A&PII Chp. 25

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

increased by aldosterone.

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

Antidiuretic hormone does not

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract.

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35-7.45

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A FLUID SHIFT IS THE RAPID MOVEMENT OF WATER BEWEEN THE ECF AND ICF IN RESPONSE TO AN OSMOTIC GRADIENT

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45. Submit

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C)

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)

ICF, urine

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risk

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A)

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

Define mineral balance. (Module 25.3A)

Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to potassium.

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B)

Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. (Module 25.8C)

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs.

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

buffer system

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)

carbonic acid

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

copper

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A)

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except

overuse of diuretics.

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium.

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

raise (increase)

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys.