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ABA 601 San Marcos

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Satiation refers to

a decrease in behavior associated with excessive amounts of reinforcement

Satiation refers to:

a decrease in behavior associated with excessive amounts of reinforcement.

Which kind of assessment includes client self-reports, anecdotes, checklist, rating scales, client records IEPs, psychological evaluations, medical reports (not based on ongoing direct observation of behavior)?

a. Indirect assessment Correct

A scientific method designed to discover the functional relation between behavior and the variables that control it. This refers to which kind of assessment?

a. Functional analysis Correct

Which kind of assessment demonstrates functional relationships?

a. Functional analysis Correct

When behavior analysts perform contingency analyses, they are:

a. Identifying the relations between behaviors and their consequences and antecedents Correct

During training of program implementers, which is most important to sustaining program implementation:

Follow-up support and feedback from significant others

From a behavioral point of view, which one of the following is the most important reason to avoid depending on food as a primary source of reinforcement?

Food reinforcers are not the natural consequences for many of the behaviors we train, such as spelling one's name.

One of the most practical aspects of applying the Premack principle is:

The reinforcer is already present in the environment

Indirect assessments do NOT include:

. A-B-C analyses

Functional refers to the lawful manner in which the rate, form, or other pattern with which the behavior is repeated relates to how the consequences of that behavior have influenced it previously (involve manipulating the suspected maintaining variables. Which "conditions" are used for a functional analysis?

. Alone b. Contingent attention c. All of these Correct d. Contingent escape

Calculating a coefficient of agreement by including all the intervals within a session, rather than dividing the observation into time segments, is most likely to lead the percentage of agreement to be:

. Inflated

Which of the following may account for lack of treatment effect?

. Procedures are not being implemented as originally planned b. All of these Correct c. Objectives are inappropriate d. Contingencies are inappropriate

Video or audio recordings:

. should allow sufficient time for adaptation (to subside), b. is atypical behavior in response to being observed or due to some other change in the environment. c. is all of these. Correct d. is controlled for through a sufficient adaptation period.

John ate two hamburgers before coming home. Upon his arrival, his mother said, "I baked your favorite dinner, let's eat." John replied, "No, thank you," and went straight to his bedroom. His mother was quite concerned. From the following choose the term that best describes the circumstances that contributed to John's reply of "No, thank you."

A Motivational Operation (MO) or Establishing Operation

Louella's teacher reports she is not doing the work she could be and wants to motivate her to do more during her school day. She meets with Louella's parents and they agree to come up with a specific plan to operationalize the target behaviors and make access to specific things at home contingent on Louella's daily report. They then all meet with Louella and set some behavioral goals, detailed by the target behaviors. A little negotiation results in a mutual agreement to put this new plan in place. This represents which behavioral concept?

A behavioral contract

Juanna does not cooperate very well or very often. It interferes with her getting what she wants and it frustrates her mother. Her mother decides to focus on getting the response class of cooperation firmly into Juanna's behavioral repertoire. She sets contingencies on a number of cooperative behaviors and reinforces Juanna's improved cooperation in a number of situations. Now Juanna exhibits more cooperative behavior when asked to do things. What behavioral concept did her mother effectively use here with regard to Juanna's behavior change resulting in more cooperation?

A behavioral cusp

Kathleen is a sexually active adult with severe developmental delays living in a coed group home. Sterilization has been suggested by the family members of certain male clients living in her home. To guarantee safe and ethical decision making:

A client advocate should be appointed to participate in the decision making process

An intervention that fits with the skills, schedules, resources and values of those who implement the plan is referred to as

A contextual fit

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. Her mom sits down and negotiates with Juanna an agreement to clean up after dinner, Monday through Friday, within 15 minutes after her mothers tells her to and both agree when she meets that criteria Juanna will get access to her phone the rest of the evening. What behavioral concept did her mother effectively use here?

A contingency contract

A functional relation is demonstrated by:

A direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables

An aversive stimulus that strengthens the behavior by being removed from the situation as a consequence is called:

A negative reinforcer

Treating clients differently, such as using different reinforcers, is:

A professional, ethical approach

When Isabella's mother carefully works out a behavior plan to help Isabella acquire self-help skills, she gives Isabella gold stars on a chart after each successful step on a list of behaviors that result in increased independence. This procedure is best referred to as:

A reinforcement procedure

Phillipe does a lot of daydreaming during study hall. His teacher asks a behavior analyst (BA) for suggestions. The BA suggest walking by Phillipe during study hall and contingent on him doing schoolwork provide a compliment like "great, you're getting your work done, you'll be finished soon. They agree the teacher will do this every 5 minutes. What concept does this represent?

A reinforcement schedule

A well-planned experiment begins with

A research question

A topographic description of a response would be obtained from which of the following?

A snapshot

A reward is:

A specific contingent consequence that was selected on the assumption that it will increase or maintain the behavior

All of the following are competencies of a behavior analyst except:

Ability to conduct statistical analyses of data: Competencies include knowledge of what constitutes socially important behavior, technical skills to use appropriate assessment methods and/or instruments, ability to match assessment data with an intervention strategy, or ability to understand the context of behavior and role of controlling variables.

When a teacher measures the extent to which the response meets standards or is correct, she is looking for:

Accuracy

Reliable data are not necessarily _______ data.

Accurate

A main difference between positive and negative reinforcement is that positive reinforcement involves the __________ of a stimulus and negative reinforcement involves the ____________ of a stimulus contingent upon the behavior it follows.

Addition - removal

The Student Success Team (SST) (select the 2 correct answers for full credit)

Addresses students not responding to PBST. Often involve small-group tutoring, social skills training etc. for at-risk students.

The condition in effect prior to introduction of the independent variable.

Baseline

Explicit behavior definitions are important in research of applied behavior analysis for all of the following except:

Agreement between assessment and intervention data: It is important for behavior definitions to be defined explicitly so that other behavior analysts can replicate your work, in order to achieve accurate and reliable measurement, and to compare data across studies. However, explicit behavior definitions are not relevant to agreement between assessment and intervention data. Typically, these data do not agree because the purpose of intervention is to change the behavior.

Negative reinforcement is useful in facilitating behavior change, but also has concerns that need to be accounted for. Which of the following is a concern when using negative reinforcement?

All of these Avoidance behavior Aggression Incorrect Escape behavior

Which of the following often serves as a good alternative to edible reinforcers?

All of these Recognition Preferred activities Social praise

Select the goals that:

All of these Correct are foundational are direct rather than indirect are functional maximize the benefits and minimize the costs to the client and others

Video or audio recordings:

All of these Correct b. Can be very time consuming c. Are useful when it is neither practical nor convenient to have an observer present to record the data d. Can be treated as permanent product data

Which of the following activities is or are important to establishing a supportive environment for program development and selection?

All of these answers are important to establish a supportive environment. Assure contextual fit. Establish a support base (e.g., a team or involve others). Ensure the program technology is reinforcing for all who use it.

When selecting an intervention:

All of these are an important aspect of selecting an intervention Select one that can be implemented with relative ease and is acceptable to the program implementers while improving client adjustment, competence, or habilitation. Select one that is effective and fits the skills, schedules, resources and values of the program implementers. Contextual fit is very important.

ABA is performance based because:

Convert behavior is difficult to study scientifically Correct

To familiarize yourself with the client's setting, it is helpful to:

All of these are helpful. Analyze function of current contingencies. Identify key people. Determine available resources.

It is important to get significant others in the environment to reinforce the client's behavior change so that:

All of these are important to support client behavior change. The natural environment will prompt the behavior to continue occurring in your absence. The client's behavior changes will improve his/her life. Long-term maintenance will be promoted.

Treatment integrity:

All of these are involved to ensure treatment integrity. Is related to intervention effectiveness. Refers to the program being implemented as planned. Is related to contextual fit.

When selecting behavioral goals, it is best if they can:

All of these: Garner public and supervisory support Be realistic as to what they target as behavior problems Contribute to the organization's mission. Address behavioral cusps or pivotal behavior

Generalized social reinforcers are a good means of reinforcement because:

All of these: Satiation is less likely c. They are relatively unobtrusive d. They are present in most environments

Unobservable thoughts and feelings are:

All of these: Operationalized into measurable words or actions, Assumed to be governed by the laws of behavior, These covert acts are analyzed scientifically.

