A&P2 Exam #2 Ch. 17

Gustatory receptor cells are separate cells that synapse with sensory neurons. They live for ~__ days.

10

Vision below ______ is legally blind.

20/200

There are _ layers of the eye.

3

______ structures of the eye provide protection, lubrication, and support.

Accessory

____ ____ circulates throughout the eye.

Aqueous Humor

When the light passing through the cornea and lens is not refracted properly, so the image is blurred is known as:

Astigmatism

_______ stem cells produce new gustatory receptors.

Basal

What produces new olfactory receptors?

Basal stem cells

The Optic Disc is considered your ___ ____

Blind spot

Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into _____.

Bundles

______ result when the lens has lost its transparency.

Cataracts

Olfactory pathway axons reach the olfactory bulbs of the ______ and synapse there.

Cerebrum

Also in the vascular layer of the eye contains the _____ which separates the posterior portions of the fibrous and inner layers.

Choroid

Accommodation of the eye: -_____ muscles change the lens shape to focus images on the retina. -The lens becomes ____ to focus on nearby objects. -The lens ______ to focus on objects further away.

Ciliary Rounder Flattens

Also in the Vascular Layer is the ____ ____ which is deep to the junction between the cornea and the sclera.

Ciliary Body

Within the chambers of the eye, the _____ ____ and lens divide the eye into the large posterior cavity and the smaller anterior cavity.

Ciliary Body

Aqueous humor of the eye: -Is secreted by the ___ ____ -Helps circulate nutrients and _____. -Helps the eye retain shape and stabilizes the ____.

Ciliary Body Wastes Retina

The Cornea is delicate epithelium + dense _____ matrix.

Collagen

Cones provide ____ vision.

Color

Color Blindness: -When one or more ____ types are non-functional

Cones

The _____ are the site of your sharpest vision.

Cones

The _______ is epithelium covering the eyelids.

Conjunctiva

_________ is the inflammation of conjunctiva due to a pathogen, allergy or chemical irritation.

Conjunctivitis

The Sclera (White of the Eye): -Dense connective tissue outer layer of the eye -Extrinsic eye muscles insert here... Their collagen fibers are _____ with those of the sclera -Contains blood vessels and _____.

Continuous Nerves

Outer fibrous layer of the eye also contains the _____. Damage to this can cause blindness.

Cornea

The ____ is the transparent anterior portion that is continuous with the sclera.

Cornea

The lens of the eye is posterior to the _____.

Cornea

The axons of gustatory pathways are part of _____ nerves.

Cranial

Olfactory __________: -Can distinguish ~2000-4000 chemical stimuli -CNS interprets smells by pattern of receptive activity.

Discrimination

The axons of the olfactory pathways penetrate the cribriform plate of the _____ bone.

Ethmoid

The Optic Disc is where axons from the neural layer ___ the eye and form the optic ____.

Exit Nerve

The Outer fibrous layer of the eye functions to: -Support and Protect -Attachment site for ____ eye muscles -Assists in _____ the eye.

Extrinsic Focusing

How you see: -Light bounces off of objects all around you and enters your ___. -Passes through your _____, pupil and lens to the retina. -In the retina, light makes and upside-down and _____ picture. (Retina contains photoreceptors, rods and cones, that convert light pattern into an ____ _____). -The ___ ____ carries action potentials to the brain.

Eye Cornea Backwards Action Potential Optic Nerve

3 Layers of the eye include: -Outer _____ layer -Intermediate vascular layer (_____) -Deep inner (_____) layer (______).

Fibrous Uvea Neural Retina

Cones are densely clustered in the ____ at the center of the _____.

Fovea Macula

______ is caused by pressure build-up due to accumulation of aqueous humor.

Glaucoma

What is another name for taste?

Gustation

_____ provides information about foods and liquids.

Gustation

The Vascular Layer of the eye also contains the ____, which is a highly vascularized, pigmented loose connective tissue.

Iris

The anterior cavity of the eye is subdivided in a way that: -Anterior chamber extends from the cornea to the ____. -Posterior chamber between iris, ciliary body, and lens.

Iris

The _____ ______ produces, distributes, and removes tears.

Lacrimal Apparatus

Tears collect at the ____ _____.

Lacrimal Caruncle

The superficial epithelium of the eye has 2 parts:

Lacrimal Caruncle Conjunctiva

Axons of the gustatory pathways synapse within the _____ ______.

Medulla oblongata

The eye color is determined by density and distribution of ______ in the iris.

Melanocytes

Olfactory glands secrete nasal _____.

Mucus

The cornea has no blood vessels but many free ____ _____.

Nerve endings

The Outer Pigmented Layer of the Inner eye absorbs light that passes through the ____ layer.

Neural

Olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptors which are modified _____.

Neurons

The Inner Neural layer (Retina) of the inner eye contains visual receptors and associated ____.

Neurons

Epithelium covering the outer surfaces of the eyelids = _______ _________

Ocular Conjunctiva

What is the other name for smell?

