

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae? Zone of proliferation Zone of hypertrophy Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of ossification

Zone of proliferation

Humans often purchase antiperspirants and deodorants to suppress and mask the odors of secretions from the __________. eccrine glands mammary glands apocrine glands sebaceous glands

apocrine glands

As a result of males producing more testosterone at puberty, __________. osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption appositional bone growth increases intramembranous ossification increases osteoclasts increase the rate of bone deposition

appositional bone growth increases

The thickness of bones increase as an individual grows into adulthood by ______________. longitudinal growth appositional growth secondary ossification primary ossification

appositional growth

Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum __________. are only found in thick skin are undergoing mitosis are dead and filled with keratin are metabolically active

are dead and filled with keratin

The majority of cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum __________. corneum basale lucidum Granulosum

basale

The weight-bearing structure of a vertebra is the __________. transverse process superior articular process pedicle body

body

For a person who starts running for exercise, __________. bone deposition exceeds bone resorption bone deposition is not related to bone resorption bone deposition is less than bone resorption bone deposition equals bone resorption

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by __________. melanin burns basal cell carcinoma malignant melanoma

burns

When blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___. vitamin D parathyroid hormone testosterone calcitonin

calcitonin

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________. calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K sodium, calcium, and vitamin E calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B vitamin A, vitamin C, and chlorine

calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K

A greenstick fracture occurs primarily in _____________. menopausal females male athletes the elderly children

children

A ____ fracture results when the bone is shattered into multiple fragments. comminuted greenstick spiral compression

comminuted

We have unique patterns on our fingers, toes, palms, and soles created by __________. Merkel cells dendritic (Langerhans) cells epidermal ridges cleavage lines

epidermal ridges

The most superficial component of the skin is the __________. epidermis loose connective tissue hypodermis dermis

epidermis

Tommy fell and skinned his knee. The scrape did not bleed. He must have only damaged the __________. dermis epidermis hypodermis subcutaneous layer

epidermis

When the cartilage at the epiphyseal plate stops dividing, the bony structure that forms is known as the _____. osteon trabeculae epiphyseal line diaphysis

epiphyseal line

The cuticle around a nail is the __________. hyponychium eponychium lanugo lunula

eponychium

Appositional growth produces __________. growth in length intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification growth in width

growth in width

Increasing mechanical stress will cause bone to become stronger by ________________. increasing production of collagen fibers by osteocytes increasing deposition of mineral salts increasing activity of osteoclasts increasing endochondral ossification

increasing deposition of mineral salts

Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue. intramembranous and endochondral ossification. bone resorption and bone deposition.

intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from __________. keratinocytes in stratum corneum keratinocytes in stratum spinosum melanocytes keratinocytes in stratum basale

keratinocytes in stratum spinosum

Which of the following organs does not directly regulate blood calcium concentration in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Liver Small intestines Kidneys Bones

liver

Bone lengthens by _____ growth and thickens by ____ growth. appositional; longitudinal intramembranous; endochondral circumferential; concentric longitudinal; appositional

longitudinal; appositional

The ______________ is the superior part of the sternum. manubrium dens body xiphoid process

manubrium

The ABCDE rule is used to distinguish normal moles from ____________________. basal cell carcinoma freckles melanomas squamous cell carcinoma

melanomas

The nail body covers the __________. nail bed nail root lunula cuticle

nail bed

The __________ is the part of the nail root that contains actively dividing cells. nail root nail matrix nail body lunula

nail matrix

Bone resorption requires the activity of __________. osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes chondrocytes

osteoclasts

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the __________. stratum basale papillary layer hypodermis reticular layer

papillary layer

Extreme stretching of the reticular layer of the dermis results in_______________. permanent stretch marks flexure lines tension, or cleavage, lines skin wrinkles

permanent stretch marks

The ____________ is the largest organ in the body. liver skin small intestine heart

skin

The _______________ is a location of thick skin. sole of the foot scalp elbow buttocks

sole of the foot

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is called the __________. stratum corneum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

Eccrine glands produce __________. cerumen sebum sweat containing mostly water hormones

sweat containing mostly water

Mammary glands are specialized __________. holocrine glands sebaceous glands sweat glands ceruminous glands

sweat glands

Skin without keratin would be more likely to __________. lose the sensation of touch burn upon exposure to the sun be unable to thermoregulate tear upon being mechanically stressed

tear upon being mechanically stressed

Out of the numerous factors that influence bone growth and remodeling, ______ do (does) not. vitamins Unselected minerals available Unselected the amount of fibrocartilage available hormones

the amount of fibrocartilage available

Melanin is produced upon exposure to __________. cold heat wind ultraviolet (UV) radiation

ultraviolet (UV) radiation

All of the following factors will affect osteoblast and osteoclast activity except: mechanical stress. yellow bone marrow. blood calcium level. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels.

yellow bone marrow.

The stacked chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division within the zone of hypertrophy. zone of calcification. zone of ossification. zone of proliferation.

zone of proliferation.