ABA612 Final Exam Study Guide (1)

Which of the following must be considered when selecting a response class that meets the general needs of the experiment? a. How sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors b. Is the study that is being conducted explanatory or demonstration research c. Will you be examining respondent or operant behavior d. Will the study focus on group behavior or individual behavior

a. How sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors

Why is waiting for a text message not a behavior? a. It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment b. It does not involve an organism c. It does not involve the physical environment d. The sole evidence for it would be its effect on a measuring instrument

a. It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment

How is celeration related to frequency? a. Celeration describes a change in frequency over time b. Celeration is the inverse of frequency c. Celeration describes a decrease in frequency over time d. Celeration describes an increase in frequency over time

a. Celeration describes a change in frequency over time

What is the unit of measurement for countability? a. Cycle b. Duration c. Celeration d. Latency

a. Cycle

What is the main challenge for investigators when developing and posing experimental questions? a. Developing a question whose subsequent experiment will generate data more revealing and useful than what might be produced by any other approach to the topic b. Establishing a research program that will generate a series of studies that can be published c. Developing an interesting and novel question that will receive a large amount of external funding d. Produce an experiment that supports the investigator's original hypothesis

a. Developing a question whose subsequent experiment will generate data more revealing and useful than what might be produced by any other approach to the topic

Cam is recording how much time it takes his client to complete 20 multiplication problems. Cam is recording what dimension of behavior? a. Duration b. Latency c. Interresponse time d. Rate

a. Duration

The full set of physical circumstances in which any behavior occurs refers to _______. a. Environment b. Antecedent c. Observability d. Consequence

a. Environment

The scientific discovery of behavior includes which of the following activities? a. Framing questions, measuring behavior, analyzing data, drawing conclusions b. Creating experimental and alternative hypotheses and making assumptions about results of a study c. Measuring behavior and including only results that match a hypothesis d. Discussing variables that could affect behavior without direct measurement

a. Framing questions, measuring behavior, analyzing data, drawing conclusions

A science of behavior investigates the ways in which particular behaviors change as a result of interactions between an organism and its environmental circumstances. However, it is important to acknowledge that behavior is fundamentally a(n) ______ phenomenon: a. biological b. teleological c. ontogenic d. topographical

a. biological

Katie wants to decrease her behavior of swearing. She arranges a contingency in which she will pay ten dollars to her parents every day that she swears. In this example, what is the unit of analysis? a. Katie's swearing behavior b. How much money Katie pays her parents c. Katie's rate of swearing d. How many times Katie swears

a. Katie's swearing behavior

Which outcome is likely a major reinforcer for researchers? a. Obtaining a clear picture of the effects of the independent variable on behavior b. Being able to identify extraneous variables affecting the independent variable c. Publishing enough articles, chapters, and books to be promoted and receive tenure at their university d. Consistently demonstrating how the dependent variable affects the independent variable

a. Obtaining a clear picture of the effects of the independent variable on behavior

Which of the following would be considered a behavior? a. Reading a book b. Being hungry c. Getting wet d. Staying in bed

a. Reading a book

What is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners? a. Researchers try to discover relations between environment and behavior. Practitioners focus on improving lives. b. Researchers work exclusively with nonhuman organisms to discover relations between the behavior and the environment that may generalize to human populations. Practitioners apply the research from nonhuman populations to their clients. c. There is essentially no difference between the focus of researchers and practitioners. d. Researchers focus on changing individual's problematic behaviors by altering conditions in their environment. Practitioners conduct highly controlled experimental studies to determine the best behavior-change procedures to use with their clients.

a. Researchers try to discover relations between environment and behavior. Practitioners focus on improving lives.

A track coach records how long (in seconds) it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters. In this example, what is the unit of measurement? a. The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters b. The sprinter's running behavior c. 100 meters d. The track coach's recording of the time

a. The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters

When might response product definitions be helpful? a. When real time observation may not be feasible b. When the investigator is using a topographical response class definition c. When measuring group behavior d. When you are interested in the time required to complete a response

a. When real time observation may not be feasible

All of the following are ways of adding a temporal requirement to a response class definition, except: a. add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specific time period b. add a requirement for the latency between particular events and the target response c. specify the amount of time that can or must occur between responses d. add a minimum or maximum time amount for completing a response

a. add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specific time period

Dimensional measurement involves: a. attaching a number to a specific dimension that represents how much of that dimension was observed b. making repeated descriptions of events taken over time to predict the outcome c. attaching a number to an event to distinguish it from other events d. using descriptions of multiple individual events to identify differences among them

a. attaching a number to a specific dimension that represents how much of that dimension was observed

Most applied behavior analysts are not researchers, but work to a. change individual's behaviors in socially significant ways b. publish their findings in journals with researchers c. read research and replicate studies exactly as they were written d. have as many clients as possible to make larger impacts than researchers

a. change individual's behaviors in socially significant ways

Response products can be a useful way of specifying a response class. However, there are three possible problems that can complicate interpreting the resulting data, including: a. determining authorship, no contact with the topography of the response, assuming one-to-one correspondence b. determining authorship, assuming one-to-one correspondence, they are transitory in duration c. determining authorship, they are transitory in duration, no contact with the topography of the response d. determining authorship, they are transitory in duration, assuming one-to-one correspondence

a. determining authorship, no contact with the topography of the response, assuming one-to-one correspondence

