A&P1 - Module 4 Study Set

Which of the following is not true regarding the lentiform nucleus?

It contains white matter.

The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae

L1-L2

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "9".

anterior gray commissure

If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention _____ because it is not a special sense.

cold

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

dura mater

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the

falx cerebri

Which of the following is/are sometimes called "prickling pain"?

fast pain

The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the _____ tract.

lateral corticospinal

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the

occipital lobe

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the _____, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

Sensory neurons that are always active are called _____ receptors.

tonic

Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise

cervical enlargement

Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the

anterior white commissure

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except

anterograde amnesia

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they

are found in tendons

All of the following are true of fast pain sensations except that they

are interpreted by the pre-frontal cortex

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the

interventricular foramen

The most complicated spinal reflexes are called

intersegmental reflex arcs

A(n) _____ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.

polysynaptic

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food.

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveal many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

substantia nigra

Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the

superior mesenteric ganglion

Which of the following is not one of the thalamic nuclei?

superior nuclei

Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called _____ ganglia.

terminal

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called _____ memories.

tertiary

Upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract synapse with neurons in

the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Which branch carries motor neurons to structures on the back of the body trunk?

1

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Which structure conducts action potentials directly from a sensory receptor?

1

Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes

1 and 3

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?

1, 2, 3

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?

10

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

11 thoracic spinal nerves

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Where do somatic motor neurons reside?

14

Figure 13-2 Spinale Nerves Damage to which structure would lead to paralysis of limbs?

2

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Ependymal cells are most likely found at which structure?

2

Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation 2) sensory neuron activation 3) sensory receptor activation 4) information processing 5) effector response

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age

4 years

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "4."

4th ventricle

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve that goes beyond the head and neck to innervate the thorax and abdomen.

5

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway The axon labeled "2" synapses with which structure?

5

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the spinal accessory nerve (XI).

6

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF is absorbed into the venous circulation via arachnoid granulations. Identify an arachnoid granulation.

8

The adult human brain contains almost _____ of the body's neural tissue.

97 percent

_____ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.

A seizure

We are constantly bombarded by a variety of stimuli inside and outside of our bodies. Why are we not overwhelmed by sensory information?

A very tiny percentage of incoming sensory information is received by the cerebral cortex.

The hypothalamus produces which two hormones?

ADH and oxytocin

Which of the following is not true regarding hemispheric lateralization?

Analytic tasks like math and decision making occurs in the right hemisphere.

_____ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.

Aphasia

_____ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.

Baroreceptors

_____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Bell's palsy

Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly state where the bleeding has occurred in his brain?

Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to

Broca's area

Tactile receptors located in the reticular dermis that are tonic and show little if any adaptation are called

Bulbous corpuscles

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?

Huntington's disease

The nuclei of which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

III and IV

The cranial nerves that innervate the extrinsic eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI

Which statement is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid?

If CSF is not properly reabsorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?

It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatoning.

Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?

It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.

Which of the following is not true of meningitis?

It only affects spinal meninges.

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

L1

Blocking _____ receptors in the _____ prevents long-term memory formation.

NMDA; hippocampus

During _____ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

Which statement is true regarding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid of the spinal cord and brain?

The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord.

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the sympathetic division?

The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized.

Why is it that one cannot identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location can be identified?

The internal organs have no proprioceptors like joints, bones, and muscles.

Which of the following is not a reason a reflex response may fail during a clinical exam?

The person may be elderly and no longer have any reflexes.

Which of the following is true of all the sensory pathways?

They all enter through dorsal roots.

Which of the following statements is true about general senses?

They are distributed all over the body.

Which of the following is not true regarding visceral reflex arcs?

They are monosynaptic.

Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes?

They involve one muscle group.

Which of the following is not true regarding an epidural block?

This procedure does not provide sustained anesthesia

The complex integration of sensory information with visual and auditory memories occurs in this area near the auditory cortex?

