A&P2 ch 22 review

What is the most important androgen in males?

testosterone

Which gland secretes a fluid that functions to lubricate the tip of the penis in preparation for intercourse?

bulbourethral gland

The site of sperm maturation is the ______.

epididymis

The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia are examples of a females _____ sex organs.

accessory

I'm females, the hollow, muscular organ that is shaped like an inverted pear is the _______.

Uterus

The muscular organ that opens into the vagina and functions to harbor the fetus during pregnancy is the

Uterus

In a female, the internal accessory reproductive organs are a pair of uterine tubes, a(n) ________ and a(n)_________.

Uterus, vagina

Just outside the prostate gland, each ductus deferens unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle. The Fusion of these ducts forms the ____________ duct, which passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra.

ejaculatory

What are fimbriae?

finger like extensions of the uterine tube.

Male gametes (sperm) are reproduced by a type of cell division called

meiosis

The cortex of the ovary is the ____ layer

outer

Female sex cells are called

ova (eggs)

What do oogonia develop into?

primary oocytes

The epididymis directs sperm cells into what structure?

Ductus deferens

Indicate the structures that sperm cells pass through

Ductus deferentia, epididymis, ejaculatory duct

Sperm move from the seminiferous tubules into the rete testis, and then into the ________. Next sperm enter the ductus deferens.

Epididymis

Indicate the structures that sperm cells pass through.

Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferentia.

Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system

Facilitate the development of the offspring, produce and maintain female sex cells, produce female sex hormones

True or false: during prophase I, homogolus chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called fertilization.

False

Capacitation is a process that occurs in the _______ and results in _______.

Female reproductive tract; weakening the across all membranes of sperm cells.

What is spermatogenisis

Formation of sperm cells

The process of meiosis produces ________ genetically ________ cells.

Four, different

The root word that means origin is

Genesis

corpus spongiosum enlarges at its distal end to form which region of tissue?

Glans penis

Select the layers of tissue found in the uterine tubes. Select all that apply.

Outer covering of peritoneum Mucosal layer-simple ciliated columnar epithelium Muscular layer -smooth muscle

The solid, ovoid organs of the female reproductive system, located in shallow depressions in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity, are called the _________.

Ovaries

Order the layers of the uterine tube wall from the outside to inside

Peritoneum, muscular layer, mucosa

Which are part of the male orgasm?

Pleasurable feelings of physiological and psychological release. Movement of sperm and secretions into the urethra. Ejaculation of sperm.

The loose fold of skin at the distal end of the penis that extends to cover the gland penis is called the _______.

Prepuce

Millions of primordial follicles form in the ovarian cortex before birth. A primordial follicle consists of a layer of follicular cells surrounding a single, large cell called a _____ oocyte.

Primary

Sperm are produced by the ______ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of _______.

Primary; accessory

Which structures are formed in the ovary prior to birth?

Primordial follicles

The gland that surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra and the ejaculatory ducts, just inferior to the urinary bladder is the _______ gland.

Prostate

In males, which gland is located inferior to the urinary bladder, surrounding the superior portion of the urethra?

Prostate gland

Indicate three male accessory glands

Prostate, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicle

Between the ages of thirteen and fifteen a young man's androgen production usually increases rapidly. This phase of development, when an individual becomes reproductively functional, is called

Puberty

What occurs during ejaculation?

Release of semen to the outside if the penis

Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system.

Secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics. Spermatogenesis.

In males, which type of gland is found on the posterior side of the bladder?

Seminal vesicles

Each lobule within the testis contains one to four _______ with spermatogenic cells in the epithelial lining.

Seminiferous tubules

Place the structures in the order that sperm cells flow through them, with the structure closest to spermatic origin at the top.

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferens

A tough, white, fibrous capsule extends into the testis forming thin ________ that divide the testes into _______.

Septa, lobules

Which two processes are included in spermatogenesis?

Spermiogenisis and meiosis

What is the spermatic cord?

Structure that suspends the testis in the scrotum

Meiosis produces ______ in humans.

sperm cells and oocytes

What is the function of the epididymis?

sperm maturation and storage

Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.

spermatogonia

undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called __________.

spermatogonia

Which two endocrine organs produce androgens?

testes and adrenal cortex

The most important androgen is

testosterone

The glans penis is formed by the corpus ________, an area of erectile tissue in the penis.