A dimensionless ratio is a unitless number that results from calculations whose components share the same: a. dimensions b. experimental questions c. topographies d. measurements

a. dimensions

When selecting dimensional quantities to measure, a researcher or practitioner should take into consideration each of the following, except: a. how long do I plan on collecting data? b. what have other studies used? c. what features of behavior are important for the experimental question? d. does the intervention directly involve any particular dimension?

a. how long do I plan on collecting data?

Practitioners must understand research methods because they ______. a. need to be critical consumers of research for making clinical decisions b. conduct exact replications of published studies with every client they serve c. often teach research methods courses d. are the primary authors of behavior analytic research in scientific journals

a. need to be critical consumers of research for making clinical decisions

A main difference between practitioners and researchers is _______. a. the amount of control they can achieve over all factors that might affect behavior b. the types of interventions they implement c. their approach to careful measurement of behavior d. that researchers do not collect baseline data

a. the amount of control they can achieve over all factors that might affect behavior

Perhaps the most important role for any behavior that will serve as the dependent variable is: a. to be sensitive to the independent variable b. to already be a part of the participant's behavioral repertoire c. to be sensitive to extraneous variables d. to be a novel behavior

a. to be sensitive to the independent variable

Whether developed by a researcher or a practitioner, perhaps the most important fact about experimental questions is that they are: a. verbal behavior b. designed to examine socially significant behaviors c. methodologically sound d. based on previous experimental findings

a. verbal behavior

Which of the following is true about a unit of analysis? a. There is only one unit of analysis per experiment b. Any phenomenon may have different units of analysis, depending on the focus of the project c. A unit of analysis is best described in purely physical terms d. Choosing a unit of analysis is done when data are being analyzed after they are collected

b. Any phenomenon may have different units of analysis, depending on the focus of the project

The subject matter for all behavior analysts is ______. a. Service delivery b. Behavior c. Applied psychology d. Biology

b. Behavior

What is a potential problem with relying solely on existing literature for developing research questions? a. The literature gives too many ideas and will be hard to narrow down b. Existing literature may not adequately represent all research needed by the field c. Previous literature only includes what is already known and not helpful for new knowledge d. All questions in the literature can be answered leaving nothing else to study

b. Existing literature may not adequately represent all research needed by the field

Max is a behavior analysis researcher who is interested in assessment of problem behavior. When defining problem behavior, what does Max need to consider? a. The underlying root causes of the behavior b. How to create a working definition to guide his decisions c. How to alter biological processes to assist in defining behavior d. The attributes of the person emitting the problem behavior

b. How to create a working definition to guide his decisions

A teacher implements a classroom management plan and it is followed by an increase in sound level data from students in second grade. In this example, how are the students contributing to some "group" outcome? a. In a collective, equivalent, and interactive fashion b. In a collective, equivalent, and non-interactive fashion c. In a collective and non-equivalent fashion. d. In a non-collective, equivalent, and non-interactive fashion

b. In a collective, equivalent, and non-interactive fashion

An investigator conducts a study during which she varies the enthusiasm of praise statements given by therapists and measures the number of skills acquired by clients. The enthusiasm of praise statements is the ______ variable and the number of skills acquired is the ______ variable. a. Extraneous; dependent b. Independent; dependent c. Independent; extraneous d. Dependent; independent

b. Independent; dependent

What risk does the researcher need to be concerned with if their response class is too "large?" a. It may become overly sensitive to extraneous factors b. It may prevent the discovery of important sources of variability c. It may not be sensitive enough to the dependent variable d. It may display variability whose determinants are not really relevant for the experimental question

b. It may prevent the discovery of important sources of variability

Jon is a practitioner interested in learning more about environmental factors that are affecting his client's engagement of aggression toward others. How will an experimental question help Jon? a. It will help him create hypotheses about environmental factors b. It will guide his choice of methods to help answer his curiosities and improve his client's behavior c. It will allow him to create a complicated research design to implement d. It will allow him to create a complicated research design to implement

b. It will guide his choice of methods to help answer his curiosities and improve his client's behavior

What two conditions are required at a minimum to be able to make meaningful interpretations about the experimental question? a. Two baseline conditions b. One baseline, one treatment condition c. Two treatment conditions d. One baseline, only one condition needed

b. One baseline, one treatment condition

The key to understanding how scientific discoveries work lies in what basic truth about scientist (or investigator) behavior? a. Scientist behaviors are too complex for measurement b. Scientist behavior can be examined using the same experimental tools as any other behavior c. Scientist behaviors are not relevant and should not be measured d. Scientist behavior should only be measured and analyzed by other scientists

b. Scientist behavior can be examined using the same experimental tools as any other behavior

