A&P TEST CH. 11-12 🫀
Match the term with the correct definition. A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell E. Return to the resting membrane potential Action potential
C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell
Match the glial cell with its function. A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier B. Macrophages in CNS C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Ependymal cells
C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Axons do not have a resting membrane potential contain the nucleus. have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals. do not have a trigger zone. are numerous extensions from each neuron.
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form __________. spatial pathways reverberating circuits temporal circuits neuromotor junctions
reverberating circuits
When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, temporal summation occurs. the direction of the action potential is reversed. spatial summation occurs. hyperpolarization occurs. threshold is never reached.
spatial summation occurs
The central nervous system includes the __________. spinal cord cranial nerves sensory receptors spinal nerves ganglia
spinal cord
Nissl bodies are __________. part of a dendrite areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum part of the Golgi apparatus lipid droplets also called gemmules
areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in the loss of motor activity in the arms. difficulty breathing. an increased heart rate. an inability to swallow. a decreased heart rate.
difficulty breathing.
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves. twelve eight five six fourteen
eight
Gap junctions are functionally __________ synapses. electrical neuromuscular potential intracellular chemical
electrical
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is on a small diameter axon. from internode to internode. on an unmyelinated axon. from internode to node on a myelinated axon. from node to node on a myelinated axon.
from node to node on a myelinated axon.
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential (2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases (5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) Motor neuron (2) Interneuron (3) Effector (4) Sensory neuron (5) Sensory receptor 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 5, 1, 2, 3, 4
5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Match the glial cell with its function. A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier B. Macrophages in CNS C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Astrocytes
A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier
Match the term with the correct definition. A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell E. Return to the resting membrane potential Local potential
A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area
The nervous system interprets or assesses information. maintains homeostasis. transmits information in the form of action potentials. monitors internal and external stimuli. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs last? Neurotransmitter flows rapidly across the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal. An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
An action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane.
Place the events occurring at a chemical synapse in the correct order based upon the activity designated in the figure shown. Action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal cause voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels to open. Ca²⁺ diffuses into the cell and causes synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis, releasing neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse from the presynaptic terminal across the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter molecules bind their receptor sites, causing ligand-gated Na+ channels to open. Na+ diffuses into the cell or out of the cell, causing a change in membrane potential.
Answer ^^
LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective? Macrophage Ependymal cell Microglia Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte
Astrocyte
Match the term with the correct definition. A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell E. Return to the resting membrane potential Resting membrane potential
B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state
Match the glial cell with its function. A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier B. Macrophages in CNS C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Microglia
B. Macrophages in CNS
Which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells? Convergent Reverberating Both "Convergent" and "Reverberating" are. Divergent
Both "Convergent" and "Reverberating" are.
Identify the functions of the nervous system. (Check all that apply.) Controlling muscles and glands Controlling protein synthesis Controlling protein synthesis Integrating information Integrating information Receiving sensory input Stimulating muscle growth
Controlling muscles and glands Integrating information Integrating information Receiving sensory input
Match the glial cell with its function. A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier B. Macrophages in CNS C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Oligodendrocyte
D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS
Match the term with the correct definition. A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell E. Return to the resting membrane potential Depolarization
D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell
Match the glial cell with its function. A. Influence function of blood-brain barrier B. Macrophages in CNS C. Produce cerebrospinal fluid D. Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS Schwann cell
E. Form myelin sheath around part of the axon in the PNS
Match the term with the correct definition. A. Small change in the resting membrane potential confined to a small area B. Charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in an unstimulated state C. Larger change in resting membrane potential that spreads over entire surface of a cell D. Membrane becomes more positive when Na+ diffuse into cell E. Return to the resting membrane potential Repolarization
E. Return to the resting membrane potential
Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space? Oligodendrocytes Macrophages Microglia Ependymal cells Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth? Subarachnoid space Epidural space Epipial space Subdural space
Epidural space
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the __________ reflex. stretch reciprocal withdrawal crossed extensor Golgi tendon
Golgi tendon
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system? Effector Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron
Interneuron
Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of __________. K+ proteins Ca2+ Cl− Na+
Na+
During depolarization of the plasma membrane, Na+ moves rapidly out of the cell. membrane permeability to Na+ decreases Na+ moves rapidly into the cell. the outside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the inside. K+ moves rapidly out of the cell.
Na+ moves rapidly into the cell.
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis? Microglia Ependymal cell Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte Schwann cells
Oligodendrocyte
Theresa has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease is destroying the __________ associated with neurons that control __________. oligodendrocytes; skeletal muscle oligodendrocytes; cardiac muscle Schwann cells; cardiac muscle Schwann cells; skeletal muscle
Schwann cells; skeletal muscle
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following? Sensory neuron and interneuron The brain Sensory neuron, motor neuron, and inhibitory interneurons Sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron Sensory and motor neurons
Sensory and motor neurons
Which of the following is mismatched? Peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions Peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS Central nervous system - brain Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord? Thecal sac Subdural space Epidural space Subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid space
Continuous conduction of action potentials means that an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site. an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node. once an action potential is created, it moves in both directions along the axon. the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.
an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site.
The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the __________. arachnoid mater ecto mater pia mater dura mater
arachnoid mater
Reflex arcs do not involve the spinal cord. involve inhibitory neurons. occur primarily in the cerebral cortex of the brain. are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response. are the basic structural units of the nervous system.
are capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.
Dendrites form synapses with the microglia. conduct action potentials away from the cell body. contain the trigger zone. are the input part of the neuron. are generally long and unbranched.
are the input part of the neuron.
A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics: non-propagated, graded, can summate. This type of change can be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+. be a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+. be a local potential. result in repolarization. be an action potential.
be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na+.
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they can be used to detect cranial nerve damage. locate the position of cranial nerves. can be used to check for motor function. can be used to help locate nerve damage. indicate what muscles are innervated by each spinal nerve.
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
The absolute refractory period assures prolonged depolarization during the action potential. that the stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response. completion of repolarization before another action potential. that no after-potential occurs. reversal of the direction of propagation of the action potential.
completion of repolarization before another action potential.
A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an __________ potential. summated resting membrane after action local
local
An action potential occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level. cannot transmit information. propagates across the plasma membrane in a decremental fashion. is an example of negative feedback. has no repolarization phase.
occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the __________. trigger zone cell body dendrites presynaptic terminals axolemma
presynaptic terminals
The junction between two neurons is a __________. synapse neuromuscular junction node of Ranvier fascicle ganglia
synapse
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an __________. synapse ganglion receptor effector
synapse
Chemical synapses are characterized by the presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal. receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal. the absence of gap junctions. the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal. connexons that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells.
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