Tony-The-Tough used to do well in shop, but he doesn't any longer. Each time the teacher sees Tony working, the teacher calls, "at a boy, Tony!" Tony hardly works in shop any more. To Tony, teacher praise is:

An aversive stimulus

Before the process of negative reinforcement can take place:

An aversive stimulus must be present

Phillipe's teacher tells his parents he spends too much time daydreaming during study hall and not doing his assignments. She tells them he needs to focus more. A behavior analyst (BA) is called in to help and first works with the teacher to come up with a(n):

An operational definition of "daydreaming" to allow the BA to get a measure of the problem behavior

An operational definition of "daydreaming" to allow the BA to get a measure of the problem behavior.

An ________ of behavior has been achieved when a reliable functional relation between the behavior and the independent variable has been demonstrated convincingly.

Analysis

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA demonstrates functional relationships?

Analytic

A descriptive and temporally sequenced account of behavior in the natural environment is called a(n):

Anecdotal observation: For an anecdotal recording, or ABA assessment, the observer conducts direct and repeated observations of client behavior in the natural environment. All behaviors of interest and their antecedents and consequences are recorded.

The three-term contingency is made of these three terms:

Antecedent, behavior, consequence: The discriminated operant has its origin in the three-term contingency; sometimes called the ABCs of behavior analysis.

The response deprivation hypothesis differs from the Premack Principle by hypothesizing that:

Any behavior can be brought below its free operant level and the person will work to bring it back to its usual level

Contrived reinforcers:

Are used when natural consequences fail to function as a reinforcer for a specific behavior.

When data give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted, the data are called a(n):

Artifact

Being correct in itself fails to reinforce a client's performance. Which of the following would be LEAST helpful to you in attempting to identify an alternative reinforcer confidently?

Ask him to state his preference for a set of potential reinforcers Correct

The first step in setting up a staff development program is to:

Assess the system.

Which of the following questions should be asked when a behavior analyst assesses behaviors? Is this:

Assessment useful for treatment?

Which of the following is not considered to be an essential component of experiments in applied behavior analysis?

At least one large group for statistical comparisons

Functional consequences are those providing our clientele with currently effective positive reinforcers or ridding them of ____________ stimuli.

Aversive

A behavior that results in the postponement or prevention of stimulus presentation contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding is referred to as:

Avoidance behavior

Five-year-old Kyle desires to eat a cup cake. She asks her mother if she can have one, but her mother replies "no." As soon as her mother left the room, Kyle decided to eat one anyway. Half way finished, her mother returned, spanked and sent her to her bedroom for disobeying her. The very next day Kyle asked if she could have a cup cake, her mother replied "no." This time Kyle walked away and began playing. Which of the following terms best describes her walking away?

Avoidance behavior

This type of graph is also known as a histogram and is useful in summarizing behavioral data allowing for a quick comparison of performance across participants and/or conditions.

Bar graph

You are interested in displaying the mean score for both your baseline and experimental condition. For this summary, you are willing to sacrifice the presentation and detection of variability and trends.

Bar graph: Bar graphs are useful when looking to display measures of central tendency such as the mean or median score for each condition. Although an efficient method for summarizing and presenting these measures, the practitioner sacrifices the ability to detect variability and trends in the behavioral data by using the bar graph format.

In order to provide a standard against which to assess behavior change, it is important to provide for a ___________ phase in a behavior analysis program.

Baseline

In order to provide a standard against which to assess behavior change, it is important to provide for a(an) __________ phase in a behavior analysis program.

Baseline

Self-recording can result in desired behavior change. Therefore, to obtain a more valid picture of the pattern of one's behavior, one might have to be careful not to use this procedure during the __________ phase of the program.

Baseline

If teachers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the training must:

Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation

If contingency managers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the actual implementation must:

Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback.

A guideline of teaching is to:

Begin at the learners' level or expertise, not where you would like them to be

A guideline of teaching is to:

Begin at the learners' level or expertise, not where you would like them to be. Correct

The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others, and minimizes short and long term punishers.

Behavior cusp: A behavior change is a cusp if it exposes the individual's repertoire to new environments, especially new reinforcers and punishers, new contingencies, new responses, new stimulus controls, and new communities of maintaining or destructive contingencies.

_________ is the interaction between an organism and its environment

Behavior: Applied behavior analysis is study of socially significant interactions between the organism and its environment.

Junior is the new behavior analyst on the board. Being ambitious, he constructs a behavioral assessment inventory which permits the scoring of 10 different behaviors in 15 second intervals. Which of the following weaknesses is most likely to interfere with the validity of this instrument?

Behavioral complexity and frequency

Informed consent of significant others is recorded on a(n):

Behavioral contract

Teaching some behaviors as goals can be used to bring about greater access to other reinforcers, often resulting in dramatic consequences that extend beyond the behavior taught. What behavioral concept does this represent?

Behavioral cusp

Which of the following is NOT a valid method of cueing an observer during time sampling data collection?

Being cued by a second observer to record CorrectThis would NOT lead to an independent act of recording because the other observer told you to look.

Potential target behaviors should not be selected if the primary reason for selection is the:

Benefit of others: Inappropriate selection criteria for target behavior include the benefit of others, maintenance of the status quo, or if the behavior is of interest to someone who is capable of changing the behavior, such as a researcher.

Juan is a six-year-old boy with a developmental disability who attends an integrated kindergarten class. Assessments have identified four target behaviors. Which behavior should be the first target for intervention?

Bolting from the playground

Based upon an understanding of function, when the function is to escape, do NOT use:

Both 1 and 3: Timeout (1) & Redirection to a different activity (3)

What is the major similarity between positive and negative reinforcement?

Both result in an increase in or maintenance of the behavior

Representative baselines are established by:

By repeatedly assessing the behavior as it typically occurs

Behaviors that remove the possibility for an unpleasant consequence to occur are:

Called avoidance behaviors

Reliability estimates of inter-observer agreement is best established when observers:

Can share behavioral definitions before or after data collection, but cannot see what one another is recording Correct

Which of the following is NOT a major decision making criterion used by applied behavior analysts in goal selection?

Can the behaviors be treated as they arise with whatever means are available?

Computer-assisted measurement of behavior allows the observer to do all of the following except:

Collect permanent products: Computer-assisted systems allow for the simultaneous recording of multiple behaviors across multiple dimensions. Outputs can be analyzed from different perspectives more easily than paper and pencil methods allow.

When conducting research a behavior analyst will vary the:

Conditions of the treatment

This part of a line graph is printed below the graph and gives a concise but complete description of the figure.

Figure caption: The figure caption should direct the reader to any graphing symbols that may be overlooked at first glance.

________ are variables known or suspected to exert an uncontrolled influence on the dependent variable.

Confounding variables

In order to produce a visual representation of an overall rate on a cumulative graph, the first and last data points of a given series of observations should be:

Connected with a straight line: Drawing a straight line to connect the first and last data points of a given series on a cumulative record assists in the visual display of an individual's overall rate of response-the steeper the slope, the higher the response rate.

Operant behavior is selected by its:

Consequences: Selection of behavior by its consequences operates during the lifetime of the individual organism.

Visual analysis is considered a(n) ________ method for determining the social significance of behavior change.

Conservative: Visual analysis of graphed data reveals the range, variability, trends, and overlaps in the data within and across experimental treatment conditions. Visual analysis does not rely on mathematical probabilities to calculate significance.

Phillipe's teacher thinks he daydreams too much, so she talks to him and tells him "No more daydreaming in study hall." What concept does this violate from a behavior analytic perspective?

Constructivism

What aspect of a behavioral objective addresses stimulus generalization and discrimination?

Context

Kelly will reduce her stutter by 50% when speaking with her boss in his office. The underlined part is an example of a:

Context/condition

John and Mary have been dating for one month. Lately, Mary has been complaining that when John is around his friends he says mean things to her, but when they are alone he is a perfect gentleman. Which of the following terms best describes the above situation?

Contextual stimuli

The person who systematically applies behavioral procedures is called a(an):

Contingency manager Correct

In the practice of staff development, all the following techniques are helpful except:

Continuously increasing the amount of reinforcement given to staff. Correct

The level of investigation in which functional relations can be derived is:

Control

You are interested in the total number of sight words accurately read since your data collection began last week. Which graphing convention allows you to most efficiently answer your inquiry?

Cumulative Record: Cumulative records show the accumulation of responses recorded during each observation period. Because the number of responses within an observation period is added to the total number of responses recorded during all previous observation periods the total number of sight words accurately read since you began data collection last week can be found easily.

