A&P1 - Module 2 Exam Study Set

The femur can withstand ______ times the body's weight without breaking.

10 to 15

What is the correct sequence of steps in bone repair? 1. Cartilage in the external callus is replaced by bone 2. A hematoma occurs 3. An internal callus forms at the site of injury 4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodeled the bone at the site of repair

2, 3, 1, 4

The adult skeleton contains _____ major bones.

206

Of the total inorganic components in bone, calcium accounts for what percent?

39%

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

All of the answers are correct

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as _____.

Calcification

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification Identify the structure labeled "2".

Epiphysis

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are _____.

Parallel

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a _____ fracture.

Pott's

A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a ______ fracture.

Pott's

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called ______.

a lacuna

The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is ______.

appositional growth

The trabeculae of spongy bone ______.

are organized along stress lines

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates ______.

become narrower

During appositional growth, ______.

bones grow wider

If blood calcium levels drop below 8.5 mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated?

both calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

If blood calcium levels rise above 11 mg/dL which hormone is likely to be activated?

calcitonin

Which hormone increases calcium phosphate ion absorption by the intestines?

calcitriol

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of ______.

calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body is ______.

calcium

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix?

calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of ____.

cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of metaphysis

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) _______.

cartilage model

The condition known as osteopenia ______.

causes a gradual reduction in bone mass

Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are ______.

circumferential lamellae

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are ______.

circumferential lamellae

______ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched.

collagen

The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ______ fracture.

compression

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone Identify the structures labeled "4".

concentric lamellae

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a ______.

condyle

The hormone calcitonin functions to ____.

decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood

The lining of the medullary cavity is the ______.

endosteum

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the ______.

epiphyses

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the ______.

external callus

A ______ is a rounded passageway of blood vessels and/or nerves.

foramen

A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a ______.

foramen

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a ____.

fossa

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in ______.

gigantism

In a ______ fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.

greenstick

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a _____.

head

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

hematoma

A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of _____.

heterotopic bone formation

A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of ______.

heterotopic bone formation

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification What type of tissue occurs at #1?

hyaline cartilage

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification?

hyaline cartilage

Secondary ossification centers occur _____.

in the epiphyses

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except _____.

inhibiting calcitonin secretion

Bones that have complex shapes are ______.

irregular Bones

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it ______.

is released in large amounts early in life

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false?

it results in short, stubby fingers

The humerus is an example of a(n) ______ bone.

long

Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are ______.

long bones

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, _____.

long bones have reached their adult length

Aging has what effect on the skeletal system?

loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix

Adipose tissue is stored within the ____.

medullary cavity

During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis.

nutrient arteries and veins

During the process of ______, an existing tissue is replaced by bone.

ossification

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of _____ cells.

osteoblast

Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called ______.

osteoblasts

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called ______.

osteoblasts

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the _______.

osteoclasts

Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called ______.

osteoclasts

Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells?

osteoclasts

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain ______.

osteocytes

Which of the following is not true of osteocytes?

osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ______ cells.

osteogenic

______ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

osteogenic cells

The natural age-related loss of bone mass is called _____.

osteopenia

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become ______.

osteopenic

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as ______.

perforating canals

Intramembranous ossification _____.

produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull

______ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

red

Figure 6-1 The Structure of Compact Bone The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process?

remodeling of compact bone

A lack of exercise could ______.

result in porous and weak bones

Figure 6-2 Endochondral Ossification What process is shown at #6?

secondary ossification

The patella is an example of a(n) ____ bone.

sesamoid

_____ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.

sesamoid

Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are ______.

sesamoid bones

_______ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix

sex

Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are ______.

short bones

A(n) ______, or closed, fracture does not break the skin.

simple

A chamber with a bone normally filled with air is a ______.

sinus

Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur?

skin

A ____ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.

spiral

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many direction is _____ bone.

spongy

______ reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

spongy

Hundreds of years ago, explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented?

supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called _____ bones.

sutural

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

the bone would be more flexible

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true?

the epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

the roof of the skull and the clavicle

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called _____.

trabaculae

A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a ______ fracture.

transverse

A ______ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone.

trochanter

A _______ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

trochlea

How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except ______.

vitamin E

The disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are ____.

weaker and more flexible