A&P test 4

REFLEXES: -rapid or slow? -automatic or manual? -particular stimuli cause same or different response? what are the 5 components of the reflex arc?

-rapid -automatic -same -receptor -sensory neuron -CNS integration center -motor neuron -effector

what is the multimodal association areas? what are the three divided parts of this?

-receives input from multiple sensory areas -sends output to multiple areas -allows us to give meaning to information received, store in memory, tie to previous experience, and decide on actions -sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious: make us who we are anterior association are, posterior association area, and limbic association area

Identify the two major neuroglia seen in PNS... -this one surrounds all PN fibers and forms myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers (similar to oligodendrocytes) and is vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers -this one surrounds neuron cell bodies in PNS and the function is similar to astrocytes of CNS

-schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) -satellite cells

2 functional divisions of PNS: 1. sensory (afferent) division -somatic sensory fibers: convey impulses from ___, skeletal muscles, and ____ TO ____ -visceral sensory fibers: convey impulse from visceral ____ to CNS 2. Motor (efferent) division: transmits impulses from _____ to _____ _____ what are the two divisions of the motor division?

-skin; joints; CNS\ -organs -CNS; effector organs somatic autonomic

describe microglial cells...

-small -ovoid cells -thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons -migrate toward injured neurons -can transform to PHAGOCYTIZE microorganisms and neuronal debris

Auditory Areas: Primary Auditory Cortex -where? -function? Auditory Association area -where? -function?

-superior margin of temporal lobes -interprets information from inner ear (pitch, loudness, location) -posterior to primary auditory cortex -stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus

primary vesicles give rise to what five secondary brain vesicles? *forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

-telencephalon and diencephalon -undivided -metencephalon and myelencephalon

posterior association area -large region in ___, __, and ____ lobes -plays role in recognizing ___ and ____ and localizing us in space -involved in understanding written and spoken ____-

-temporal, parietal, and occipital -patterns and faces -language

what are the three paired gray-matter structures ? where are all three structures enclosed in?

-thalamus, hypothalamus, and Epithalamus -three enclose third ventricle

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) -most complicated ____ region -involved with intellect ____, ____, and ______ -contains working memory needed for __ ___, __, reasoning, persistence, and planning -development depends on feedback from ______ environment

-cortical -cognition, recall, and personality -abstract ideas, judgement -social

Midbrain nuclei scattered throughout white matter include: -corpora quadrigemina: paired ___ protrusions *superior colliculi: ___ reflex center *inferior colliculi: _____ relay centers -substantia nigra: functionally linked to basal nuclei & ____ disease is degeneration of this area

-dorsal -visual -auditory -Parkinson's

motor areas: where is it located? what is their job? -___ ____ cortex in precentral gyrus -____ crotex anterior to precentral gyrus -_____ area anterior to inferior premotor areas -___ ___field within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca's area

-frontal lobe -to control voluntary movement -premotor -broca's -frontal eye

olfactory cortex Primary olfactory (smell) cortex location? function?

-medial aspect of temporal lobes -involved in conscious awareness of odors

describe astrocytes....

-most abundant -versatile -highly branched -cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

4 general considerations of cerebral cortex: 1. contains 3 types of functional areas -this controls voluntary movement -this is conscious awareness of sensation -this integrates diverse information 2. each hemisphere is concerned with ____ side of body. 3. ______ of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere. 4. conscious behavior involves ____ cortex in one way or another

-motor areas -sensory areas -association areas contralateral lateralization entire

The Axon: Functional Characteristics -axons have efficient internal transport mechanisms -molecules and organelles are moved along axons by ___ ___ and cytoskeletal elements what ways does movement occur? which one is away from the cell body? which one is toward the cell body?

-motor proteins -both directions -anterograde -retrograde

myelin sheath: -composed of ____ a whitish, protein-lipid substance -what is the function of myelin sheaths? -what are segmented sheath surrounds most long or large-diameter axons? -what does not contain sheath (conduct impulses more slowly)?

-myelin -protect and electrically insulate axon; increase speed of nerve impulse transmission -myelinated fibers -nonmyelinated fibers

what are the two principle cell types? what are they?