You are interested in beginning a self-management program to help you save money for a new car. Which type of graph would provide the most appropriate feedback and display your progress toward your goal?

Cumulative record: The cumulative record would be the most appropriate choice for the display of your progress. The amount of money saved would be plotted on the graph as it accumulates.

In an effort to encourage his son to do more chores Bernie gives his son Charlie $5 and tell his son likes it when Charlie takes initiative and does something helpful around the house and yard. His son, Charlie tells his dad he really likes getting the money. Charlie still does not do any yard work or do household or home chores. What is the likely situation in this scenario?

Dad is attempting to give Charlie a reward that hopefully will reinforce doing chores

In an effort to encourage his son to do more chores Bernie gives his son Charlie $5 and tell his son he likes it when Charlie takes initiative and does something helpful around the house and yard. His son, Charlie tells his dad he really likes getting the money. Charlie still does not do any yard work or do household or home chores. What is the likely situation in this scenario?

Dad is attempting to give Charlie a reward that hopefully will reinforce doing chores.

One advantage of using computer-based observation and measurement systems is.

Data can be clustered and analyzed easily:A distinct advantage of computer-based observation and measurement systems is that when aggregating rates, time-series analyses, conditional probabilities, sequential dependencies, interrelationships, and combinations of events, these data can be clustered and analyzed.

The standard graphing format does NOT include:

Data points connected across phases

Although a student's activities are apparently reinforced by praise, we use food as a reinforcer, paired with praise. We do this initially because:

Data show that this client acquires new behaviors more rapidly when food is the reinforcer

The term reinforcement is used to

Describe both a process and procedure

The three levels of scientific understanding include:

Description, prediction, control: The three levels of scientific understanding include description, prediction, and control.

____ science yields a collection of facts about the observed events-facts that can be quantified and classified.

Descriptive

An applied behavior analysis program tends to incorporate all but which of the following?

Determination of diagnostic categories

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place and that natural phenomena occur in relation to other events describes which assumption underlying the analysis of behavior?

Determinism: The assumptions underlying the analysis of behavior include: determinism, empiricism, philosophic doubt, parsimony, and experimentation.

Mitchell's caretakers decided to conduct an ABC analysis to make their best guess as to why Mitchell engaged in some troublesome behaviors. Which kind of assessment does this refer to?

Direct assessment

A(n) _______ measure of the actual behavior of interest will always possess more validity than a(n) _______ measure.

Direct, indirect

Phillipe's daydreaming during study hall appears to interfere with doing his assignments. The teacher asks a behavior analyst (BA) for some help to reduce the time he spends daydreaming. The BA insists she first needs to collect some data on the problem behavior. She and the teacher work out an operational definition for daydreaming and the BA begins to collect some data. What measure could she use to find out how much time he spends daydreaming during study hall?

Duration

You are preparing to observe Jennifer, a second grade student who has difficulty following teacher direction and frequently wanders around the classroom. The target behavior for Jennifer is being out of her seat. What is the most appropriate method for measuring this target behavior?

Duration: Event recording does not produce accurate measures for behavior that occurs for extended time periods. Behavior that occurs over an extended period of time is best measured using a timing procedure to measure duration.

Unconditioned stimuli

Elicit behavior without any prior learning history

Behavior analysis procedures are selected on the basis of:

Empirical evidence (3) b. What could be counter to a person's learning c. The behavior's function (2) d. Both 2 & 3

Behaviors that terminate an unpleasant consequence are called:

Escape behaviors

The purpose of research is to:

Evaluate the effects of the independent variable as unambiguously as possible

Devices such as wrist counters, masking tape, buttons, and calculators are all useful when using ________ recording procedures.

Event

What is the best recording method for discrete behaviors, such as kicking a sibling?

Event or frequency

The highest level of scientific understanding results from establishing:

Experimental control

Which of the following is not a suggested training method for potential observers?

Explicit feedback about data collection as it relates to the hypothesis

Behavior analysts believe behavioral variability is ________ to the organism.

External

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. It seems every time mom tells her to clean up, Juanna gets louder and louder in her verbal protests. Her mom ignores her tantrum and finally Juanna calms down and does the clean up. What behavioral process appears to be at work in this scenario with regard to Juanna's tantrum behavior?

Extinction

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. When mom tells her to clean up, Juanna initially got louder and louder in her verbal protests. Her mom ignores her tantrum and finally Juanna now stops protesting and does the clean up. What behavioral process appears to be at work in this scenario with regard to Juanna's tantrum behavior?

Extinction

Phillipe's daydreaming during study hall appears to interfere with doing his school assignments. The teacher asks a behavior analyst (BA) for some help to reduce the time he spends daydreaming. The BA insists she first needs to collect some data on the problem behavior. She and the teacher work out an operational definition for daydreaming and the BA begins to collect some data. What measure of proficiency could she use to find out how many times he engages in daydreaming during study hall?

Frequency

Stating that "Johnny Popup" is out of his seat 15 times a day is an example of:

Frequency

In general, artifacts can be limited by scheduling ________ observations.

Frequent: Infrequent measurement, no matter how accurate and reliable it is, often yields artifactual results.

A(n) ________ definition designates responses in terms of their effect on the environment.

Function-based: A function-based behavior encompasses all relevant forms of a response class in terms of their effect on the environment.

Behavior assessment seeks to determine the ______ of a behavior.

Function: Behavior assessment seeks to discover the function that a behavior serves in the person's environment. The function of a behavior may be access to a preferred item or escape from an undesired activity.

When the rate of a given behavior, such as remaining in one's seat, changes systematically as a given condition, such as teacher praise, is manipulated, we can say that the behavior and the condition are:

Functionally related

Maria will reduce her instances of blushing by 80% in a social situation. The is an example of a:

Goal

One of the behavior analyst's first tasks is to:

Help the program implementer or client operationalize the problem behavior.

Which of the following do behavioral goals NOT address?

Improving self-concept

A negative reinforcer ________ behavior by _________ an aversive stimulus.

Increases - removing

Inflated

Cumbersome and difficult to use measurement ________ can lead to inaccurate and unreliable measurements.

Instruments

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. It seems every time mom tells her to clean up, Juanna gets louder and louder in her verbal protests. Her mom buys a small digital decibel meter and records how loudly Juanna complains. What dimension of behavior is mom measuring?

Intensity

Typically, multiple-baseline designs are avoided when:

Interdependence

________ refers to the degree to which a study's results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors.

Internal validity

To determine how accurate her assistant teacher is scoring the math test results, Miranda the classroom teacher has a second assistant grade the same papers independent and she compares the data of the two grades for the same set of math papers. What is the teacher looking to measure?

Interobserver agreement

When Linbuda is supposed to do the dishes, it seems to take much longer than it should. Dad watches and realizes that Linbuda does one single item at a time, washes a spoon, then puts it in the drain rack. And then stops and stares out the window. After a little while, Linbuda takes the next items and does the same thing. Dad wants to track how much time is being lost between doing one item and then next. Which recording method should dad use to get this data?

Interresponse time

Tertiary prevention programs

Involve individualized programs designed for the few students who are at high-risk

A punisher can be a stimulus that

Is added after a behavior and reduces the frequency of that behavior

After a response has been negatively reinforced (but not to satiation) repeatedly, the probability that it will occur again under similar circumstances:

Is increased

26. Promising specific reinforcers in ABA:

Is not a form of bribery because it is used primarily for the benefit of the client

Promising specific reinforcers in ABA:

Is not a form of bribery because it is used primarily for the benefit of the client

Contingency managers must participate in selecting procedures because:

It helps make their consistent implementation more likely

It is important to provide a sufficient adaptation period because:

It reduces reactivity through habituation

Which of the following is the best example of an operational definition of a behavioral problem?

Joe looks out the window for 50% of this reading time.

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. Her mom times how long it takes from when she tells Juanna to cleanup, until Juanna starts the task. What dimension of behavior is mom measuring?

Latency

This is the most commonly used graph in applied behavior analysis.

Line graph

You are interested in comparing the effects of two different interventions on a single target behavior. You have decided to present each of the interventions in an alternating fashion and measure the changes in the value of your dependent variable. You would like to plot the results of both interventions on one graph. Which would be the best format to display your results?

Line graph: The line graph allows you to plot the values of the same dependent variable on one graph under different intervention conditions without sacrificing the detection of variability, trends, and level changes.

Which of the following situations best illustrates the use of the concept of repertoire of responses?