Olfaction

What are the five special senses?

Olfaction Gustation Vision Equilibrium Hearing

What are the two layers that the nasal septum is made of?

Olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

In the eye, the ___ ____ is the circular region just medial to the fovea.

Optic Disc

In Glaucoma, the ___ ___ is damaged.

Optic nerve

What is another name for eyelids?

Palpebrae

Epithelium covering the inner surfaces of the eyelids = _________ ________

Palpebral Conjunctiva

______ are taste buds in the epithelial projections.

Papillae

There is also a taste receptor for water. These receptors are especially found in the _______.

Pharynx

Taste buds are found on the tongue and portions of the _____ and _____.

Pharynx Larynx

The lens changes shape to focus images on the _______.

Photoreceptors

In the Inner eye is the outer _____ layer and the inner ____ layer.

Pigmented Neural

The eyeball is hollow and divided into two cavities: 1. Large _____ cavity 2. Smaller ______ cavity

Posterior Anterior

The Iris contains _____ muscles that change the pupil diameter. -Dilators and constrictors

Pupillary

Color vision = the integration of information from ___, ____, and ___ cones.

Red Green Blue

Objects appear the color they ____.

Relfect

Light rays arriving from an object must be focused on the ____ (Focal Point) for a clear image.

Retina

The posterior cavity contains vitreous body which is a gelatinous mass that helps stabilize the eye shape and supports the _____.

Retina

The Choroid: -Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the _____ -Contains ______.

Retina Melanocytes

Diabetic ________ results from blockage of small retina blood vessels. -It causes abnormal blood vessels to grow between the inner neural layer and the outer pigmented layer -Damages _______ -Blood leaks into the ____ cavity.

Retinopathy Photoreceptors posterior

Image ______ refers to when the images arrive at our retina upside down and left-right reversed.

Reversal

In the Retina there are ___ and ____, which are photoreceptors.

Rods Cones

____ are highly sensitive to light. They are found around the periphery of the _____.

Rods Retina

In the Outer fibrous layer contains the ____, which is the white of the eye.

Sclera

Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal ______.

Septum

The Lacrimal Caruncle contains glands that produce "_____" in the eye.

Sleep

The Ciliary body is mostly _____ muscle. It has suspensory ligaments that hold the ____ in place and attach to ciliary muscles.

Smooth lens

An infected tarsal gland = _____

Sty

What are the four primary taste sensations?

Sweet Salty Sour Bitter

Gustatory receptors are found in the _________

Taste buds

The lacrimal gland (_____ gland) secretions contains lysozyme, antibodies, nutrients, and O2.

Tear

After axons of the gustatory pathways synapse within the medulla oblongata, they are then sent to the _____ and primary sensory cortex.

Thalamus

Information from olfactory pathways reaches information centers without first synapsing in the _______.

Thalamus

Uvea functions include: -Provides route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply ___ of eye. -Regulates amount of _____ entering the eye. -Secretes and reabsorbs ______ _____ that circulates within chambers of the eye. -Controls shape of the ____, which is essential to focusing.

Tissues Light Aqueous Humor Lens

There is also a tastenreceptor for _____, which has the characteristic of beef/chicken broths and Parmesan cheese.

Umami

The Vascular layer of the eye is also known as the _____.

Uvea

The posterior cavity of the eye is also know as the _____ chamber.

Vitreous

Corneal damage can cause ______.

blindness

The lens consists of _____ layers of cells: It is filled with ______, which are transparent proteins that provide clarity and focusing power to the lens.

concentric crystallins

Olfactory reception involves detecting _______ chemicals (Odorants) as they interact with oderant-binding proteins.

dissolved

Concerning the palpebrae: -Blinking keeps eyes _____ and free of debris. -Eyelashes keep out _____ matter. -______ glands secrete lipid-rich product that helps keep the eyelids from sticking together.

lubricated foreign Tarsal

The apical surface of olfactory receptors are exposed to dissolved _______ molecules.

odorant

Gustatory discrimination: -Dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs. -They then bind to receptor ______ of gustatory cells.

protein

Each taste bud has ~40-100 gustatory _____ cells.

receptor

Light ______ = bending of light by the cornea and the lens.

refraction

Anatomy of rods and cones: -Outer segment contains visual pigments. -Rods contain ______, which is retinal synthesized from Vitamin A -Cones use different opsins+retinal.

rhodopsin

In the Inner Neural Layer, ____ and _____ synapse with other neurons to carry visual information from the eyes to the brain.

rods cones

Axons of the olfactory pathways leave the olfactory bulb to travel along the olfactory _____ to reach the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and the limbic system.

tract

Visual Physiology: -Light travels in _____ from the sun and other light sources, and it bounces off of objects and enters our eyes. -Light energy = ______ -_____ provide information about presence/absence of photons. -_____ provide information about specific wavelengths of light.

waves photons rods cones