-neuroglia (glial cells): small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons -neurons (nerve cells): excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Astrocytes... functions include: -support and brace ____ -play roles in exchanges between ____ and ____ -guide migrations of young neurons -control ____ environment around neurons -influence neuronal functioning participate in ____ passing in brain

-neurons -capillaries and neurons -chemical -information

gray matter: short, ______ neurons and cell bodies white matter: ______ and ______ axons basic patter found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by ___ matter with ____ matter external to the____ matter

-nonmyelinated -myelinated; nonmyelinated -gray; white; gray

myelin sheaths in the CNS: -formed by processes of _____ not whole cells -each cell can wrap up to ___ axons at once -myelin sheath gap is (present/ absent) -no outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm -thinnest fibers are _____, but covered by long extensions of adjacent neuroglia

-oligodendrocytes -60 -present -unmyelinated

sensory areas -areas of cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation -occur in __ __ __ and ____ lobes -how many sections does it include? what are they?

-parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital -8 (primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual areas, auditory areas, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, and visceral sensory area)

what is the area called that... -presents in one hemisphere (usually the left) -motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production -active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities -controls voluntary eye movements

Broca's area frontal eye field

which cell: -range in shape from squamous to columnar -may be CILIATED (circulates CSF) -line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column -form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

ependymal cells

what is a torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons (prevent any other messages from getting through)? *this is not associated with _____ ____ * occurs in __% of population *brain injuries, stroke, infections, or tumors can also be causes

epileptic seizure intellectual impairments 1%

nuclei: clusters of neuron cell bodies in _____ ganglia: cluster of neuron cell bodies in _____

CNS PNS

armlike processes that extend from cell body -___ contains both neuron cell bodies and the processes -___ contains chiefly neuron processes what are bundles of neuron processes in CNS? what are bundles of neuron processes in PNS?

CNS PNS Tracts Nerves

cerebral cortex is "___ ____" of the brain site of conscious mind: ____, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, ____, memory storage, ____ how thin is the superficial layer of gray matter? what is it composed of? ____% of mass of brain

executive suite awareness; communication; understanding 2-4mm; neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels, but no axons 40%

memory consolidation involves fitting new ____ into categories already stored in _____ ____. what id involved in consolidation?

facts; cerebral cortex hippocampus, temporal cortical areas, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex

where is the epithalamus located? what does it contain? what does it secrete?

forms roof of third ventricle pineal gland melatonin (helps regulates sleep-wake cycle)

what are the five lobes of sulci? ___ ___ is buried under portions of temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

frontal parietal temporal occipital insula insular lobes

what happens when there is damage to the primary visual cortex? what about damage to the visual association area?

functional blindness they can see but they cannot comprehend what they are looking at

what is a prickly structure at tip of axon that allows it to interact with its environment via: -cell surface adhesion proteins provide anchor points -_____ that attract or repel the growth cone what keeps neuroblast alive? what are growth cone processes that follow signals toward target?

growth cone neurotropins Nerve growth factor (NGF) Filopodia

what is involved in the perception of taste and is located in the the insula just deep to the temporal lobe? what is located posterior to gustatory cortex, and control conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach or full bladder)?

gustatory cortex visceral sensory area

what records electrical activity that accompanies brain function? what is it used for? electrodes placed on scalp measures ___ ____ differences between various cortical areas

Electroencephalogram (EEG) -used for diagnosing epilepsy and sleep disorders -localizes lesions, tumors, infarcts, infections, abscesses -used in research and also to determine brain death

the hypothalamus is the main visceral control and regulating center that is vital to ____. hypothalamus homeostasis controls?

homeostasis -autonomic nervous system (blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size) -initiates physical responses to emotions (part of limbic system: perceives pleasure, fear, rage, biological rhythms, and drives (sex drive)

what are the three regions of the brain stem? similar in structure to ____ cord but contains nuclei embedded in ____ matter. what does the brain stem control?

midbrains, pons, and medulla oblongata spinal; white automatic behaviors necessary for survival

what are the examples for anterograde? what are the examples for retrograde?

mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane components, enzymes organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, and bacterial toxins

lateralization of cortical functioning what is the division of labor between hemispheres? what refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language? what percent of humans have left-side dominance?

lateralizaiton cerebral dominance 90%

language implementation system involves association cortex of _____ hemisphere. what are the main areas include: -broca's area: involved in ___ production what can & can't they do? -wernickle's area: involved in _______ ____ and ___ ___. what can & can't they do? corresponding areas on ___ are involved with nonverbal language components.

left speech -understand words but cannot speak understanding spoken; written words can speak; words are nonsensible right

what are thin fibers not wrapped in myelin; surrounded by schwann cells but no coiling; one cell may surround 15 different fibers called?

nonmyelinated fibers

what is the periaqueductal gray matter?

nuclei that play a role in pain suppression and FIGHT-or-FLIGHT response (also include nuclei that control cranial nerve III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

what disease is a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of protein huntingtin in brain cells? what does it lead to? what are some symptoms? when does it become fatal? what do the drugs for this drug do?