Lisa already knows how to play handball

When selecting or matching reinforcers to individuals it is least important to:

Make sure the reinforcer has been used successfully with everyone else

The social validity of a behavior intervention plan can be enhanced by:

Measuring and reducing episodic severity Correct

All of the following are assessment methods used in applied behavior analysis except:

Medical evaluations: The four major types of behavioral assessment are direct observation, interviews, checklists, and tests. Assessment is used to identify target behaviors for change.

Interview questions should avoid "why" questions because these tend to encourage _______ explanations of behavior.

Mentalistic: Clients are unlikely to know why they engage in problem behavior and "why" questions usually evoke mentalistic explanations related to motivation or uninformative explanations.

Which of these situations clearly illustrates punishment?

Mike enjoys riding his bike to school everyday. His mother wants him to continue this behavior, so she says "good boy" and gives him a cookie when he engages in this behavior. Since she began this practice Mike has been riding the bus to school more frequently.

Which of the following situations would be considered positively reinforcing for Mike's behavior?

Mike's mother is teaching him to walk in the house instead of running. To accomplish this she spanks him every time she observes him running. After 30 days of this intervention Mike's running increased above previous levels.

(Callback to Chapter 2) John's mom knows he likes brownies, he is always asking for them. She wants him to do the dishes and is very clear about washing, drying and putting them away so he knows exactly what to do. She gives him a brownie and tells him "you can eat this brownie after you do the dishes." Mom leaves and John eats the brownie. Later John goes to the kitchen and does all the dishes. He is almost done when mom's car pulls in the driveway, so he hurries to put the last plate away. What would mom's instruction before giving him the brownie best be described as in this situation:

Mom's instruction was an antecedent stimulus Correct

Which of the following is a reason not to use permanent product measurement?

Moment-to-moment decisions must be made: If moment-to-moment decisions must be made during the session, measurement by permanent product may not be warranted.

During consultation within an educational setting, which observational system would be the most appropriate to ask a teacher or parent to use?

Momentary time sampling

Behavioral assessments should include:

Multimodel approaches

A behavior improvement plan (BIP):

Must be developed when a behavior interferes with a student's learning b. All of these Correct c. Emphasizes the use of positive behavior interventions d. Is implemented as specified and its effects monitored e. Must be based on a functional behavior assessmen

Joe Honeygrain scratches a mosquito bite and the itching is relieved. Subsequently, he scratches mosquito bites whenever he gets one. Scratching has been increased by which consequential procedure?

Negative reinforcement

John Teethgruncher dawdles at his homework. His mother nags him to complete his homework. When Joe turns in his work and appears to perform the task, his mother stops nagging. The procedure used on Joe's procrastination is called?

Negative reinforcement

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. It seems every time mom tells her to clean up, Juanna gets louder and louder in her verbal protests. Her mom finally has enough of the fuss and tells Juanna she can skip cleaning up today. The next day Juanna throws another tantrum when she is told to clean up. What behavioral process appears to be at work in this scenario with regard to Juanna's behavior?

Negative reinforcement

Mary starts to cry when her mother scolds her. Mother stops scolding Mary when she cries. Mary's crying has increased. The increase in crying may be due to what procedure?

Negative reinforcement

(Callback to Chapter 2) John's mom knows he likes brownies, he is always asking for them. She wants him to do the dishes and is very clear about washing, drying and putting them away so he knows exactly what to do. She gives him a brownie and tells him "you can eat this brownie after you do the dishes." Mom leaves and John eats the brownie. Later John goes to the kitchen and does all the dishes. He is almost done when mom's car pulls in the driveway, so he hurries to put the last plate away. John's hurrying to finish the chore when he heard mom's car was likely due to a: (what behavioral concept best explains what John did when mom got home?)

Negative reinforcer Correct

Which of the following is most likely to be an independent variable? The:

Number of aversive stimuli delivered to a rat's tail

In order to be reliable a measure MUST be:

Objective

Reliable measures are most always:

Objective

By carefully designating the response properties that constitute the target behavior, we maximize:

Objectivity

All of the following are procedures for measuring behavior except.

Observation

Tom and Mary had a perfect inter-observer coefficient of agreement. A month later their agreement scores were no longer acceptable. This is an example of:

Observer drift

Tom and Mary had a perfect inter-observer coefficient of agreement. A month later their scores began to diverge. This is an example of:

Observer drift Correct

Practitioners need measurement in order to do all of the following except

Operationalize empiricism

Joe's teacher is trying to reduce his frequent self-injurious behavior. He feels that a conservative recording measure of Joe's progress would be the best. Which of the following measures would best suit his purpose?

Partial interval time-sampling

The procedure that measures behavior after it has occurred by measuring its effect on the environment is called:

Permanent product: Measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring its effects on the environment is known as measurement by permanent product.

Marco is learning to assemble computer components as part of his new job at a factory. Speed and accuracy are critical skills for him to learn in assembling his component. What is the most appropriate method for measuring his behavior?

Permanent product: This behavior is appropriate for permanent product measurement because each correct task sequence will produce the same product and only the correct task sequence can produce the permanent product.

Phillipe's teacher has shifted her focus from trying to reduce Phillipe's daydreaming during study hall to increasing his engagement in doing his schoolwork. With a suggestion from a behavior analyst (BA) she started praising him whenever she saw him doing schoolwork and ignoring him when he was daydreaming. Phillipe has started doing more of his schoolwork. What concept does this represent?

Positive Reinforcement

A parent is teaching her child to play in the backyard by slapping the child every time he steps in the front yard. Over a week's period of time the child is stepping into the front yard more than previously. What procedure did the parent use?

Positive reinforcement

The teacher compliments Slim for completing his work. Slim smiles and starts his next assignment. What procedure did the teacher use?

Positive reinforcement

Many stimuli, such as eating food when hungry, putting on a coat when cold or removing a coat when hot, and receiving sought after attention, can be:

Positively and/or negatively reinforcing

The three elements of baseline logic include the following:

Prediction, verification, and replication

Primary prevention attempts to:

Prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place.

Primary prevention attempts to:

Prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place. Correct

A reinforcer whose effects are not dependent upon prior learning is:

Primary

An automatic reinforcer is:

Produced by the response itself

A positive behavior support team is necessary because it:

Promotes staff support and sustainability of school-wide discipline or behavior management programs. Correct

Logarithmic scales are an appropriate graphing format when _______ change is of particular interest.

Proportional:

Which of the following is a limitation of total count IOA?

Provides no assurance that the two observers recorded the same instances of behavior.

Which of the following is not an assumption underlying the analysis of behavior?

Pseudoscience

The following critical features - a stimulus, added as a consequence, that decreases the behavior - identifies which procedures?

Punishment

_________ is obtained by combining observation time with a tally of the number of occurrences of behavior.

Rate: Combining observation time with count yields rate or frequency, one of the most widely used measures in applied behavior analysis.

When the observation of a behavior affects that behavior, this phenomenon is called:

Reactivity

Based upon an understanding of a behavior's function, when the function is to gain attention, do not use _____________ as an intervention:

Redirection

Conditioned _______ are the product of respondent conditioning.

Reflexes

Izzy has been trying to make 10 basketball free throws in a row, so he practices and practices. He discovers that when he flexes his knees, he makes more baskets than when he does not flex his knees. Each slight adjustment he makes has helped him fine tune just how much to flex his knees. What basic process accounts for the increase of Izzy's improved skill at making free throws?

Reinforcement

Operant conditioning encompasses:

Reinforcement and punishment: Operant conditioning refers to the process and selective effects of consequences on behavior.

Which is the most valid method for determining reinforcer effectiveness for an individual?

Reinforcer preference assessment

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to treatment integrity?

Reinforcer satiation

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to treatment integrity?

Reinforcer satiation. Correct

Graphic displays of behavioral data are considered simple formats for visually displaying ________ among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables.

Relationships: Graphs are defined as relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. The visual display and detection of relationships may be more readily available when behavioral data are graphed rather than presented in a series or table.

A scatterplot shows the _________ distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the both the x- and y-axes.

Relative: Scatterplots are useful for certain types of behavioral data and inquiry because they show how much changes in the value of the variable depicted by one axis correlate with changes in the value of the variable represented by the other axis.

The ________ of behavior rule states that a target behavior should only be selected when it can be determined that the behavior will produce natural reinforcement.

