AB PSYCH EX 1

Who is Mesmer?

a. (a Frenchman in the 18th century) challenged the organic point of view. His work was the forerunner of hypnotism. b. He treated hysteria - animal magnetism

What is neurotic behavior?

a. A neurotic behavior is an exaggerated normal behavior, such as hand washing. Defense mechanisms may control anxiety to some extent, but by distorting the reality, their use is not healthy for the person.

What does existential perspective define abnormal behavior as?

a. Abnormal Behavior develops when a person feels he/she exists in a meaningless life and when conflict occurs between demands placed on the person and the person's nature.

22. Who started the Humanistic View Theory?

a. Carl Rogers emphasizes the basic goodness of an individual.

What is the Nancy school?

a. Charcot used hypnosis and removed symptoms of hysteria under hypnosis in France in the 19th century.

What is the "core" of neurotic behavior?

Anxiety

Who was Sigmund Freud?

a. (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalysis.

What is a Genotype?

a. refers to a person's genetic make up.

What is a Phenotype?

a. refers to the behavioral characteristics as a result of genes.

Sublimation defense mechanisms

The only so-called "good" defense in which a person channels his/her anxiety is socially accepted ways.

3. Who is Emil Kraeplin?

1. German psychiatrist identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, as well as of psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics. Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction. His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the twentieth century

dsm-5

2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by American Psychiatric Association based on diagnosis (labeling a behavior), symptoms (signs of abnormality), and etiology (causes).

e. Psychoanalysis

A method of treatment proposed by Sigmund Freud. aims to treat disorders by investigating interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind

What is a Model?

A model is used to describe something that cannot be observed directly, e.g. using a pump to illustrate the function of a heart. No true model for abnormal behavior is available.

a. Clinical psychology

A profession, which deals with assessment (diagnosis) and treatment of abnormal behavior usually without the use of drugs

b. Counseling psychology-

A profession, which deals with less severe problems mostly in relation with normal persons.

c. Mental Health Counseling

A profession, which deals with providing counseling and various therapeutic techniques to basically normal persons. focused on emotional well-being

What is anxiety according to Freud?

According to Freud, conflict between impulses and instincts cause anxiety which is the basis of abnormal behavior or what he called neurosis. Anxiety can be mild, moderate or severe and has three types: realistic, moralistic, and neurotic

THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL

According to this model, the personality structure is composed of three parts, id, ego, and superego.

eclectic model

An approach that pulls together multiple ways of examining a particular problem or question used by eclectic psych's

Electra/Oedipus complexes

At the end of the phallic stage, the boy must solve his Oedipus complex (abnormal attachment to the mother) by identifying with the father. ii. The girl must solve her electra complex (abnormal attachment to the father) by identifying with the mother. Healthy personality development continues after the resolution of these two complexes.

29. What are the three concepts of existential perspective?

Being, existence, and nonbeing

Projection defense mechanisms

Blaming others for one's shortcomings or problems. It can lead to delusional systems and paranoia.

Repression defense mechanisms

Blocking and preventing dangerous and unacceptable material from reaching consciousness.

d. Does it move conscious to unconscious? Or Vice-Versa?

Conscious to unconscious

Reaction Formation defense mechanisms

Demonstrating the opposite of one's feelings such as showing superficial love when one really hates an object or a person.

Displacement defense mechanisms

Directing hostility towards a substitute target

c. What is mobilized (id, ego, or superego?)

Ego mobilizes defense mechanisms

23. Rogers believes behavior disorders are not the direct result of Incongruency. True or False?

False

Identical twins in schizophrenia studies do not show shared disorders. True or False?

False

The client is not an active participant in their own therapy with Rogers' therapy. True or False?

False

What are the parts of the brain and functions?

Forebrain (controls all higher mental functions such as learning, speech, thought and memory. It includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system.) midbrain (is involved in vision and hearing) hindbrain(functions such as heart rate, sleep, and respiration. Damage to the brain may cause abnormal behavior.)

How did they classify mental illness?

Hippocrates felt deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology. He classified illness into mania, melancholia and phrenitis (brain fever). Tranquility, moderate exercise and diet were proposed.

