A&PII. Lecture Exam 1
The adrenal medulla produces ________.
"stress hormones," including adrenaline.
Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential.
- Inward rectifier potassium channels are open, creating high potassium permeability - Depolarization from resting membrane potential - Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability - Refractory period begins - Calcium permeability increases - Delayed rectifier potassium channels open - L-type calcium channels close
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 chambers
Use the Data to answer the question: EDV = 140 ml; ESV = 70 ml; HR = 60bpm The cardiac output is:
4.2 L
Use the Data to answer the question: EDV = 140 ml; ESV = 70 ml; HR = 60bpm The stroke volume is:
70 ml
Match the following with their description:
A mixed sodium and potassium current --> Funny current A channel that opens at very negative potentials --> HCN channels The first calcium channel to open --> T-Type calcium channel The second calcium channel to open --> L -Type calcium channel Begins the pacemaker potential phase --> Funny current Create rapid depolarization --> L -Type calcium channel Create rapid repolarization --> Inward rectifier potassium channels
Match the following endocrine glands with the hormones they secrete.
Adrenal --> Epinephrine Thyroid --> Thyroxine Pineal --> Melatonin Kidney --> Calcitriol
Match the steroid with its physiological effect.
Aldosterone --> Na+ retention Cortisol --> Hyperglycemia Estrogen --> Sex steroid Androgen precursor --> Sex steroid
During isovolumic ventricular diastole
All 4 valves are closed
What does an ECG measure?
All electrical signals generated by the heart
Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle.
Aorta Systemic capillary Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Left atrium
Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells:
Are striated
Which statement is true about autoryhthmic cells and myocytes?
Autorhythmic cells have an unstable resting membrane potential, while myocytes do not
Follow the correct path of blood of a blood cell through the heart, beginning at the left atrium.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Aorta Brachial artery Vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve
During the period of ventricular filling:
Blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles through the open AV valves
When the heart is in systole, what effect would this have on the blood pressure?
Blood pressure would be high.
What hormone other than parathyroid hormone affects blood calcium levels and bone density?
Calcitonin
Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle has a refractory period.
What does the word "systole" mean?
Contraction
Loss of GHRH would have which of the following effects?
Decreased in blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
Arteries moving through pulmonary circuit carry blood which is _____ while blood moving through the veins in the same circuit is ______.
Deoxygenated; oxygenated
Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity:
Endothelial cell layer Cardiac skeleton Epicardium Pericardial fluid Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium
A patient with a non-functional SA node will be unable to contract the ventricles of her heart
False
The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular repolarization.
False
Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole.
First atrial systole Atrial diastole/Early ventricular systole Late ventricular systole Early ventricular diastole Late ventricular diastole Second atrial systole
What types of cell-to-cell junctions are found within intercalated discs?
Gap
State whether the following manipulations will increase or decrease cardiac output:
Generation of cAMP --> Increase Phosphorylation of RyR --> Increase Increase in SERCA activity --> Increase Activation of the cardiac nerve --> Increase Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center --> Increase Increasing acetylcholine release --> Decrease Inhibiting protein kinase A --> Decrease Stimulation of the vagus nerve --> Decrease Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system --> Increase
Action potentials can pass from one cardiac myocyte to another because cardiac cells:
Have gap junctions
A drug that has a positive inotopic effect on the heart will __________ heart contractility
Increase
An increase in contractility (contraction strength) of the heart will____ the ejection fraction.
Increase
If stroke volume (SV) increases and heart rate (HR) remains constant cardiac output (CO) will ______?
Increase
__________ ventricular filling stretches the cardiac muscle fibers and produces a stronger contraction.
Increase
Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?
Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is not an effect of cortisol?
Increased lipogenesis
Under normal conditions, how would each of the following manipulations change cardiac output?
Increased stroke volume --> Increase Increased heart rate --> Increase Decreased EDV --> Decrease Increased EDV --> Increase
A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds?
Increased time between S1 and S2
Decide whether blood traveling through each of the following vessels is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Inferior vena cava --> Deoxygenated Superior vena cava --> Deoxygenated Coronary artery --> Oxygenated Coronary vein --> Deoxygenated Pulmonary vein --> Oxygenated Pulmonary artery --> Deoxygenated
Blood leaving the heart for the systemic circulation (body) must cross through the _______ when exiting.
Left Semilunar (Aortic) valve
Match the chamber with the valve connected to it.
Left atrium --> Bicuspid valve Right atrium --> Tricuspid valve Left ventricle --> Aortic valve Right venticle --> Pulmonary valve
Match each hormone with how it is synthesized.
Lipid soluble hormones --> Enzymatic synthesis Peptide hormones --> Gene transcript
Sort the following to show the correct blood pathway. (Beginning with lungs)
Lungs Left atria left ventricle Aorta Right atria Right AV valve Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk
Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?
Mitral valve
The thickest layer of the heart is the:
Myocardium
Pacemaker cells are located in the ______________; Contractile cells are located in the______________.
Myocardium; Myocardium
________ is both a neurotransmitter and hormone.
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is essential for one-way blood flow through veins?
One-way valves found with veins
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?
Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
What phase of the ECG corresponds with atrial depolarization?
P
Which component of the ECG is associated with atrial depolarization?
P Wave
why are contractile myocytes different than pacemaker cells?
Pacemaker cells are low in abundance.