Huntingtons degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex wild jerking "flapping" movements & mental deterioration within 15 years of onset block dopamine

what kind of sleep happens in the first 30-45 minutes of sleep, then move into stages 3 and 4 (referred to as slow-wave sleep? frequency of waves ____, but ____ increases *EEG, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and GI mobility change

NREM declines; amplitude

what is the restorative stage of sleep? what happens when people are deprived of REM sleep? what does REM sleep do? stage 4 sleep declines as....

NREM stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep) moody and depressed give the brain the opportunity to analyze day's events and work through emotional events or problems & eliminate unneeded synapses that were formed (dream to forget) age increases (may disappear)

what is myelination the PNS formed by? what are they described as? what is the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm?

Schwann cells jelly peripheral bulge containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm

what nervous system division conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle and is voluntary? what nervous system division consists of visceral motor nerve fiber, regulates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands, involuntary, and has an additional 2 subdivisions?

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

what is it called when -input travels along SEVERAL pathways -different parts of circuitry deal simultaneously with the info *one stimulus promotes numerous responses -important for HIGHER level mental functioning ex: a sensed smell may remind one of an odor and any associated experiences

parallel processing

what happens when the primary motor cortex is damaged (stroke)? muscle strength or ability to perform discrete individual movements is not impaired only control over ___ is lost. other prepotor neurons can be ____.

paralyzes muscles controlled by those areas (paralysis occurs on opposite side of body from damage) movement reprogrammed

what disease is the degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra, and the basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive, resulting in tremors at rest? what is the cause?

parkinson's disease unknown

where is a lesion if an individual refuses to wash or dress the side of the body opposite to the lesion because "that doesn't belong to me"?

posterior association

what is a neuron conducting impulses TOWARD synapse called? (sends information) what is a neuron transmitting electrical signal AWAY from synapse called? (receives info) in PNS may be a ___, ___ cell, or ___ cell

presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron neuron; muscle; gland

what is located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe? what type of cell has large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements? what forms pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts? what is the upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions?

primary (somatic) motor cortex pyramidal cells long axons that project down spinal cord motor homunculi

what are temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia? what is the only approved treatment for stroke?

TIAs (transient ischemic attacks) TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

-located in postcentral gyri of partietal lobe -receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons -capable of spatial discrimination which is? -somatosensory homunculus: upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions

primary somatosensory cortex identification of body region being stimulated

certain viruses and bacterial toxins damage neural tissues by using___ ___ ____. ex? research is under way to investigate using retrograde transport to treat ____ ____. viruses containing "corrected genes or microRNA to ____ defective genes can enter cell through ____grade transport.

retrograde axonal transport; polio, rabies, and herpes simplex viruses, and tetanus toxin genetic diseases suppress; retro

what is it called when -input travels along ONE pathway to a specific destination *one neuron simulates next one, which stimulates next one, etc -system works in all-or-none manner to produce specific, anticipated response -best example of serial processing is a spinal reflex

serial processing

simple neuronal pool -___ presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool what is the discharge zone? what is the facilitated zone?

single -neurons CLOSER to incoming fiber are MORE LIKELY to generate impulse -neurons on periphery of pool are FARTHER away from incoming fiber; usually NOT excited to threshold unless stimulated by another source

what is the state of partial unconsciousness from which person can be aroused by stimulation? ____ activity is depressed, but brain stem activity doesn't change.

sleep cortical

what is narcolepsy? what is the related condition where person can lose muscle tone while awake? what causes narcolepsy?

sleep disorder involving abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state cataplexy orexins ("wake-up" chemicals) are destroyed by patient's immune system (can be replaced with treatment)

damage to hippocampus or surrounding temporal lobe results in? what kind of destruction causes widespread amnesia? what is anterograde amnesia? what is the loss of memories formed in the distant past?

slight memory loss bilateral destruction consolidation memories are not lost, but new inputs are not associated with old one (person lives in the here and now) retrograde amnesia

-integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object -determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

somatosensory association cortex

Is a loss of consciousness while awake a bad thing? what is fainting or syncopy? what is this due to? what is a coma? not the same as deep sleep; oxygen consumption is (lowered/ raised) what is brain death?