Relevance: The relevance of behavior rule is used to determine the degree to which a behavior will be functional for people in their natural environment after treatment ends.

To be valid a measure must be:

Reliable

_________ measurement is consistent measurement.

Reliable

When a problem behavior has been targeted for reduction or elimination, the behavior analyst must always include a(n) ________ in the intervention plan.

Replacement behavior: A behavior that serves the same function as a problem behavior is known as a replacement behavior. This behavior is typically a more appropriate response. The correct answer is not "appropriate response," because a response may be appropriate, but may not be a replacement behavior because it serves a different function than the problem behavior. A pivotal behavior is one that, once learned, produces corresponding changes in other adaptive untrained behaviors. A replacement behavior may be pivotal, but not necessarily. Performance criterion simply refers to a rule that states how well as behavior must be demonstrated.

_______ behavior is elicited by antecedent stimuli.

Respondent: Respondent behaviors are "elicited" and are "reflexive" in nature. They are linked only to antecedent events. Operant behaviors are "emitted" by the individual and are "voluntary" in nature. They are linked to both antecedent and consequent events. "Temporal" refers to time and is not a description of behavior.

Which of the following is an objective means of identifying potential reinforcers with a high degree of confidence?

Restrict access to given activities to below their "free operant" baseline levels. Then make them contingently available to see their impact. (2) b. Both 1 and 2 (sentence ends with (1) and (2) Correct c. Observe which out of an array of objects an individual selects repeatedly. (1)

Which of these situations clearly illustrates negative reinforcement?

Sam, Mike's best friend, loves to play football, but Mike prefers basketball. When Mike refuses to play football with Sam. Sam becomes overly upset and yells at Mike. Mike has been playing more football recently when Sam asks him to.

A ________ is depicted on a line graph by an open spot in the axis with a squiggly line at each end.

Scale break: Use a scale break if there are discontinuities in the progression of time on the horizontal axis.

Which of the following is not a requisite for obtaining valid IOA measures?

Score all IOA while sitting side-by-side with another observer

Praise frequently functions as a:

Secondary positive reinforcer

Fred is one of the most talkative youngsters in his class. In fact, he talks during most of the time allotted for reading. Miss Cook has decided to use tactile praise as a reinforcer to increase his quiet periods. She chooses this form of reinforcement because of an earlier project that paired tactile reinforcement with edibles to increase its strength as a reinforcer. Which of the following behavioral principles is associated with the above situation?

Secondary reinforcement

Juanna stalls every time her mother tells her to clean up after dinner. It seems she wants to avoid the chore. She first yells at her mom about making her do things she doesn't want to do and hates doing. Her mom tells Juanna that when she finishes the clean up, Juanna gets her phone back for the rest of the evening. Juwanna quickly does the clean up and gets her phone when the clean is complete. What behavioral concept did her mother effectively use here?

She put a contingency for getting access to the phone.

Group designs:

Should be selected when a statement about a larger population is needed

An experimental design in which a functional relationship can be demonstrated with the behavior of only one subject is called a:

Single subject design

The _______ of each data path on a cumulative record represents the different rates of acquisition.

Slope: Although the value of the dependent variable (e.g., number of correct responses) is often plotted on a cumulative record rather than the rate (i.e., number correct per unit of time) the slope of each data path represents different "rates" of acquisition in each session.

In determining the likelihood of success in changing a behavior, all of the following should be considered except:

Social validity of the behavior: Four sources of information on the likelihood of success are the research literature on changing this behavior, the experience of the practitioner with the target behavior, the ability to control variables in the environments, and the available resources for implementing and maintaining the intervention.

Behaviors have ________ if they affect a person's life in a positive and meaningful manner.

Social validity: Behavior analysis targets important behaviors and seeks to change those behaviors to an extent that a person's life is changed in a positive and meaningful manner.

When the data show no evidence of an upward or downward trend and all the measures fall within a small range of values, the data pattern is referred to as

Stable

As a general rule the independent variable should be introduced when ________ baseline responding has been achieved.

Stable: The most common method of evaluating the effects of a given variable is to impose it on an ongoing measure of behavior obtained in its absence. These original data serve as the baseline against which any observed changes in behavior when the independent variable is applied can be compared.

A ________ chart is a type of semilogarithmic chart useful for charting accelerating and decelerating performances over time.

Standard celeration

Which type of graph or chart shows the proportional or relative changes in behavior?

Standard celeration chart

An adaptation period should be used prior to collecting baseline data because:

Subjects often do not demonstrate typical behavior when changes occur in the environment Correct

The term "negative" in negative reinforcement means:

Subtracting aversive stimuli

_________ is the "hallmark of applied behavior analysis."

Systematic repeated measurement of behavior

A behavioral technician does all of the following except:

Teach behavioral techniques to subjects

The dimensional quantity of duration is described as:

Temporal extent: Temporal extent describes a property of behavior where the duration of each event can be measured because the behavior occurs during some amount of time.

The term "contingent" as used in behavior analysis refers to the dependent relationship of a particular consequence on the occurrence of behavior and is also used in reference to the _________ contiguity of behavior and its consequences.

Temporal: Behavior is selected by the consequences that immediately follow it, irrespective of whether those consequences were produced or depended upon the behavior- "the only important property of the contingency is temporal."

Scatterplots are useful when applied behavior analysts are interested in finding out the ________ distribution of the target behavior. In other words, a scatterplot illustrates whether the behavior's occurrence is typically associated with certain time periods.

Temporal: Scatterplots are useful for certain types of behavioral data and inquiry because they show how much changes in the value of the variable depicted by one axis (e.g., toileting accidents) correlate with changes in the value of the variable represented by the other axis (e.g., time of day).

Phillipe engages in what his teacher calls daydreaming during study hall. The teacher asks a behavior analyst (BA) for some help to reduce the time he spends daydreaming. The BA insists she first needs to collect some data on the problem behavior. She and the teacher work out an operational definition for daydreaming and the BA begins to collect some data. The BA collects data on a number of measures (frequency, duration, percentage) and tells the teacher that reducing the time spent daydreaming is the wrong way to go. What might be the BA's logic in moving away from daydreaming as a measure of the behavior to change?

The BA decides that reducing daydreaming does not necessarily increase time-on-task and wants to measure that as a target behavior.

Which of the following is NOT likely to serve as a motivational operation for a reinforcer?

The Premack Principle

The schoolwide Positive Behavior Support Team (PBST) and the Student Success Team (SST) are similar and/or different in that:

The SST identifies staff skilled in conducting functional and mental health assessments and the PBST addresses and prevents problem behavior for the majority of students. Correct

Interval time-sampling would NOT be the appropriate measurement procedure to use when:

The behaviors of interest is a low-rate problem behavior (e.g., only occurs once a month)

Which of the following is an example of a tangible reinforcer?

The car keys

An example of the matching law is when:

The client proportionally matches his behavior under choice conditions to the rates of reinforcement of each choice.

Informed consent is likely NOT to involve which of the following?

The client's emotional state

A constructive approach usually includes:

The identification of current effective repertoires

In general, the first problem you should explore when encountering low agreement scores between observers is the possibility of:

The lack of operationally clear target definitions

The time sampling method that involves recording whether the response occurs at the moment the interval ends is called:

The time sampling method that measures whether the response was emitted throughout the entire interval is called:

How does behavior analysis handle such concepts as anxiety, mind, thinking, intelligence, free will, creativity, and attention?

Through operational definitions

Outcome criteria should be established before intervention commences for all of the following reasons except:

To ensure accurate data collection: Target behaviors are selected for intervention because of their importance to the people involved. Therefore, it is important to set outcome criteria to establish the desired performance level and to ensure there is agreement among stakeholders on these desired outcomes. When these outcomes are determined, then it will be clear when intervention can be terminated. Determining outcomes is not relevant to accurate data collection.

Whenever Juanna's mom tells her to clean up after dinner, she launches into a basic tantrum, yelling and throwing up her arms, stomping her feet and engages in what mom calls a "madder than a wet hen dance." Mom decides to write a description of the behaviors Juanna engages in during her reaction to being told to clean up. What dimension of behavior is mom measuring?

Topography

The percentage or level of treatment integrity can be calculated by using the following formula:

Total correct/total correct plus incorrect x 100

In order to be understood by everyone, measurement units must be:

Unambiguous: Unambiguous measurement units with universal meanings facilitate understanding and consensus among different individuals.

Which of the following is the most stringent method for calculating IOA for behaviors that occur at relatively high rates and obtained by interval recording?