Wernicke's area

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

XII

A patient comes into the emergency room with weakness on one side and difficulty walking and talking. You determine that the brain has been deprived of oxygen due to lack of regional blood flow. You suspect that patient has most likely experienced

a cerebrovascular accident

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem?

a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

a reduction in saliva

Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce

a sensation in the right leg

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of the cholinergic type?

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "3."

abducens nerve

A person with a damaged visual association area may be

able to see letters but unable to associate them into words

A patient suffers an inability to shrug their shoulders. The nerve most likely to be damaged is the

accessory

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is _____ and the other is _____.

acetylcholine; GABA

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

activates β2 adrenergic receptors.

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is referred to as

adaptation

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal medullae

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrengergic

The sensory receptors, neurons and pathways make up the _____ division of the nervous system.

afferent

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are _____ waves.

alpha

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is

always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects upper and lower motor neurons causing skeletal muscle atrophy?

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

an increase in blood flow through the vessel

Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) _____ ramus.

anterior

Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the

anterior rami

The _____ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

anterior rami

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "2".

anterior ramus

The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the

anterior spinothalamic

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Where in the spinal cord is the structure labeled "2" located?

anterior white column

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the

arachnoid granulations

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the

arbor vitae

The folds of the surface of the cerebellum

are called folia and are less prominent than the cerebral folds

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

are part of the limbic system

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

ascending tracts

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called _____ areas.

association

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

autonomic blocking agents

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called

autonomic plexuses

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the axon labeled "3."

axon of a second-order neuron

In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the

axon of the lower motor neuron

At the optic chiasm,

axons from the medial halves of each retina cross

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons

The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons

Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the fewest number of motor units involved?

back trunk

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors

Bladder fullness is to _____ as blood pH is to _____.

baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the ventricle, you will find the

basal nuclei

Which areas of the brain monitor and adjust activities of the motor pathways?

basal nuclei and cerebellum

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to _____ receptors.

beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia?

bladder

Hydropcephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from

blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production

The medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration

The choroid plexus is composed of

blood vessels

The adrenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation

Spinal nerves are

both sensory and motor

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

brachial

The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the _____ plexus.

brachial

Chemoreceptors of the general senses do not send information to the primary sensory cortex but instead send information to the _____ to control autonomic function.

brain stem

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brain stem

If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected?

breathing

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

cannot be modified by the brain

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus

Sensations of burning or aching pain

cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain

cell bodies of sensory neurons

The spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system.

central

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "10."

central canal

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicated that it came from the

cerebellar cortex

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum

When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences?

cerebellum

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "3."

cerebral aqueduct

Most long-term memories are stored in the

cerebral cortex

Upper motor neurons are located in the

cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem

Descending fibers from the pons to the cerebellum pass through these structures of the midbrain?

cerebral peduncles

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

cerebral peduncles

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the _____ region.

cervical

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic _____ ganglia.

chain

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic

chain

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the round structure labeled "3."

chain ganglion

Receptors in your stomach that determine when food enters because of the pH changes would be classified as

chemoreceptors

All parasympathetic neurons are

cholinergic

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "1."

choroid plexus

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the _____ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

clinicians test this when a peripheral nerve injury is suspected

The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the

coccygeal ligament

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called _____ ganglia.

collateral

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called _____ ganglia.

collateral

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

columns

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

coma

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers

The medial nuclei of the thalamus

connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe

Sympathetic nerves

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called

contralateral

The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

control feeding reflexes

A motor neuron typically receives input from neurons that originate in various areas of the brain. This type of circuit is a

convergent circuit

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose

A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the _____ reflex.

corneal

The _____ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.

corpora quadrigemina

The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected?

corticobulbar tract

Which motor pathway does not end in the spinal cord?

corticobulbar tract

The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the _____ tracts.

corticospinal

The parasympathetic division is also called the _____ division.

craniosacral

The _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

crossed extensor

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2."

crude touch and pressure sensations

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

decreased blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

decreased heart rate

Peripheral adaptation _____ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.

decreases

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway What occurs in this neural pathway at label "3"?

