A&P2 Chapter 28

What are the two main phases of the ovarian cycle? What happens during each?

Follicular phase (Days 1-14) FSH stimulates (anterior pituitary) Produces glycoprotein coat (zona pellucida) Antrum grows until isolated Ovulation Luteal phase (Days 15-28) Corpus luteum results - estrogen & progesterone Remains active through 1st Trimester

What is the corpus luteum? What is the function of this structure?

The primary purpose of the corpus luteum is to pulse out hormones, including progesterone. Progesterone is required for a viable pregnancy to occur and to continue. Progesterone helps the uterine lining, known as the endometrium, to thicken and become spongy.

Know the terms given to oocytes as they progress through the ovary.

primoridal follicles- most immature egg cells primary oocytes- one layer of follicles on outside secondary follicles- mature follicle- expel egg itself corpus luteum- remnant of follicle, will continue there in first trimester and produces hormones

What is the function of each of the cells in the testes?

- Sertoli cells are located within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Function: They provide nutrition to the developing sperms. - Leydig cells are located in the interstitial spaces between the seminiferous tubules. Function: They synthesize and secrete androgen hormones (like testosterone).

Through what structures of the uterine tube does the egg pass through on the way to the uterus? How does it move through the tube?

A constricted section called the isthmus connects with the uterus. Finally, an intermediate, dilated portion, the ampulla, curves over the ovary. Egg fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. The eggs then travel through the isthmus into the uterus.

Where is the prostate located? Why would an enlarged prostate interfere with urination?

Because the prostate is located just below the bladder, when it becomes larger it canplace pressure on the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis and out of the body.

What names are given to the erectile tissues in the penis? Where is each located?

Corpus spongeosum- covers urethra corpora cavernosa- on either side of penis

What are the main hormones involved in female reproductive processes? What is the function of each?

Estrogen helps control the menstrual cycle and is important for childbearing. Estrogen also has other functions: Keeps cholesterol in control. Protects bone health for both women and men. Progesterone is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important roles in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. LH and FSH and estrogen- cause ovulation progesterone- uterine lining build up

Where in the female reproductive tract does fertilization/implantation take place?

Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian/uterine tube that links an ovary to the uterus.

In oogenesis, when do the parts of meiosis occur?

In the male, meiosis takes place after puberty. In females, meiosis begins during the fetal stage when a series of diploid cells enter meiosis I.

What significant events occur in meiosis I? What about meiosis II?

Meiosis I: It is the reduction division which results in two cells being formed each with half the number of chromosomes of each parent cell ( i.e haploid) HOMOLOGUE PAIR SEPARATE Meiosis II: The copying division which involves two haploid cells each dividing by mitosis to form four haploid cell SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE

When given a cell in the process of spermatogenesis, be able to identify how many chromosomes it would contain.

Normal diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome, for a total of 46. Spermatids have half this number, for a total of 23 chromosomes.

How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis?

Oogenesis creates 1 viable egg within the female. Spermatogeneis creates 4 viable sperm in male. Women go through meiosis before birth, only cells that finish meiosis is the ones that are fertilized. Males always perfoming spermatogenesis from puberty to death.

How long is the average menstrual cycle? At what point in the cycle does ovulation occur?

Ovulation happens about 14 days before your period starts. If your average menstrual cycle is 28 days, you ovulate around day 14, and your most fertile days are days 12, 13 and 14.

Know the layers of the uterus

Perimetrium (peritoneum) Myometrium Thickest layer of smooth muscle in the body endometrium

What are the components of semen? What is the function of each of these components?

Prostaglanins- stimulate uterine contraction fructose and nutrients- Immune suppressors- down immune response motility enhancers- swim better fibrinogen and fibrin-coagulate sperm so they don't fall out of uterus yellow pigment- for forensics alkaline mucous- neutralizes acidic environment

Know the parts of the internal female anatomy that we talked about in class (uterus/uterine tube) and where they are (generally) located.

See slide 12 and 13.

Why are the testes and epididymides located outside the body?

The temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body. This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body.

What part of the sperm cell allows penetration into the ovum?

The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the acrosome, which enables the sperm to penetrate the egg.

Know the structures of the penis that we talked about in class, along with the function of each

Urethra: The penile urethra runs through the center of the penis and up to the bladder. Urine is released through this tube. Ejaculate also is released from the urethra. Foreskin: The prepuce, or foreskin, is a shroud of skin that covers the head of the penis. It is this skin that is removed during circumcision. Glans: The glans, or head of the penis, is a mucosal surface in uncircumcised men. In circumcised men, the glans is made of dry, non-mucosal skin. Corpus cavernosa: The corpus cavernosa are two columns of tissue that run along the sides of the penis. When filled with blood, they lead to a penile erection. The corpus cavernosa are also sometimes referred to as erectile bodies. Corpus spongiosum: The corpus spongiosum is the third column of erectile tissue that encloses the urethra and ends at the glans. It lies along the underside of the penis.

When does an egg pass through the different phases of meiosis?

see slide 18.

What is the pathway of sperm from formation to exit of the penis?

seminiferous tubules (created), straight tubule into the rete testis, head, body, tail of epididymis, ductus deferent, out.