Freud's 3 basic components of the mind

Id - pleasure Ego - reality Superego - morality

Describe psychoanalysis

Id, Ego, Superego

experimental epi

In experimental epidemiology, the researcher manipulates exposure to either causal or preventive factors.

4. KNOW THE FIVE AXES

Individual mental state is examined and evaluated on five demensions or axes

Four types of assessment:

Observation, interview, psychological tests, and neurological tests

Behaviorism

Pavlov; classical conditioning with dogs Watson; the only appropriate study of psych was observable behavior, not inner thoughts/feelings (little albert)

11. Who was the founder of the Reform Movement? What did this movement lead to?

Phillip Pinel in France was the founder of moral treatment movement. led to improving the treatment offered in mental institutions.

Psychological tests include:

Projective tests, objective tests, intelligence tests, and tests for brain damage need: reliability and validity

ethics and responsibilities of clinical assessments

Psychologists can only use tests on which they have received training. The tests should have good reliability, validity, and have been standardized for the use of certain populations. They should also obtain informed consent before testing, indicating that the person to be tested understands the test's purposes. Testing data should remain confidential.

Know the Neo-Freudian names

Some important neo-Freudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Eric Erikson, Karen Horney and Erich Fromm and Anna Freud.

Rationalization defense mechanisms

Stating irrational excuses to justify one's actions and behavior.

What is a Correlation Study?

Strong correlation appears to exist between genetic inheritance and some mental disorders. What does it mean? "Does correlation mean Causation?" NO

f. Which of above is a preferable defense mechanism to society?

Sublimation

Know Eros and Thantus

There are many opposing instincts, the major ones being life (eros) versus death (thanatus) and love vs. hate, and aggression vs. care.

How does the Biological model fall short?

They are viewed as the only explanations for mental disorders.

observational epi

This type of research documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations. Questions such as "How many people suffer from a disorder such as depression?" are asked.

What led to the biopsychosocial approach (current)?

Three major factors contributed to our current understanding of abnormal behavior: - The drug revolution in psychiatry and prescription privileges for psychologists. - Increased research in abnormal psychology. - The belief that abnormal behavior has multi-factor causes, namely, biological, psychological, and sociological factors and the use of bio-psycho-social model.

Denial defense mechanisms

To deny the existence of reality such as in lying

Regression defense mechanisms

To return to an earlier stage of development

A chemical imbalance signals mental disorder. True or False?

True

Body Chemistry affects behavior. True or False?

True

b. Existence

We are conscious of our existence, therefore, we are responsible, have a free will and are capable of choosing.

c. Nonbeing

We cease to exist in future. The anxiety it produces is called existential anxiety.

Being

We exist at a particular point in time.

3. What is cultural relativism?

a. Cultural relativism is defined as the belief that life style, cultural values and worldviews effect the expression and determination of deviant behavior. b. Cultures vary on what they consider to be normal or abnormal behavior.

4. What are the practical criteria for abnormality?

a. Discomfort (physical or psychological discomfort is cause for referral), bizarreness of behavior (odd, strange behavior judged as abnormal, such as hallucination, delusions, or disorientation) , inefficiency (dysfunction, failing to stand up to one's potential and failure in performance; tests, etc.) age-appropriate behavior NOT ALWAYS eccentric behavior

18. What is a defense Mechanism?

a. In order to deal with anxiety, ego mobilizes defense mechanisms, which are conscious in the start and gradually due to habitual use become unconscious. b. An example is a child who gets away by lying and knows he has been lying. When he/she continues to do so, lying becomes a habit and operates without the child's awareness. He or she then becomes a habitual liar.

1. What is the definition of abnormal psychology?

a. It is defined as the scientific study of strange or unusual behavior. It includes description, explanation, prediction and control of such behavior.

2. What is the difference between psychodiagnosis and diagnosis?

a. Psycho-diagnosis - An attempt to describe, assess, systematically draw inferences about a person's psychological disorder. b. Diagnosis - To label an illness. The label, however, may be too general, or describe current conditions.