Unscored-interval IOA: When behaviors occur at relatively high rates it is suggested that unscored-interval methods of IOA calculation be conducted.

One way to avoid potential conflict in the selections of behavioral goals which might involve individual value judgments is to:

Use a behavioral contract

To inform clients, advocates, supervisors, and others of the results of a behavioral program:

Use the client's or advocate's vocabulary whenever possible. Correct

A dependent variable:

Varies as another variable is changed systematically

When should extrinsic reinforcers be used?

When intrinsic motivation has been demonstrated not to be sufficient

The most efficient way of placing data on a graph is:

While baseline and treatment data continue to be gathered Correct

Which of the following would tend to yield the most valid measure for paying attention?

Whole interval time sampling

Which part of the line graph is the arrow pointed at?

Y-axis

The best way to determine the function of a behavior is to use:

a. Experimental methodology Correct

Which of the following is an explanation of an arbitrary reinforcer?

a reinforcer that is usually irrelevant to behavioral maintenance in the natural environment.

For serious behavior which of the following assessments should be conducted?

a. All of these Correct b. Indirect c. Descriptive d. Functional analysis

Functional behavior assessment is a method of inquiring into why a person repeats particular behaviors. Which of the following are aspects of an FBA?

a. Ecological assessment b. All of these Correct c. Indirect assessment d. Direct assessment

Measuring how long it takes before a client complies with a request is an example of:

a. Latency recording CorrectCorrect, this is the time it takes from the stimulus (the antecedent) until the behavior actually occurs.

Which following statement(s) is/are true?

a. Partial interval time sampling overestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to decrease behavior Correct

Wendy often approaches the teacher and pulls on her sleeve when she wants the teacher's attention. This becomes troublesome when the teacher is actually writing something on the whiteboard in the front of the classroom. The teacher taught Wendy to sit at her desk, raise her hand and wait quietly for the teacher's attention and then gave her a lot of attention the first several times Wendy did it. Which concept does this refer to from a behavior analytic perspective?

a. Replacement behaviors Correct

Which graph chart does NOT have equal intervals?

a. Standard celeration chart Correct

Which type of graph or chart shows the proportional or relative changes in behavior?

a. Standard celeration chart Correct

An adaptation period should be used prior to collecting baseline data because:

a. Subjects often do not demonstrate typical behavior when changes occur in the environment Correct

Avoid selecting the across behaviors multiple baseline design when:

a. The behaviors may be interrelated Correct

In general, the first problem you should explore when encountering low agreement scores between observers is the possibility of:

a. The lack of operationally clear target definitions Correct

Behavioral assessment focuses primarily at the individual level in that it takes into account the individual's:

a. Unique context and repertoires Correct

Which of the following represents an independent variable (IV)?

a. Using a point system to get employees to meet their goals. Correct

If asked, "What is the change in level of your data?" you are being asked:

a. What is the change in the mean value of your data set? Correct

Equal-interval graphsunits on the y- and x-axis are spaced equally, examples include:

a. cumulative graphs (record) b. bar c. all of these Correct d. line

Equal-interval graphs use units on the y- and x-axis that are spaced equally, examples include:

a. line b. bar c. all of these Correct d. cumulative graphs (record)

Secondary prevention programs (activities)

addresses students not responding to PBST

Mark, an eighth-grader, loves to watch television. His parents have decided that Mark will be allowed to watch television from 8 to 10 P.M. only if he completes two hours of homework before 8 P.M. Which of the following describes the above situation?

all of these Motivational operation b. All of these Correct c. Response deprivation hypothesis d. Premack Principle

A motivating operation is:

an antecedent event that alters the effectiveness of a given reinforcer.

A reinforcer directly produced by a response:

automatic

A functional analysis can best be demonstrated by:

b. An experimental design Correct

If inter-observer agreement scores are low, which of the following procedures should be pursued first? Change the:

b. Definition of the behavior Correct

Which of the following problems would most likely result from a poorly operationalized definition?

b. Experimenters A and B have very different data even when they make their observations at the same time of the day Correct

The time sampling method that requires that the response must occur at least once during any part of the interval, even if only briefly is called:

b. Partial interval recording Correct

Willie's teacher is trying to help him be successful in math class. She gives him a smiley sticker whenever he gets a problem correct. This effort by the teacher would be considered:

b. an independent variable Correct

Graphs that do not represent response sequences, rather they are used to compare discrete sets of data that may or may not be related to each other, they can be used to summarize performance within a condition or group of individuals are called:

bar

The standard graphing format does NOT include:

c. Data points connected across phases Correct

Many teachers in different schools are in need of consultation services regarding the effective use of reinforcement in the classroom. You cannot possibly work with all of them at the same time. The best design to evaluate your effectiveness is:

c. Multiple-baseline across subjects Correct

Which of the following represents a dependent variable (DV)?

c. The number of math problems a student answers correctly in 15 minutes. Correct

A functional consequence is:

c. The reinforcer the individual seeks to attain or rid him - or herself of at that moment Correct

Aunt Bertha does not have time to walk around with a chart and pencil in order to keep tract of the number of times Frank uses bad words. Which of the following methods is likely to be of help?

c. Transferring beans from one pocket to the other every time he utters those word and count them at the end of the day Correct

Louisa is a classroom teacher with a lot of challenges in her classroom. She decides to try some behavior analysis principles and procedures to improve her students' conduct. She picks three students for her first round of treatment and collects baseline data for each on their cooperation with her instructions. She then gives stickers to Lynne for cooperative behavior while not doing anything different with Michael or Ralph. When she sees Lynne's improvement, she then tries this on Michael and after that seems to help she moves on to Ralph. What basic experimental design is she using?

c. multiple-baseline Correct

Which is a type of design used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B- design?

c. withdrawal CorrectThis is the BEST answer, it is stated in the chapter and is the more common term.

Those receiving the intervention or treatment are referred to as:

clients

The source of influence other than the independent variable that may produce changes in the dependent variable is referred to as a __________ variable.

confounding

Records that display of the rates of a behavior in the form of changes in the slope or curve of the response patterns (number of responses in a specific time period) generated as a function of conditions in effect are called.

cumulative graphs (record)

Records that permit one to view at a glance the total number of responses accumulated during recording periods, as each new measure is added onto the previous total are called:

cumulative graphs (record)

A baseline phase consists of:

d. A representation of typical performance prior to treatment Correct

The rules for applying an independent variable so as to examine its effects on a dependent variable refer to:

d. Experimental design Correct

Baseline includes:

d. Repeated measures of the behavior as it typically occurs taken prior to intervention Correct

The term functional implies:

d. The manner in which the behavior occurs is related to the way its consequences have influenced it in the past Correct

The ABAB design is called the:

d. Withdrawal design Correct

When Willie's teacher counts the number of math problems he answers correctly after she gives him stickers for correct answers, she is collecting data on the:

d. dependent variable Correct

dependent

Louisa sits in class and spins her pencil on her desk over and over and over. She appears to do this randomly and her teacher feels that it is consuming so much of her class time that Louisa is not getting any work done. The teacher decides to time how long Louisa spends spinning her pencil to get some data on this behavior. Which type of recording is she most likely to use?

duration recording

Indirect assessment should include all but the following:

e. An ecobehavioral assessment Correct

Fidelity of implementation refers to

ensuring that everyone involved carries out and supports the intervention as planned.