decussation

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is

decussation

Which EEG wave if seen in an awake adult may indicate a pathological condition?

delta

General sense receptors are typically the

dendrites of sensory neurons

These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement

denticulate ligaments

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?

depression

The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a

dermatome

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area

The pineal gland is part of the

diencephalon

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

diencephalon

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

Injury to the neurons of collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to

dilate airways

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways

In _____, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.

divergence

Most vital organs receive _____ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "7."

dura mater

The dural venous sinuses are located in the

dural folds

A(n) _____ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

electroencephalogram

Specialized _____ form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal cells

The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the

epineurium

Descending branches of the vagus and splanchnic nerves travel through the _____ plexus.

esophageal

How rapidly is the CSF volume replaced?

every 8 hours

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "12."

facial

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

falx cerebri

Stimulation of the _____ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.

feeding center

The conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal ligament via a strand of fibrous tissue called the

filum terminale

The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a _____ neuron.

first-order

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the neuron labeled "1".

first-order neuron

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause

food to remain in your stomach longer

For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. This means the patient will temporarily

forget memories from during and immediately after surgery

Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?

forms the roof of the diecephalon

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

fornix

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the

fourth

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "6."

ganglionic neuron

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his

general interpretive area

A _____ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse if strong enough.

generator

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)?

glossopharyngeal and vagus

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures

The postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are

gray rami communicantes

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "3".

gray ramus communicans

The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called

gyri

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it

has a clear genetic basis

The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that

have more motor units

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the nerve labeled "4"?

hearing and balance

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

hearing and balance

The _____ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

hippocampus

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

hippocampus

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections, are called

horns

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

hypoglossal

Which cranial nerve is tested by having the patient stick out their tongue?

hypoglossal

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?

hypothalamus

The _____ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The floor of the diecephalon is formed by the

hypothalamus

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the

hypothalamus

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

hypothalamus

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

increased heart rate and force contraction

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except

increased memory storage

Parasympathetic stimulation

increases gastric motility

The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the

inferior colliculi

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

inferior colliculi

This structure of the medulla oblongata relays information from the red nuclei, midbrain, and the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

inferior olivary complex

The _____, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to

inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine

Central adaptation refers to

inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are _____ reflexes.

innate

Splanchnic nerves

innervate the viscera or internal organs

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

insula

_____ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech.

integrative

Commissural fibers

interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres

Which of the following is not correctly matched?

internal capsule: bands of association fibers

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

The general senses

involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called

ipsilateral

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal cells

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that

it causes skeletal muscle convulsions

In order for a sensation to become a perception,

it must be received by the somatosensory cortex

The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a(n)

labeled line

A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle

Male brains are typically _____ compared to female brains.

larger

The dorsal/posterior nuclei of the thalamus includes the

lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the

lateral geniculate nuclei

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

lateral spinothalamic

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the _____ lobe.

left frontal

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicates of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the _____ muscles.

leg

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the

limbic system

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

lobes

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?

loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

loss of sensation in his torso

In the corticospinal pathway, the neuron that exits the spinal cord and enters the spinal nerve is called the _____ neuron.

lower motor

Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called _____ neurons.

lower motor

During the procedure known as a(n) _____, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid spaced in the inferior lumbar region.

lumbar puncture

The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following except the

mammillary bodies

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the _____ nerve.

mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata

Cardiovascular centers located in the _____ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

medulla oblongata

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

memory consolidation

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the

midbrain

The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the

midbrain

Which of the following tracts is correctly matched?

middle cerebellar peduncles: link cerebellum with nuclei in the pons

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segment, you would expect that he

might be unable to breathe on his own

The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by

monoamine oxidase

In a(n) _____ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

monosynaptic

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

more complex

Descending tracts in the spinal cord relay _____ information.

motor

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4."

motor commands to skeletal muscles

Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the

motor nuclei of cranial nerves

Axons of the corticobulbar tracts terminate in the

motor nuclei of cranial nerves

The flexor reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except

multipolar

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

myelinated axons

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

neuron cell bodies

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation?

