A&P3 Exams 1 & 2

central vein

Which of the following is NOT a component of the hepatic triad found at the edges of a liver lobule? a) bile duct b) hepatic artery c) hepatic portal vein d) central vein e) none of the above; all are present in the hepatic triad

All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa

Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa? a) alkaline mucous b) HCl secretion c) High mitotic division rate d) tight junctions e) all of the above are protective features

the lungs and the kidneys

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

Canines

______ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

e) more than one of the above ???? a) muscle weakness [YES] b) increased polarization of the cell membrane [yes? because it's slow increase] c) depolarization of cells??? [NO] d) depression of the nervous system???? ????

A SLOW increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to... a) muscle weakness b) increased polarization of the cell membrane c) depolarization of cells d) depression of the nervous system e) more than one of the above

a higher pH during gastric digestion

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in...

a wild night and a lot of margaritas

ADH is inhibited in response to...

e) A, B, and C

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on a) higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell b) cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell c) the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell. d) A and B only e) A, B, and C

hyponatremia

Acidosis can cause all of the following, EXCEPT a) hyperkalemia b) hyponatremia c) increased aldosterone release d) Depression of the CNS e) increasing breathing rate

hypokalemia

After a night of trying to keep up with Jess' drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severely depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from...

upper respiratory tract

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the...

an increase in the osmolarity of the blood

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to...

3800 mL

An individual has a vital capacity of 5700 mL, a tidal volume of 700 mL, and an expiratory reserve colume of 1200 mL. What is their inspiratory reserve volume?

hypotonic hydration

An individual is working in the desert and is drinking adequate amounts of pure water without taking in food or anything else. This practice will lead to...

cholecystokinin

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is...

all of the above

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by... a) stimulating thirst b) causing the release of ADH c) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone d) vasoconstriction e) all of the above

increases potassium secretion

Atrial natriuretic peptide does all of the following, EXCEPT a) leads to vasodilation b) blocks the release of ADH c) blocks the release of aldosterone d) relaxes mesangial cells e) increases potassium secretion

to reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is...

helper T cells

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of...

was recently infected with mumps

During a routine exam, Mike has some blood taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low igG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate that Mike...

antibody production

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except... a) storage of glycogen and iron reserves b) inactivation of toxins c) antibody production d) synthesis of plasma proteins e) synthesis and secretion of bile

Antidiuretic Hormone

Each of the following play a role (direct or indirect) in sodium reabsorbtion / secretion EXCEPT... a) Antidiuretic Hormone b) Angiotensin II c) Progesterone d) Aldosterone e) Estrogen

muscle spasms

Hypercalcemia can lead to all of the following EXCEPT a) depression of the nervous system b) muscle weakness c) decreased reflexes d) muscle spasms e) cardiac arrhythmias

more than one of the above a) submandibular c) parotid d) sublingual

Identify the salivary gland that secretes a watery mixture rich in salivary amylase, lysozymes, and IgA antibodies a) submandibular b) mandibular c) parotid d) sublingual e) more than one of the above

lactose

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably...

will appear in the urine

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120mg/100 mL and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230mg/100 mL, the amino acid...

naturally acquired passive

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called _______

IgA

Immunoglobulins that can be found as dimers and are important to the immunity of infants are...

2

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

juxtaglomerular; constricting the afferent arteriole

In myogenic autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will lead to the ______ cells __________.

rich in enzymes

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid...

hydrochloric acid

Parietal cells secrete...

A, B, and C

Secretion of potassium into the urine is... a) increased by aldosterone b) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts c) decreases under acidic conditions d) A, B, and C e) A and B only

compensated metabolic alkolosis

So Jacob's blood work comes back and he has high levels of HCO3- and a pH of 7.36. Jacob is dealing with...

This is for sure the one that he said any answer is fine, he would give credit back. Was worded badly.

Specific immunity with immunological memory is the result of the... a) macrophages b) natural killer cells c) b lymphocytes d) neutrophils e) t lymphocytes

secondary active cotransport with H+

The absorption of most dipeptides in the small intestine involves....

hydrochloric acid

The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased ________ production.

2

The average body has _____ kidneys?

all of the above

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in... a) agglutination or precipitation b) complement activation and opsonization c) neutralization of the antigen d) all of the above e) A and B only

antibodies

The body's non-specific defenses include all of the following except...

Natural killer cells

The cells that are actively involved in destruction of cancer cells whose populations are decreased by stress induced release of glucocorticoids are the ______ cells.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is...

an antibody attached to an antigen

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to...

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

The descending limb of the loop of Henle... a) is not permeable to water b) is freely permeable to sodium and urea c) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule d) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

PCO2 in the lungs should be low

To trigger the increase of blood flow to increase the loading of hemoglobin with oxygen in the lungs, the...

diabetes insipidus

Diana develops a pituitary tumor resulting in inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and polyuria. This is called...

helper T

Cells that help regulate the immune response and prevent autoimmune disorders are ____ cells.