yes -a brief loss of consciousness -due to inadequate cerebral blood flow or due to low blood pressure or ischemia from hemorrhage or sudden, severe emotional stress unconsciousness for extended period lowered irreversible coma

what is? -found in the form superolateral walls of third ventricle -makes up 80% of diencephalon -RELAY STATION for information coming into cortex -SORT, EDITS, and RELAYS ascending input such as: *impulses from hypothalamus regulating EMOTION and VISCERAL function *impulses from CEREBELLUM and basal nuclei to help DIRECT MOTOR cortices *impulses for MEMORY or SENSORY integration -overall, it acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

thalamus

what is the junctions that mediate information transfer from neuron to neuron or from neuron to an effector cell?

the synapse

Neuroimaging suggests that cerebellum plays role in ____, ____, and ____. as it does for motor processes, it may compare actual output of higher function with expected output and ____ accordingly

thinking; language; emotion adjust

neural integration: neurons functioning _______ in _____. there are ____ of neurons in CNS must have integration so that the individual parts ____ to make a smoothly operating whole.

together; groups billions fuse

what causes mental and personality disorders including the loss of judgement, attentiveness, and inhibitions? (may cause a person to be careless about personal appearance, be oblivious to social restraints, or take major risks)

tumor or other lesions of the anterior association area

each person's brain waves are ____. patterns change with ___, ___ ____, ____ ____, and ___ state of body. measures wave frequency in ____ (Hz), numbers of peaks per second (1 Hz= _ peak per second)

unique age; sensory stimuli; brain disease; chemical Hertz; 1

what is located in the posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex and is responsible for conscious awareness of BALANCE?

vestibular cortex

fine-tunes motor activity as follows 1. RECEIVES IMPULSES from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate ____ ___ __. 2. RECEIVES SIGNALS from proprioceptors throughout body, as well as _____ and equilibrium pathway that continuously "inform" cerebellum of body's ___ and ___ 3. cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate ___ ___. 4. sends "blueprint" of coordinated movement to cerebral motor and brain stem nuclei

voluntary muscle contractions visual; position; momentum muscle contraction

what is alzheimer's disease? what happens to the key proteins? what are some of the side effects?

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia fold and malfunction memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritability, moodiness, confusion, hallucinations

control of epilepsy includes ____ drugs, vagus nerve stimulator or deep brain stimulator implantations that deliver pulses to vagus nerve or directly to brain to stabilize brain activity.

anticonvulsive

what... may precede a seizure? is mild seizures of young children: expression goes blank for a few seconds? is the most severe; last few minutes & victim loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of tongue?

aura (sensory hallucination) absence seizures (formerly petit mal) tonic-clonic seizers

what are the main function of the medulla oblongata? many functions overlap with______. (hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla) what are some of the functional groups of medulla include: cardiovascular center? cardiac and vasomotor center? respiratory center? what other centers does it regulate?

autonomic reflex center hypothalamus cardiac center: adjusts force and rate of heart contraction vasomotor center: adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation generate respiratory rhythm & control rate and depth of breathing -vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

where is the hypothalamus? Hypothalamus contains many important nuclei such as mammillary bodies? what is the stalk that connects to pituitary gland?

below the thalamus & forms cap over brain stem and forms inferolateral walls of third ventricle paired anterior nuclei that act as olfactory relay stations infundibulum

myelin sheath gaps are where? what are they also called?

between adjacent Schwann cells and they are at sites where axon collaterals can emerge nodes of Ranvier

where are pons located? what does pons relay? what cranial nerves originate in pons? what do some nuclei play in pons?

between midbrain and medulla oblongata & fourth ventricle separates pons from cerebellum impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum V (trigeminal) VI (abducens) VII (facial) reticular formation & maintain normal rhythm of breathing

where is the medulla oblongata? what does it contain (capillary-rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid)?

blends into spinal coed at foramen magnum; contains FOURTH ventricle; continuation of central canal of spinal cord; medulla and pons form VENTRAL WALL choroid plexus

Central nervous system (CNS) consists of? what does it do?

brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity integration and control center (interprets sensory input and dictates motor output)