The vertical axis on a graph:

is: Is the ordinate

A behavior that results in the termination of a stimulus contingent on a response, leading to an increase in responding is referred to as:

escape behavior

Primary prevention programs

focus on preventing discipline problems.

functional

When changes reveal that one variable demonstrates its effects are the result of changes in another variable we say a ____________ relationship exists.

functional

A reinforcer that will support a variety of behaviors (i.e., it is substitutable for a number of other reinforcers).

generalized

independent

Ihab starts coming to class early after the teacher told him she needed help setting up the classroom before the other students arrived. She offered him extra recess if he would come early every day. In this example, the "recess" would represent the _____________ variable and the number of days he came early would be the ___________ variable.

independent, dependent

When Jimula gets home, he is supposed to do his homework, right away. His mother allows him to take a brief break, for 5 minutes and then tells him, "go do your homework now!" When you finish you can play with the dog and take him for a walk. She thinks it takes him forever to get started so a behavior analyst tells her to measure how long it takes him to start his homework after she tells him to go do his homework. Which recording method would the behavior analyst most likely recommend to collect this data?

latency recording

The term that depicts the amount by which the behavior has changed; that is, whether the average (mean, median or mode) performance rate is higher, lower or remaining the same as compared to previous average performance is:

level

Graphs usually display data that can be scaled along some dimension, such as time or the order of responses in a sequence are called:

line

A reinforcer delivered (or managed) by another person.

mediated

The process or procedure that refers to the removal of a stimulus contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding is referred to as:

negative reinforcement

(Callback to Chapter 2) John's mom knows he likes brownies, he is always asking for them. She wants him to do the dishes and is very clear about washing, drying and putting them away so he knows exactly what to do. She gives him a brownie and tells him "you can eat this brownie after you do the dishes." Mom leaves and John eats the brownie. Later John goes to the kitchen and does all the dishes. He is almost done when mom's car pulls in the driveway, so he hurries to put the last plate away. John's hurrying to finish the chore when he heard mom's car was likely due to a: (what behavioral concept best explains Mom's role in John's hurried behavior?

negative reinforcer

Tawanda's teacher measures how many spelling words Tawanda spells correctly. Her method involves calculating the proportion of number of times achieved or correct, divided by total possible times and multiplies that by 100. Which recording method is the teacher using?

percent of occurrence

Michon comes home from school and changes clothes and throws the dirty clothes on the floor, not even near the laundry basket. Michon's mom wants to determine how many items she finds on the floor so she can talk to her husband about changing Michon's dirty clothes throwing behavior and knows she needs some way to measure the result of the behavior because she never sees it happen. Which kind of measurement would be the best way for her to collect the data. She should use:

permanent product recording

The process or procedure that refers to the presentation of a stimulus contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding is referred to as:

positive reinforcement

Lorinda's brother gives her iTunes gift cards whenever she has a girlfriend over to the house and introduces her friend to her brother. She has started bringing girlfriends over more than ever and gets a gift card every time. The iTunes gift cards appear to be:

positive reinforcers

When Phyllis comes to school she seems to be in a happy mode, and she bursts out in song throughout the school day during classes. Her teacher wants to get some kind of measure as to how much this behavior happens. She decides to count the number of singing outbursts during each 50 minute class period and then averages the results to see how many times in the six class period Phyllis bursts into song. Which recording method is she using?

rate recording

Rewarding and/or giving incentives refers to using:

reinforcement

Behavioral interventions use operational definitions and train observers to watch the same behavior at the same time and use the same recording method to determine the consistency of measurement across time, observers and conditions. Determining consistency by calculating their percent of agreement refers to:

reliability

The duplication of earlier conditions in an experiment refers to which concept?

replication

The design that involves an intervention phase crafted for the purpose of reversing the target behavior (turning it around in the direction opposite from that intended to prevail during treatment) as in intervening during A2 (second) condition to promote the unwanted behavior is which of the following?

reversal

Wally never raised his hand to answer the teacher's question. His teacher tries giving him a high-five when he raises his hand to answer her questions, and it seems to work. One day she decides to see what would happen when she gave him high-fives for calling out an answer instead of raising his hand. After a few days she decides she doesn't like the results and goes back to giving him high-fives for raising his hand instead of calling out. Which design would be best to demonstrate the effects of her informal experiment?

reversal

A stimulus whose reinforcing effects are due to previous pairing with other reinforcers:

secondary

The Premack Principle refers to:

the use of a high probability behavior as a reinforcer for a low probability behavior.

The general direction and rate of increase or decrease in which data move over time is:

trend

When Wilson's teacher counts the number of attempts it takes for Wilson to meet the standard set for success in her math class, she is using which measure?

trials to criterion

Many of the reinforcers in our lives have acquired their reinforcing properties due to being paired with primary reinforcers. A wide number of things (stimuli) have come to function as reinforcers for a wide range of behaviors. Money for example, has been paired with being able to buy food, drink, luxury items, movie tickets, clothes, cars and other items. These items become reinforcers because of operant conditioning. What do we call reinforcers that do not have a history of being paired with other reinforcers, yet can reinforce behavior the first time they occur?

unconditioned reinforcers

Reactivity: (this is from chapter 7, hint - (all of these)

variability

The degree to which the rate of the behavior varies (sometimes from the measure of central tendency) from one assessment to another refers to:

variability

A design that involves establishing baseline (A), implementing treatment (B), withdrawing treatment (A) re-implementing treatment (B) is which of the following?

withdrawal

Jannice leaves her food dishes wherever she eats, which seems to be all over the house. One day her mom decides to try to change that pattern so she tells Jannice she will earn a dollar for each day Jannice brings her dishes to the kitchen sink. This seems to be an improvement. IF Jannice's mom were to stop giving her the dollar each day Jannice brings her dishes to the kitchen sink for a week and then goes back to giving her a dollar, which experimental design would this be most like?

withdrawal

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA demonstrates socially significant behavior change?

Effective

Results of empirical methods are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist refers to:

Empiricism

In behavior analysis explanations of behavior attribute behavior to which concept?

Environment

Which form of analysis is directed toward producing a body of knowledge and understanding about how contingencies of reinforcement influence what people, and other living organisms, say and do?

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

This is the branch of behavior analysis that focuses on basic research:

Experimental analysis of behavior

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA extends behavior change across time, setting, or other change?

Generality

A response class refers to the composite set of behaviors that result in a single type of reinforcing event. Which of the following most likely represents a response class?

Getting dressed

A discriminative stimulus or stimuli precede a previously reinforced response and signal the probability that a given response or responses will be reinforced while motivating operations are antecedent events that alter behavior by changing the value of a reinforcer. Which of the following is most likely a motivating operation?

Having not eaten in several hours

A major goal of applied behavior analysis is to:

Help individuals function more independently without outside interference

A three term contingency refers to a(n)

Interdependencies or relationships of contingences

The behavior of organisms is as subject to the laws of nature as are any other natural phenomena refers to:

Lawfulness of behavior

In behavior analysis, explanations of behavior eliminate which concept as an explanation of behavior?

Mentalism

This is the approach to understanding behavior that assumes that a mental or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior.

Mentalism

Which of the following emphasizes directly observing human and animal action to study behavior?

Methodological Behaviorism

Food deprivation may alter the momentary effectiveness of food as a reinforcer. Food deprivation is an example of a(n):

Motivating operation

A teacher yelled at Michele's disruptive behavior. Michele is now quiet when she sees that teacher. Michele's now increased quiet behavior which stopped the teacher's yelling is most likely due to:

Negative reinforcement

A student, Michele, was causing a disruption. The teacher yelled at her to be quiet. Michele stopped her disruption. Yelling by the teacher which resulted in Michele being quiet was

Negatively reinforced

Michael was scared when the neighbor's dog came out of his doghouse and barked at him. Later when he saw the doghouse in the yard he felt frightened. Before the dog barked by his doghouse, the doghouse most likely represented which of the following respondent terms?

Neutral Stimulus

An SΔ is an antecedent stimulus in which

Non-reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations refers to:

Parsimony

This is the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.

Parsimony

Sue's brother is watching TV. Sue enters the room and sits in front of the TV. Her brother can't see his program. He hits her and she moves. Sue no longer sits in front of her brother when he is watching TV. What is this most likely an example of with respect to Sue's sitting in front of the TV behavior?

Positive punishment

Which approach is of practical value, and conducted in real-world settings?

Pragmatism

The level of investigation that demonstrates correlation between events and is based on repeated observations is:

Prediction

Which of the following is NOT a constructive guideline for preventing the misuse of ABA procedures?

Primary caretakers should be trained to keep clients with mental disorders or retardation from becoming familiar with behavioral procedures Correct

Behaviors in a response class

Produce the same reinforcers under similar circumstances

Positive reinforcement involves

Providing or adding a consequence that increases or maintains the behavior

An SDp is an antecedent stimulus in which

Punishment occurred as a result of the response

A response is followed by a stimulus change, the effect of which is a decrease in the future frequency of behavior. Which type of stimulus-change operation most likely occurred?

Punishment: The effect was a decrease in the future frequency of behavior; therefore, the answer is punishment.

A response class refers to the composite set of behaviors that result in a single type of reinforcing event, rather than one specific form or topography of a behavior. Which of the following represents one specific topography of a behavior?

Putting on a hat

Which of the following attributes what living organisms do and say overtly and covertly to their ontogeny and to their phylogeny?