nitric oxide

A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending which centrally uses glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters would most likely be a

nociceptor

Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by

nociceptors

Pain is to _____ as cold is to _____.

nociceptors; thermoreceptors

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is _____ and the other promoting deep sleep is _____.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Masses of gray matter within the central nervous system are

nuclei

The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the

number of motor units in that region

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the _____ nerve.

oculomotor

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

olfaction

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels

Which of the following nerves is purely sensory?

optic

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the structure labeled "1."

optic nerve

Which is not a sympathetic ganglion?

otic

Which is an example of a slow-adapting receptor?

pain

You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyways, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a _____ neuronal circuit.

parallel processing

The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed

paraplegia

The _____ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest".

parasympathetic

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

parasympathetic division of the ANS

For the last few weeks, you have had an odd sensation on your upper thigh. When you touch the naked skin, it feels very strange, like you are touching your skin through layers of cloth. The surrounding area feels normal. Your doctor thinks that this may be related to spinal nerve damage related to a herniated disc. The doctor calls this change in sensation

paresthesia

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the

parietal and frontal lobes

The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the _____ nerves.

pelvic

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the _____ nerve(s).

pelvic

The dominant cerebral hemisphere of the brain

performs analytical tasks

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

perineurium

The dural sinuses form between which two layers of the cranial dura mater?

periosteal and meningeal layers

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed

peripheral neuropathy

Activity of neurons in the spinothalamic pathway may still send signals even if the first order sensory receptor does not receive a signal such as in amputation. This situation might cause

phantom limb pain

Sensory neurons that adapt quickly are called _____ receptors.

phasic

Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are

phasic receptors and fast-adapting

The _____ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

phrenic

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the

phrenic

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

pia mater

The layer of meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

pia mater

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain?

pia mater

Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer/

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

play the piano

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a

plexus

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

plexus

Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the

pons

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the

pons

Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

posterior (dorsal) column

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "4".

posterior gray horn

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord Identify the structure labeled "1".

posterior white column

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "4."

postganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex

Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?

prefrontal cortex

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) _____ neuron.

preganglionic

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "1."

preganglionic neuron

In order to take notes the primary motor cortex must receive input from the _____ first.

premotor cortex

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the structure labeled "1."

primary motor cortex

The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?

primary motor cortex

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the _____ cortex.

primary sensory

Action potentials from receptors involved in general sensations are interpreted in the

primary sensory cortex

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts The third-order neuron in this pathway synapses in what structure labeled "7"?

primary sensory cortex

A person touches you lightly with a feather. What two areas of the brain allow you to feel and interpret this touch?

primary sensory cortex and the somatic sensory association area

What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with damage to the basal nuclei?

problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles

Autonomic disorders would not cause

problems related to skeletal muscle functions

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

produces ATP for impulse transmission

Which of the following is a property of thermoreceptors?

project to reticular formation

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

proprioceptors

You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any _____ there.

proprioceptors

Two types of receptors that are least likely to adapt are the

proprioceptors and nociceptors

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

The basal nuclei

provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities

The basal nuclei

provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

pupillary reflex

The neurons of the primary motor cortex are _____ cells.

pyramidal

The corticospinal system is often referred to as the

pyramidal system

The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed

quadriplegia

Loss of feeling in the thumb and first two fingers is most likely due to a damaged _____ nerve.

radial

Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the

receptor fields

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to

receptor specificity

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

reciprocal inhibition

The rubrospinal tracts originate in the

red nuclei

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)

reflex arc

The conscious state is maintained by the

reticular activating system

Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord except the

reticulospinal tract

The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the _____ tract.

rubrospinal

The _____ tract provides subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement and is part of the _____ pathway.

rubrospinal; lateral

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the _____ nerve.

sciatic

The largest peripheral nerve is the _____ nerve.

sciatic

Sensory neurons synapse in the CNS with an interneuron known as a

second-order neuron

Which of the following is not function of the hypothalamus?