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? a) granulocytes and microphages b) all body cells with a nucleus c) red blood cells d) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells e) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

B & C only

Damage to the septal cells of the lungs would result in... a) an increased rate of gas exchange b) increased surface tension in the alveoli c) increased tendency to alveolar collapse d) all of the above e) B and C only

absorption of triglycerides

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except... a) absorption of triglycerides b) storage of ingested food c) denaturation of proteins d) initiation of protein digestion e) mechanical breakdown of food

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter

Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except... a) increased HCl b) relaxation of the cardiac sphincter c) relaxation of the pyloric sphincter d) increased pepsinogen e) increased gastric motility

there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb

In the loop of Henle... a) water osmoses into the descending limb b) there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb c) the ascending limb is very permeable to water d) the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic e) filtrate is produced

expired air

In which of the following is the partial pressure of oxygen greatest? a) arterial blood (systemic) b) expired air c) venous blood (systemic) d) alveolar air e) venous blood (pulmonary)

more than one of the above a) mast cells b) basophils

Inflammation results from histamine released from... a) mast cells b) basophils c) monocytes d) lymphocytes e) more than one of the above

compromised oxygen transport due to blockage or constriction of blood vessels

Ischemic hypoxia is the result of....

suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal

Kathryn is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates low levels of bicarbonate in the blood. This would indicate she is probably...

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system

Lacteals... a) produce milk b) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine c) secrete digestive enzymes d) carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system e) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine

lipids

Liver damage would most affect the digestion of...

internal respiration

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure to change the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. This increases the effectiveness of...

cytotoxic T

Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells by recognizing unusual MHC ! are _____ cells.

passive attraction to the relatively negative interstitium / vasa recta

Many cations are reabsorbed as a result of...

24 mm Hg

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?

all of the above

Nonspecific defenses include... a) inflammation b) interferons c) phagocytic cells d) physical barriers e) all of the above

mass movements

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

a decrease in urine sodium levels

Rhiannon presents with severe liver failure, which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence? a) an increase in GFR b) a decrease in urine sodium levels c) an increase in blood potassium levels d) a decrease in blood pressure e) a decrease in ADH

proteins

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of...

Henry's Law

The gas law that explains equal amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, even though pressure gradients are very different is...

Charles' Law

The gas law that explains why warming inhaled air helps to expand the lungs is...

d) contain enzymes for the digestion of proteins

Which of the following is FALSE about secretions from the salivary glands? a) help lubricate the oral cavity and its contents b) help control bacterial in the mouth c) are mostly water d) contain enzymes for the digestion of proteins e) contain enzymes for the digestion of polysaccharides

ketones

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system in the body? a) proteins b) bicarbonate c) phosphate d) ketones e) ammonia

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for...

there is a decrease in the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole

The juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to produce renin when...

blood volume, blood pH, blood pressure, blood ion levels

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of... (4 things)

basophils

The leukocytes that are activated by IgE antibodies are

changes in solute content of the filtrate

The macula densa cells respond to...

Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

The mechanisms for producing the medullary osmotic gradient require...

filtration slits

The most restrictive layer of the filtration membrane is the...

internal intercostals

The muscles controlled by the VRG are the...

igG

The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are...

villi

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the colon? a) villi b) epiploic appendages c) haustra d) Peyers patches e) taeniae coli

vasa recta

The part of the nephron that is responsible for preventing the loss of the solutes that maintain the medullary gradient from the medulla is the...

more than one of the above a) cholecystokinin c) gastric inhibitory peptide d) secretin

The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release... a) cholecystokinin b) gastrin c) gastric inhibitory peptide d) secretin e) more than one of the above

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is...

none of the above

The primary nitrogenous waste found in the urine is... a) uric acid b) urobilogen c) creatinine d) ammonia e) none of the above

potassium

The principal cation in the intracellular fluid is...

impermeability of the collecting duct

The production of dilute urine is due to...

produce a fever

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or Interleukin-1) by active macrophages would...

cholecystokinin

The sphincter of Oddi in the ampulla of Vater relaxes in response to...

the hormone gastrin relaxes stomach smooth muscle

The stomach is able to distend a great deal as it receives food because of all of the following, except... a) there is a great deal of loose tissue in the form of rugae b) the gastric smooth muscle is very extensible c) the hormone gastrin relaxes stomach smooth muscle d) sympathetic stimulation decreases the tonus of the gastric smooth muscle e) the smooth muscle of the stomach is very elastic

bicarbonate

The term "alkaline reserve" is used to describe the ______ buffer system.

tidal volume

The volume of air from the end of a normal inhalation until muscles begin contracting in exhalation is the...

the water he drank

Travis was trying to keep up with Jessica's drinking down at Cha Cha Cha, but was concerned about the hangover he would surely develop and so he was mindful to have a pint of water between tequila shots. As the night wore on he found himself going to the bathroom with ever increasing frequency and through the fog of his mind he remembered that he would be inhibiting ADH, resulting in increased urination in response to...

75 percent

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.

Approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the volume of intracellular fluid? a) All of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment b) Approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment c) The intracellular fluid compartment changes, so it is impossible to determine the amount of water at any given time d) Approximately one-third of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

Net filtration would decrease

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ______ cell.

less urine is produced

When the level of aldosterone increases...

increased pH

Which of the following conditions would lead to the Highest affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

c) the amine group of amino acids binding to H+

Which of the following does NOT play a role in removing protons from the body through the urine? a) ammonia from glutamine deamination in the PCT b) HPO4- c) the amine group of amino acids binding to H+ d) NA+ / H+ antiporters in the PCT e) primary active transport proton pumps

aldosterone

Which of the following hormones is directly involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations?