A&P, Unit 7 Muscles

What are the five functions of the muscular system?

1) Protection 2) Support 3) Circulation 4) Heat production 5) Posture

Name the three types of muscle tissue

1. Striated 2. Smooth and 3. Cardiac

What is oxidation?

A chemical reaction that involves oxygen

Hernias are commonly found in people, both children and adults. What is a hernia?

A weakness in the muscles of the abdominal wall that allows intestine to balloon outward or through the muscle.

What are the names of the two muscle fibers that are needed for muscle contraction?

Actin and myosin

If the abductor muscle moves a body part away from the midline, what term means to move toward the midline?

Adductor

Explain the difference between atrophy and hypertrophy.

Atrophy = loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles; degenerate. Hypertrophy = greater muscle growth than normal (think muscle builders).

Describe why smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are called involuntary muscles.

Because they contract without our thinking about it.

Electrolytes are needed for all bodily functions. What electrolyte is needed within the muscle cell so that it can use ATP for energy?

Calcium

What is the drug classification for diazepam (Valium)?

Centrally acting muscle relaxant

Explain the three characteristics of muscle tissue

Contractility - gets shorter Extensibility - gets longer, ability to stretch Elasticity - ability to return to its original shape after being stretched.

If the proximal (origin) attaches to a nonmoving or less movable bone, what is the term used to describe where the muscle attaches to the part of the bone being moved?

Distal (insertion)

What would you expect to see from a patient taking diazepam (Valium)?

Drowsiness Dizziness Tired Unsteadiness

What are the muscles in the lower back?

Extensor, Flexor, and Oblique muscles

What are the muscles of the lower leg?

Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Gastrocnemius Soleus

If spasticity is an abnormal increase in muscle tone, what is flaccidity?

Flaccidity is an abnormal decrease in muscle tone.

Extensor (extensibility) means to stretch a joint; what does flexor (flexibility) mean?

Flexor means to bend a joint.

What are the muscles of the buttocks?

Gluteus maximus (largest) Gluteus medius (where IM injections are given) Gluteus minimus

Stored sugar (glucose) is called ....

Glycogen

Name the five sphincters and give their location (four in the GI system and one in the urinary system).

In the GI System: 1) Cardiac (esophagus to stomach) 2) Pyloric (stomach to small intestines) 3) Ileocecal (small intestine to large instestine) 4) Anal (external is voluntary and internal is involuntary) In the Urinary System: 1) External (voluntary) and Internal (involuntary)

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the walls of hollow organs (also called viscera)

Where would you find smooth muscle within the body?

Internal organs - examples include kidneys, lungs, liver

Why is acetylcholine so important?

It is the neurotransmitter released at the neuormuscular junction.

Depressor is a term to describe lowering a body part. What does levator mean?

It means to raise or elevate a body part.

What is lactic acid?

It's a waste product that can build up in muscles and cause muscle fatigue (think of the ache that you get in your side if you run).

What are the muscles of the upper back?

Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius (the muscle that hurts if you "sleep wrong") Levator Scapulae Rhomboids (between the shoulder blades)

What are the intercostal muscles?

Muscle between ribs that allow for the expansion/compression of the thoracic cavity

What are individual muscle tissue called?

Muscle fiber

If ligaments connect bones to bones, what do tendons connect?

Muscle to bone

What body organ uses striated muscle? [think striated ... it helps the muscles to stretch]

Muscles

What three things are needed for a muscle to function?

Oxygen, glucose, and ATP

What is myalgia?

Pain in a muscle or multiple muscles due to injury or muscle disease. Polymyalgia = pain in multiple muscles

What are the muscles of the chest?

Pectoralis major (largest muscle in the chest) Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Subclavis

What is the term that is used to describe how the end of a muscle is attached to a nonmoving or less movable bone.

Proximal (origin)

What are the four abdominal muscles?

Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Transverse abdominis (deepest muscle) Internal abdominal oblique

If something rotates around an axis, what is it called?

Rotator

A sensory neurons and motor neurons are important to muscles. How are they different?

Sensory neurons carry messages to the Central Nervous System (CNS) while Motor neurons carry messages away from the CNS. (you touch a hot object, the sensory neuron tells your brain that it toucmotor neurons are what

What muscle group causes joint stabilization, body posture, and movement of extremities?

Skeletal muscles

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which two are involuntary (they work without you thinking about it)?

Smooth and Cardiac

Circular bands of muscles that close off or divide a body passageway is called what?

Sphincters

If an antagonist muscle is the muscle opposing the primary muscle used for movement, what are synergistic muscles?

Synergistic muscles are muscles that work to cause similar movements. (think of your instructors as being synergists .. we work together to help you learn)

The muscle responsible for the primary movement is called

The agonist

What is the Antagonist?

The muscle opposing the primary muscle used for movement.

What is a diaghram?

The muscle that divides the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. (It's what gives you hiccups.)

What are two other names for smooth muscle?

Unstriated or involuntary

What muscles are in the quadricep femoris group in the anterior thigh?

Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis (muscle used for IM injections) Vastus Intermedius Rectus Femoris (Quadriceps: quad = four; this muscle gets it name because it consists of four individual muscles)

Skeletal muscle is (choose one) voluntary or involuntary?

Voluntary

Describe what muscle tone is.

When a muscle is slightly contracted and ready to spring into action.

What is meant by the term involuntary?

You can not consciously control the muscle.

What is the Motor End Plate?

connection between neuron and muscle

What is the name of the individual cells of muscle tissue?

muscle fibers