secrete melatonin

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called

senile dementia

Ascending tracts in the spinal cord relay _____ information.

sensory

If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,

sensory input would be blocked

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because

sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the

septum pellucidum

In the condition _____, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

shingles

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in _____ reflexes.

short

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are _____ and have _____ axons.

short; myelinated

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except

skeletal muscle

The _____ nervous system carries impulses to skeletal muscles.

somatic

_____ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.

somatic

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?

somatic and visceral sensory

The large anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

somatic motor nuclei

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord What is the function of the structure labeled "11"?

somatic sensory receiving

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

spinal meninges

A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a

spinal nerve

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "8".

spinal nerve

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway Identify the structure labeled "2."

spinal nerve

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except

spinal segments T1-L2

The sense of proprioception passes along the _____ pathway.

spinocerebellar

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

splanchnic nerves

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

stimulating serotonin receptors

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

subarachnoid space

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "6."

subarachnoid space

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

subarachnoid space

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

substantia nigra

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the

superior and inferior colliculi

Figure 14-1 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Identify the structure labeled "9."

superior sagittal sinus

To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the

superior sagittal sinus

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The _____ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."

sympathetic

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "6".

sympathetic ganglion

Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the

sympathetic nerve

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called

sympathetic nerves

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased

Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified?

sympathetic/parasympathetic

Which of the following is correctly matched?

sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

sympathomimetic

A mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a

tactile (Meissner) corpuscle

A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a

tactile (Meissner) corpuscle

A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum basale is a

tactile (Merkel) disc

A receptor that contains many mechanically-gated ion channels would function best as a

tactile receptor

The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except

taste

The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the _____ tract.

tectospinal

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

telencephalon

Free nerve endings detect which stimulus/stimuli?

temperature, pain, stretch, and touch

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

The olfactory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the _____ reflex.

tendon

Which dural fold separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?

tentorium cerebelli

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic Tracts Identify the structure labeled "5."

thalamus

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus

The _____ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.

thalamus

All of the following pathways require third-order neurons synapsing in the thalamus except

the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

The subdural space lies between

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in

the left cerebral hemisphere

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

the limbic system

All of the following can contribute to receptor specificity except

the metabolism of the receptor cell

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to

the prefrontal cortex

Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following except

the skin

Sensory information from all parts of the body is routed to

the somatosensory cortex

Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on

the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.

In the spinothalamic pathway, the sensory neuron that synapses with a neuron in the cerebral cortex is called the _____ neuron.

third-order

Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are _____ neurons.

third-order

The spinal cord consists of four regions and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

thirty-one

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglion fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?

thoracic

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except

touch sensations

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as

tracts

The conversion of a sensory input to a change in membrane potential in the receptor is known as

transduction

The conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called

transduction

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves Identify the nerve labeled "11."

trigeminal

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb?

trigeminal

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves in the brachial plexus are termed

trunks

A receptor potential may cause all of the following responses except

turning off the original stimulus

Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least _____ motor neuron(s).

two

Postganglionic axons usually are

unmyelinated

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the origin of the axon labeled "2."

upper motor neuron

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the _____ nerve(s).

vagus

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

vagus nerve

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

varicosities

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal Pathway Identify the structure labeled "5."

ventral root

Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called

ventricles

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to

verbally identify an object placed in her left hand

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of the following symptoms except

very fast heart rate

Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain?

vestibulocochlear

The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the _____ tract.

vestibulospinal

The heart muscle is a _____ effector.

visceral

_____ reflexes perform the simplest functions of the autonomic nervous system.

visceral

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

visceral motor control

Figure 14-2 Cranial Nerves What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"?

visceral sensation and motor control

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck

The pyramidal system provides

voluntary control over skeletal muscles

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

voluntary motor activity

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

white columns

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

white rami communicantes

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves Identify the structure labeled "4".

white ramus

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

celiac

Which neuron delivers sensations to the CNS?

first-order

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

skeletal muscle system

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

urinary incontinence