Dendrites: -motor neurons contain 100s of these short, tapering and diffusely ____ processes (contains same organelles as in cell body) -____ (input) region of neuron -convey incoming messages toward cell body as ___ ___ (short distance signals) -in many brain areas, ____ dendrites are highly specialized to collect information -contain dendritic spines, appendages with _____ or ____

branched receptive graded potentials finer bulbous or spiky

what do these hypothalamic disturbances caused by? -severe body wasting -obesity -sleep disturbances -dehydration -emotional inbalances

caused by tumors, radiation, surgery or trauma in

what is... -evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS -resulted in increased number of neurons -highest level reached in human brain

cephalization

what is? -takes 11% of brain mass -located dorsal to pons and medulla -processes input from cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to provide precise, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles -also plays a major role in balance

cerebellum

telencephalon gives rise to two ____ ____. (together make up the ___) ____ becomes the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina mesencephalon remains the _____. metencephalon becomes the ___ and _____. myelencephalon becomes _____ ____. central cavity of neural tubes becomes the ____.

cerebral hemisphere; cerebrum diencephalon midbrain pons; cerebellum medulla oblongata ventricles

alternating cycles of sleep and wakefulness reflect natural ___ (24-hour) rhythm. hypothalamus releases ____ that help ___ wake up a typical sleep pattern alternates between ___ and ____

circadian orexins; cortex REM and NREM

what are patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools? what are the four types of circuits? what do they mean?

circuits 1. diverging (dividing: one input, many outputs) 2. converging (coming together; many inputs, one output) 3. reverberating (repetitive; signal travels through a chain of neurons, each feeding back to previous neurons) 4. parallel after-discharge (signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell)

what is... -temporary alternation in function? -permanent damage? -pressure from blood may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death? -swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury?

concussion contusion subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage cerebral edma

what involves perception of sensation, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities associated with higher mental processing (memory, logic, judgement)? *clinically defined on continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli: alertness, drowsiness (lethargy), stupor, and coma

consciousness

Nervous System is mast ____ and ____ system of the body. cells communicate via ___ and ____ signals. they are ___ and specific and usually cause almost immediate responses

controlling; communicating electrical; chemical rapid

brain waves reflect ___ activity of higher mental functions normal brain functions are ____ and hard to ____

electrical continuous; hard

what does the limbic associate provide?

emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

-(8-13 Hz) regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indication an "idling" brain -(14-30 Hz) rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert -(4-7 Hz) more irregular; common in children and uncommon in awake adult -(4 Hz) high-amplitude waves of deep sleep and when reticular activating system is suppressed, as during anesthesia; indicates brain damage in awake

-alpha waves -beta waves -theta waves -delta waves

what are the 4 main neuroglia support CNS neurons?

-astrocytes -microglial cells -ependymal cells -oligodendrocytes

Axon Function: -axon is the conducting region of neuron -generates nerve impulses and transmits them along ____ to axon terminal -terminal: region that secretes _____ which are released into extracellular space -carried on many ____ with different neurons at same time -axon rely on bodies to renew ___ and ___ -quickly ___ if cut or damages

-axolemma -neurotransmitter -conversations -proteins and membranes -decay

Axon structure: -each neuron has one axon that starts at cone-shaped area called ____ ___ -in some neurons, axons are ____ or _____; in other, axon comprises almost entire length of cell (some axons can be over 1 meter long) -axons have occasional branches called ___ ____ -axons branch profusely at their ____ (terminus) -how many terminal branches can there be? -distal endings are called axon ____ or ____ _____

-axon hillock -short or absent -axon collaterals -end -10,000 -terminals; terminal boutons

what does the hypothalamus regulate? what does the hypothalamus control?

-body temperature: sweating or shivering -hunger and satiety in response to nutient bloos levels or hormones -water balance and thirst -sleep-wake cycles -endocrine system (secretions of anterior pituitary gland) (production of posterior pituitary hormones)

white matter: regions of ___ and ___ ____ with dense collections of myelinated fibers gray matter: mostly neuron cell bodies and ____ fibers

-brain; spinal cord -nonmyelinated

what are the 4 regions of the adult brain?

1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) 4. Cerebellum

what are the nervous system's three overlapping functions? describe.

1. SENSORY INPUT: info gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes 2. INTEGRATION: processing and interpretation of sensory input 3. MOTOR OUTPUT: activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

functional classifications of neurons 1. -transmits impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS -almost all are unipolar -cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS 2. -carry impulses from CNS to effectors -multipolar -most cell bodies are located in CNS (except some autonomic neurons) 3. -also called association neurons -lie between motor and sensory neurons -shuttle signals through CNS pathways -most are entirely within CNS -99%of body's neurons are this

1. Sensory 2. motor 3. interneurons

synaptic connections 1. between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of others 2. between axon terminals of one neuron and soma (cell body) of others what are the less common connections? -axon to axon -dendrite to dendrite -dendrite to soma what are two main types of synapses?