Radical Behaviorism

There are a number of different types of discriminative stimuli due to what the individual's experience has been with the response-consequence pairings in the presence of specific antecedents. An SDr is an antecedent stimulus in which

Reinforcement occurred as a result of the response

A response is followed by a stimulus change, the effect of which is an increase in the future frequency of behavior. Which type of stimulus-change operation most likely occurred?

Reinforcement: The effect was a decrease in the future frequency of behavior; therefore, the answer is reinforcement.

A _____ denotes a set or collection of knowledge and skills a person has learned that are relevant to particular settings or tasks.

Repertoire:Repertoire refers to a collection of behaviors.

Two functionally distinct types of behavior important to behavior analysis include:

Respondent and operant behavior

A behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli and is "brought about" by a stimulus that precedes it is:

Respondent: Respondent behavior is induced; nothing else is required for the response to occur.

A parent said, "Joey, come here" and Joey went to the parent and received a hug. The parent's request of, "Joey, come here," served as an

S Dr

The overall goal of _______ is to achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomenon under study.

Science

Which of the following is a directly measurable behavior?

Screaming loudly

Seeing a traffic light change colors

Those qualities best suited to the organism's physical and cultural environment are most readily selected for survival refers to:

Selectionism

A functional relation means that:

Specific change in the dependent variable can reliably be produced by specific manipulations in the independent variable, and the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of confounding variables

Lilisa answers questions her teacher asks and gets praised for her efforts. When Lilisa answers questions for the substitute teacher she never gets called on. As such, Lilisa only answers questions her teacher asks. This is most likely an example of:

Stimulus Discrimination

When a given response only occurs in the presence of stimuli in which it has been reinforced in the past, we typically say this is an example of:

Stimulus Discrimination

Lorinda answers questions in class whenever the teacher asks and gets praised for her efforts. One day a substitute asked a question and Lorinda answered. No matter who is teaching, Lorinda answers questions in class. This is most likely an example of

Stimulus Generalization

When responding occurs in the presence of stimuli sharing certain characteristics with those previously paired with reinforcement.

Stimulus Generalization

Answering the door when you hear the door bell and not when it is silent is an example of behavior being under:

Stimulus control: Because a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus, it is said to be under stimulus control.

When changing unwanted behavior, the behavior analyst:

Teaches alternative replacement behaviors

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA defines procedures clearly and objectively?

Technological

Which of the following is considered a property of behavior amenable to measurement?

Temporal Locus: Although the definition of behavior includes movement, also known as displacements in space through time, the best answer for this question is temporal locus-which means when in time a behavior occurs.

These events marked the formal beginning of contemporary applied behavior analysis.

The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis began publication and "Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis," by Baer, Wolf, and Risley, was published.

Environment is

The context in which the behavior occurs Correct

The controlling variables of primary importance in applied behavior analysis are located in:

The environment: Controlling variables of primary importance are located in the environment. Although reinforcement and the effects of consequences are important in applied behavior analysis, they are not where the controlling variables are located.

A teacher asked Maria, "What is 3x3?" Maria responds, "6." The teacher then asks Tyrone, "What is 3x3?" He responds, "9." The teacher then says, "Yes, that's correct Tyrone. Maria, what is 3x3"? Maria responds, "9," and receives praise. In this example,

The teacher is attempting to develop 3x3 into an SDr for Maria to say 9 and an SΔ for saying 6

The S-R-S model of psychology is also known as:

Three-term contingency

Michael was scared when the neighbor's dog came out of his doghouse and barked at him. Later when he saw the dog sitting in the yard he felt frightened. Michael being scared represents which respondent term?

Unconditioned Response

Michael was scared when the neighbor's dog came out of his doghouse and barked at him. Later when he saw the dog sitting in the yard he felt frightened. The dog's barking represents which respondent term?

Unconditioned stimulus

Water is an example of a ______ reinforcer, while money is an example of a _______ reinforcer.

Unconditioned, conditioned: Water is an example of a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement. Money is an example of a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior with prior pairing with primary reinforcers.

Positive punishment involves intentionally reducing the rate of a response by presenting a(n) ___________ stimulus contingent on the (unwanted) response.

aversive

Positive punishment occurs when an individual experiences a (typically unpleasant) stimulus contingent on a response resulting in a(n) ________ in the future probability of that response.

decrease

Bellana cleaned her room after her mother told her it was a mess. Her mother was so pleased the room was cleaned she gave Bellana $20 for the movies. The next three weeks Bellana cleaned her room but her mother ignored her. Now Bellana has stopped cleaning her room. This is most likely an example of:

extinction

With positive reinforcement the organism ________ a stimulus, dependent or contingent on a response, resulting in the rate of that response increasing or maintaining

gains

The term reinforcement is used both as a name for how behavior changes or as a name for the contingencies or procedures that cause a(n) _________ or persistence in the probability of occurrence of a given response.

increase

Positive reinforcement is a program whereby the rate of a response maintains or _________ as a function of the contingent presentation of a stimulus following the response.

increases

Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is subtracted contingent on a response, resulting in the rate of that response subsequently _________ or maintaining.

increasing

Which of the following is considered a behavior?

jumping

Bellana cleaned her room after her mother told her it was a mess. Her mother was so pleased the room was cleaned she gave Bellana $20 for the movies. Bellana never cleaned her room again. This is most likely an example of:

punishment

A punisher is a stimulus that, when presented immediately following a response, effects a(n) ________ in the rate of the response.

reduction

Bellana cleaned her room after her mother told her it was a mess. Her mother was so pleased the room was cleaned she gave Bellana $20 for the movies. Next week Bellana cleaned her room again. This is most likely an example of:

reinforcement

With negative punishment a response behavior is followed immediately by the ________ of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.

removal

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior increases or is maintained as a function of the contingent removal or reduction of a ___________ .

stimulus

Bellana cleaned her room after her parents told her it was a mess. Her mother was so pleased the room was cleaned she gave Bellana $20 for the movies. Her dad ignored her. Now when Bellana's mother tell her to clean, she cleans her room but not when her father tells her. This is most likely an example of:

stimulus control

An applied behavior analysis program tends to exclude which of the following:

A diagnostic label does not identify which variables which might be manipulated to change the behavior. An ABA approach will look at antecedents and consequences and how those are influencing behavior

A stimulus class is

A group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior

Negative punishment involves

A loss of reinforcement occurs contingently following the behavior that reduces the behavior

Which of the following can be considered a stimulus?

All of these. Question/response, A dream and temperature

ABA primarily attempts to

Alter an individual's behavior

This is the defining characteristic of applied behavior analysis that demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior.

Analytic

Behavior is affected by stimulus changes that occur prior to and immediately after the behavior. The term _____ refers to environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest.

Antecedent

This is the defining characteristic of behavior analysis that focuses on investigating socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the participant(s).

Applied

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA focuses on socially significant behaviors?

Applied

Which form of analysis is an evidence-based method of examining and changing what people say and do?

Applied Behavior Analysis

This person is considered to be the founder of experimental analysis of behavior.

B.F. Skinner

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA focuses on observable events?

Behavioral

Which of the following verbally addresses historical, philosophical, theoretical, and methodological issues and relations among different behavioral properties?

Conceptual Analysis of Behavior

Which of the seven dimensions of ABA ties procedures directly to the principles of behavior analysis?

Conceptually Systematic

Michael was scared when the neighbor's dog came out of his doghouse and barked at him. Later when he saw the doghouse in the yard he felt frightened. Being frightened from seeing the doghouse represents which respondent term?

Conditioned Response

Michael was scared when the neighbor's dog came out of his doghouse and barked at him. Later when he saw the doghouse in the yard he felt frightened. Seeing the doghouse represents which respondent term?

Conditioned Stimulus

The sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association as related to the interaction of behavior and environment refers to:

Contiguity

The term contingency refers to

Dependencies or relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences Correct

The level of investigation that involves the collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts, and often suggests hypotheses or questions for additional research is:

Description

A perspective that asserts, like other natural phenomena, that it is causally determined by preceding events and/or consequences.

Determinism

This is the assumption upon which science is predicated, the idea that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events.

Determinism

Which of the following assertions is most consistent with a behavioral orientation to development?

Developmental functioning should be described in terms of responses that are both measurable and observable

A behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others is called a(n):

Discriminated operant: Reinforcement selects not just certain forms of behavior; it also selects environmental conditions that in the future will evoke (increase) instances of the response class.

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