Depolarization results in the membrane becoming more _____, while repolarization results in a membrane becoming more ______
Positive; negative
Match the following word pairs with the term that best describes their relationship within the cardiovascular system.
Pressure and volume = Inversely proportional Flow and resistance = inversely proportional Pressure and flow = Proportional Radius and flow = Proportional
What causes blood to move through the heart's valves?
Pressure gradients Pressure changes
During ventricular filling of the cardiac cycle
Pressure in the vessels is greater than the pressure in the chambers and the entire heart is relaxed
Which of the following is not an effect of thyroxine?
Protein synthesis
A higher pressure gradient between atria and ventricles would result in ___ filling of the ventricle.
Rapid
Place the steps of a ventricular myocyte action potential in order.
Rapid Depolarization Plateau Phase Myocardial Contraction Repolarization Myocardial Relaxation
While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected?
Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection.
Which phase of a cardiac action potential is primarily caused by leaky K+ channels?
Resting membrane potential
Sort the following to show the correct blood pathway. (Beginning with right atrium)
Right atrium Right AV valve Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Lungs Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta
In order for blood to reach the lungs, blood must move through the _____________
Right semilunar (pulomary) valve
Choose the most correct blood flow pathway
Right ventricle→ Pulmonary Artery→ Lung→ Pulmonary Vein
Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus.
SA node Atrial contractile myocytes AV node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular contractile myocytes
The correct path of the action potential traveling through the conductive system of the heart is:
SA node Internode pathways AV node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Match the following with their descriptions.
SA node --> Also known as the "pacemaker" AV node --> Creates a short delay in conduction Bundle of His --> Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum Purkinje fibers --> Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions SA node --> Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second AV node --> Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second Purkinje fibers --> Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle
Put the Cardiac Excitability pathway in order.
SA node; Internodal pathway; AV node; Bundle of His; Bundle Branches; Purkinje fibers
Put the cardiac excitability pathway in order.
SA node; Internodal pathway; AV node; Bundle of His; Bundle Branches; Purkinje fibers
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the ventricles?
T wave
What event on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?
T-Wave
TSH release is stimulated by ________.
TRH
Match each hypothalamic hormone with the pituitary hormone it affects the secretion of.
TRH --> TSH PIH --> PrL GnRH --> LH/FSH CRN --> ACTH
Which of the following would most likely occur if the end diastolic volume doubled from rest?
The amount of blood ejected from the heart would double.
Match each stage of the cardiac cycle with its description.
The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase. --> Late ventricular diastole At the beginning of this phase¸ ventricles contain their end systolic volume. --> Early ventricular diastole This phase begins when the AV valves open. --> Late ventricular diastole This phase begins when the SL valves open. --> Late ventricular systole Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase. --> Late ventricular systole Isometric contraction occurs during this phase. --> Early ventricular systole Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase. --> Early ventricular diastole
define 'functional synctium'.
The rhythmic depolarization of heart cells which lead to proper contraction of the atria and ventricles for blood flow
Which statements regarding features of cardiomyocytes are considered to be true?
They have great abundance of mitochondria The myofibrils are branched together Their membranes are fused together by intercalated disks.
The only time in which the SL valve is open during the Late Ventricular Systole phase?
True
Which of the following is NOT a feature of cardiac muscle?
Use primarily anaerobic metabolism
Which of the following would increase preload to the heart?
Venous constriction
An increase in ESV (end-systolic volume) represent ________.
a decrease in cardiac function
Hormones that bind to 7-TMS (trans-membrane spanning) receptors signal the cell interior by affecting which of the following? Select all that apply.
a. G protein b. cAMP c. Adenylate cyclase
Which of the following statements does signal transduction refer to? Select all that apply.
a. The process by which neurotransmitter binding to the post-synaptic membrane results in an EPSP b. How the information inherent in hormone structure leads to a cellular change c. The process by which cells communicate with other cells d. The process by which sensory information is converted by sensory cells into action potentials.
Which of the following statements is/are true about endocrine cells? Select all that apply.
a. They secrete hormones into blood. b. They can be a neuron. c. They are found as part of organs like the heart. d. They are found within endocrine organs.
Hormone target cells ________________. Select all that apply.
a. are found throughout the body b. express a receptor for that hormone c. convert the information carried in the hormone structure into a cellular signal d. play key roles in the regulation of physiological processes
Hormones are released in response to ________.
a. other hormones b. changes in physiological systems c. blood levels of key components d. nervous system regulation
Hormones release is ________-regulated whereas neurotransmitter release is ________-regulated.
amplitude; frequency
Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the
apex
Steroids are produced ________.
by enzymatic conversion of cholesterol
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase?
calcium
One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that ________________.
cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus
Insulin's effects in target cells are to ________.
cause glucose to be converted into glycogen for storage
Lipid soluble hormones are transported ________.
complexed to carrier proteins
Calcitonin acts to ________.
decrease blood calcium
The right side of the heart pumps ________ blood through the ________ circulation
deoxygenated; pulmonary
Blood flows from regions of ________ pressure to regions of ________ pressure.
high; low
PTH hormone is released in response to ________.
hypocalcemia
Most blood enters the ventricle during
late ventricular diastole
Activation of adenylate cyclase leads to ________.
production of cAMP
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
Thyroxine is synthesized as part of ________ and contains ________.
thyroglobulin; iodine
The thyroid produces ________.
thyroxine and calcitonin