1. axodendritic 2. axosomatic -axoaxonal -dendrodendritic -somatodendritic chemical synapse & electrical synapse

`structural classification 1. three or more processes (1 axon, other dendrites) most common and major neuron type in CNS 2. two processes (one axon, 1 dendrite) RARE (ex: retina and olfactory muscosa) 3. one T-like process (two axons) also called psuedounipolar Peripheral (distal) process: associated with ___ ____ Proximal (central) process: enters _____

1. multipolar 2. bipolar 3. unipolar -sensory receptor -CNS

cerebral hemispheres account for how much of brain mass? surface markings: gyri? sulci? fissures? what is a longitudinal fissure? transverse cerebral fissure?

83% ridges shallow grooves deep grooves separates two hemispheres separates cerebrum and cerebellum

which cell: -branched cells -processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating MYELIN SHEATHS in thicker nerve fibers

Oligodendrocytes

at 90 minutes this stage begins, fourth stage ends ____ sleep begins -temporary paralysis, except for rapid eye movements -oxygen consumption, heart rate, and breathing ____. -most ____ occurs during this stage

REM increase (can be greater than when awake) dreaming

what is the chronic ability to obtain amount of quality of sleep needed, possibly caused by depression, anxiety, overuse of caffeine, computer/cell phone use too close to bedtime?

insomnia

what does the left hemisphere control? what does the right side of the brain control? what do the two hemispheres communicate through?

language, math, and logic visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills fiber tracts

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? _____ nerves to and from spinal cord. _____ nerves to and from brain.

nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord (portion of of nervous system outside CNS) spinal cranial

embryologically, the brain and spinal cord begin as a ___ ___. neural tube's anterior end expands, and constrictions from 3 primary vesicles: -(forebrain) -(midbrain) -(hindbrain) (anterior/posterior) end becomes spinal cord

neural tube -prosencephalon -mesencephalon -rhombencephalon posterior

nervous system originated from ___ ____ and neural crest formed from _____. the ___ ___ becomes CNS -neuroepithelial cells of ____ ___ proliferate into number of cells needed for development. -neuroblasts become _____ and migrate -neuroblasts sprout axons to connect with targets and become neurons

neural tube; ectoderm neural tube amitotic

what is functional groups of neurons called? -integrate incoming information received from receptors or other neuronal pools -forward processed information to other destinations

neuronal pool

what is the -structural units of nervous system -large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses -special characteristics (longevity, amitotic, and requires a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose) - all have cell body and one or more processes

neurons

during childhood and adolescence learning reinforces certain synapses and _____ away others. -recent evidence suggests genes that promote excessive synaptic pruning may predispose an individual to ____. neurons are ____ after birth; however, there are a few special neuronal populations that continue to divide (olfactory neurons and hippocampus)

prunes -schizophrenia amitotic

Visual Areas: Primary visual (striate) cortex's function? Visual association area's function? what does the more complex processing involve?

receives visual information from the retinas interpret visual stimuli (color, form, or movement& recognizing faces) entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres

what is memory? different kinds of memory: memory of facts? memory of skills? memory of motor skills? memory of experiences linked to an emotion

storage and retrieval of information declarative procedural motor memory emotional memory

what is a CVA? what is it called when tissue is deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue, (can be caused by blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot) glutamate acts as excitotoxin, worsening condition? what is it called when there is paralysis on one side of the body or sensory and speech deficits?

stroke ischemia hemiplegia

factors affecting transfer from STM to LTM: emotional state: best if alert, motivated, ____, or ___. rehearsal: ____ and ____ association: tying ___ information with ___ memories. automatic memory: subconscious information stored in ____

surprised; aroused repetition; practice LTM

what are the two subdivisions of autonomic?

sympathetic (mobilizes body systems during activity)and parasympathetic (conserves energy and promotes keeping functions to rest)

once axon finds its target, it then must find right place to form ____. -_____ provide physical support and the cholesterol needed for construction of synapses about ____ of neurons dies before birth. -if axons do not form a synapse with their target, they are triggered to undergo _____ (programmed cell death). -many other cells also go through this

synapse -astrocytes two-thirds -apoptosis

short-term memory (STM): _____ holding of information (limited to __ or __ pieces of information) long-term memory (LTM): has ____ capacity

temporary limitless