Spongiosum

Indicate the characteristics of semen

-it contains secretions from the prostate gland -it is analkalkine fluid containing nutrients

List three structures located within the spermatic cord

1. Blood Vessels 2. Vas Deferens 3. Nerves

Located in the penis are ______ column(s) of corpora cavernosa and ______ column(s) of corpora spongiosa.

2;1

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A month or two before birth

Where are the epididymis located?

Above and behind the testes

A wide sac-like portion of a tubular organ such as ductus deferens or uterine tube is known as a(n) __________.

Ampulla

Gonadotropins FSH and LH are released under the influence of GnRH. FSH and LH are released from the ____________.

Anterior pituitary gland

Sperm cells cannot fertilize an oocyte until they enter the female reproductive tract. Here they undergo a process called ________, which weakens the acrosomal membranes of sperm cells.

Capacitation

The shaft of the penis is composed of three columns of erectile tissue: a pair of for sally located corpora ________ and a single ventral corpus _________.

Cavernosa; spongiosum

The uterine tubes are lined with cells that have ________ on their free surfaces, which move to propel the oocyte toward the uterus.

Cilia

The outermost region or layer of the ovary where the oocytes develop is called the _____.

Cortex

What is the term for expanded end of the uterine tube that partially encircles the ovary?

Infundibulum

Most androgens are produced by the __ cells of the testes, but the adrenal ___ also synthesizes small amounts.

Interstitial; cortex

Indicate two characteristics of the fluid produced by seminal vesicles

It contains prostaglandins It contains fructose

Indicate the characteristics of the ductus deferens (vas deferens)

It is part of the spermatic cord, it originates at the lower end of the epididymis, near its end, it dilates into an ampulla.

What is produces by the interstitial cells of the testes?

Male sexual hormones

During spermatogenesis, _______ is the process that ensures that each sperm cell will have only 23 chromosomes.

Meiosis

Spermatogenesis arrests during embryonic development after primary spermatocytes form through ________. The process continues at puppetry when primary spermaticytes divide using a process of cell division called ________.

Mitosis; meiosis

Baby girls are born with ______ oocytes than are present at puberty.

More

Where do the male gonads initially form during fetal development?

Near the kidneys

The female reproductive system produces and maintains the female sex cells, called

Oocytes or eggs

Indicate which organs secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions.

Testes, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

What stimulates the testes to descend during development?

Testosterone

Describe the dartos muscle.

The layer of smooth muscle under the superficial facia of the scrotum.

When exposed to cold temperatures, the testes move __________ the pelvic cavity. When exposed to warmth, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity.

Toward; away from

Where is the prostate gland located?

at the base (inferior to) the bladder

What is located in the medulla of the ovary?

blood vessels and nerves

where is the prepuce found

covering of glans penis

The layer of the smooth muscle under the superficial fascia of the scrotum is called the _______ muscle.

dartos

The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily ______ from birth to menopause.

decreases

What is the name of the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

ductus deferens

ciliary action and peristaltic contractions of the uterine tube help move the ___ to the uterus

egg

Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules.

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

During sexual stimulation, parasympathetic impulses release nitric oxide (NO) that dilates arteries of the penis causing accumulation of blood; the penis swells and elongates, producing an

erection

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. What does this process produce.

genetically unique (different) sister chromatids

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

inferior to the prostate gland

Each testes is divided by septa into smaller units called _______.

lobules

The process of ______ results in the formation of haploid cells with one set of genetic instructions carried on 23 chromosomes, while the process of ______ results in the formation of diploid cells with two sets of 23 chromosomes.

meiosis and mitosis

The ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes are

oogonia

Which term refers to ovarian stem cells that give rise to oocytes?

oogonia

From the spinal cord, ______ impulses cause ______ of the arteries and subsequent ______ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produces an erection.

parasympathetic; dilation; constriction

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

posterior to the urinary bladder

Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules.

rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called

semen

Normally, where does fertilization occur?

uterine tube

Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube

Name the ducts that extend from the ovaries to the uterus, conveying fertilized ovum to the uterus.

uterine tubes