25. What is the Therapy Rogers coined?

a. Rogers created a therapeutic technique referred to as Person-Centered Therapy, stating that people can solve their problems if a positive therapeutic condition is created for them. b. The role of the therapist is to demonstrate unconditioned positive regards for the client. c. The therapist will be a good listener, will reflect, clarify and interpret the feeling of the client. The client is the active participant.

28. Who developed the existential perspective?

a. Rolo May developed existential perspective in the United States.

13. What is the psychogenic view?

a. The Psychological Viewpoint (Psychogenic View) b. This view states that some types of emotional disorders are not associated with any biological (organic) diseases. c. Mesmerism & Hypnotism

27. What is the existential perspective?

a. The emphasis is on person's uniqueness, freedom and choice, and responsibility.

Know the Neo-Freudian Perspective

a. The neo-Freudian emphasizes the importance of ego, ego autonomy, the influences of social factors rather than sexual factors, freedom of choice and the importance of future goals.

1. Axis 1-

all clinical syndromes or other clinical conditions i. Principle disorders is listed first not mental retardation.

somatogenic view

all mental illnesses had a physical cause Emil Kraeplin basis for DSM

d. Unconditioned Positive regard

allows a person to grow and feel good about himself/herself.

5. What are the two most common disorders in the United States?

anxiety and depressive disorders

Know the work of Breuer and Freud.

b. Freud founded psychoanalysis. He originally practiced with Breuer in Vienna using hypnosis to treat hysterical patients.

8. Who led the Naturalistic school of thought?

b. Hippocrates (440 B.C.) had a naturalistic view regarding mental illness. (the greco-roman thoughts)

10. What did humanism emphasize?

b. Humanism movement emphasized human welfare, the worth and uniqueness of the person. c. Johan Weyer stated persons who were tortured were not witches, but mentally disturbed. (16th century

cns

brain, sp cord, CN I-XII

Neurotic anxiety

cause by conflict between id and ego. Ego experiences anxiety due to the threat of unwanted id impulses.

Realistic anxiety

caused by a realistic physical or psychological threat to the ego.

Moralistic anxiety

caused by conflict between id and superego resulting in guilt.

7. What is trephining?

chipping the skull with a sharp object such as a stone to alleviate spirits and demons in the head

cross-sectional and longitudinal

cohort moves forward in time; studies incidence, etiology and prognosis

properties of assessment instruments

comparisons require comparing a person's score with the scores of a sample of people representing a population - interviews, psych tests, neuropsych tests, intelligence tests, behavioral assessment bell curve

reliability

consistency of a test to give the same results if it is used more than once

d. Psychiatry

deals with assessment and treatment of mentally ill persons, usually using medication.

validity

degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

9. What is mass madness/hysteria?

emotional contagion which was automatic mimicry of other person's emotions and expressions used to describe patients who seemed to be blind and paralyzed with no medical (organic) causes - tarantism = dance mania - lycanthropy = Victims imagined they were wolves.

goALS of assessment

evaluation to answer referral questions

Epidemiology

focuses on disease patterns in populations and factors influencing these patterns. It focuses on the occurrence of psychological disorders by time, place, and person. Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a certain time. Incidence refers to the number of new cases noted in a given population during a specified period of time.

What is a biological model?

i. Biological models state that mental disorders are correlated with brain dysfunction and can be treated with medication, or other bio-medical techniques.

b. Condition of worth

is imposed on a person by the society

bandura

modeling - learned behavior

What is another name for Identical Twins?

monozygotic twins

Skinner

operant conditioning; behavior is repeated if rewarded, punishment decreases behavior

stages of psychosexual development

oral stage (>3) anal stage (2-4) phallic stage (4-6) latency stage (6-12) genital stage (12-18)

a. Self Concept

refers to how we view ourselves

complex behavior

result of innate + learned behaviors

c. Actualizing Tendency

states that all people are born with a tendency to actualize and to reach their highest potentials

controlled group

study cause and effect relationships; control group and experimental

pns

the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

What is assessment?

the process of gathering information and drawing a conclusion about an individual generally leading to a diagnosis