Why do we define behavior? a. To determine what inner causes of behavior are b. So that we can study or change behavior c. To aid in decisions regarding research designs d. To understand the biology of an organism

b. So that we can study or change behavior

How is it that an investigator (researcher or practitioner) both controls and is controlled by the subject matter? a. The investigator selects the subject matter that they are interested in and the literature controls what research design is selected b. The investigator must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes c. The investigator selects the subject matter to be studied, and the variability in the data controls what type of research design is selected d. The investigator controls the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the literature controls what research design is selected

b. The investigator must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes

Which of the following is true about a movement cycle? a. Movement cycles are only meaningful for behavior with long durations b. The underlying assumption is that behavior cannot occur when already occurring c. The cycle marks the beginning of one behavior and the start of another d. It describes the antecedent-behavior-consequence cycle of operant behavior

b. The underlying assumption is that behavior cannot occur when already occurring

How are practitioners in a different situation than researchers when selecting target behaviors? a. They have endless choices of behaviors to choose from b. Their selected behavior must have clinical significance c. They are limited by what they have the ability to measure d. They can only choose behaviors that are likely to be sensitive to the intervention

b. Their selected behavior must have clinical significance

What do research questions reveal about a science? a. They provide information only about where the field is going not where it has been b. They guide the direction of the science and reveal where the field is c. They hinder development of new ideas d. They increase awareness of only what practical applications are needed

b. They guide the direction of the science and reveal where the field is

Why are extraneous variables problematic? a. They are extra to the study and reinforce personal interests b. They provide alternative explanations for treatment effects c. They make studies null and void d. They allow extra participants to join the study after completion

b. They provide alternative explanations for treatment effects

What is the main purpose of the experimental question? a. To prove if a hypothesis is correct b. To guide methodological decisions c. To describe what is unknown about behavior d. To determine if clinical interventions are effective

b. To guide methodological decisions

What is the bottom line for researchers in behavior analysis? a. To improve lives of their participants b. To reveal relations between behavior and environment c. To determine inner causes of behavior d. To understand the impact of verbal behavior on definitions

b. To reveal relations between behavior and environment

Which of the following questions was most likely developed by a practitioner delivering ABA services? a. What are the relations between demand fading and elopement behavior b. What will happen if demand fading is applied to elopement behavior of a child in a classroom c. What makes demand fading procedures effective at treating escape-maintained behavior d. How do varying levels of demands affect responding

b. What will happen if demand fading is applied to elopement behavior of a child in a classroom

What makes one experimental question better than the other? a. When more questions are brought forward and findings are ambiguous b. When results help fill in gaps of existing knowledge c. When experimenters get accepted to present their work at conferences d. When the focus is practical in nature versus experimental

b. When results help fill in gaps of existing knowledge

Both practitioners and researchers in behavior analysis a. view behaviors in terms of antecedents and consequences b. all of the these c. carefully measure target behaviors d. graph and analyze data to make conclusions

b. all of the these

The following definition of behavior identifies features that are essential for behavior analyst researchers and practitioners: a. behavior is an organism's interaction with themselves and their biological features b. behavior is an organism's interaction with its environment and involves functional relations between biological features of the organism and the environment c. behavior is an organism's biological features and interaction between biological processes d. behavior is an organism's functional relations with the environment

b. behavior is an organism's interaction with its environment and involves functional relations between biological features of the organism and the environment

In the study of behavior, measures of frequency generally take the form of the ratio: a. time per cycle over duration b. cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time c. times per cycle per cycle d. cycles of a behavior over cycles of a behavior

b. cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time

The process of discovering things you want to know begins with a. deciding which research design to use b. determining exactly what questions you are trying to answer c. measuring a working definition of a target behavior d. analyzing results to disseminate to others

b. determining exactly what questions you are trying to answer

A quantifiable aspect of a natural phenomenon is called a(n) a. variable b. dimension c. experiment d. contingency

b. dimension

In terms of measurement, information from the experimental question should help decisions regarding _________. a. what type of measurement procedures to use b. how long and how often periods of measurement should occur c. how accurate measurements will be d. how often observers are trained to measure the target behavior

b. how long and how often periods of measurement should occur

You are working with a 4th grader, Sally, who has difficulty reading. One of the measures you use to evaluate your interventions is to record the amount of time between finishing reading one word in a sentence and starting to read the next word. This is a measure of: a. duration b. interresponse time c. frequency d. countability

b. interresponse time

All studies require a unique series of decisions made by investigators, and consequences of those decisions should: a. be ignored because all decisions must be followed through and not changed b. lead to a clear picture of effects of certain conditions on target behaviors c. be acknowledged as they occur and future studies should be arranged to avoid them d. always pay off with grant funding, publications, and formal awards

b. lead to a clear picture of effects of certain conditions on target behaviors

When defining behavior we should have a clear understanding about the nature and limits of behavior (what it is and what it isn't) because a. behavior includes both what is real and what is fictional b. our colloquial history is embedded with mentalism c. behavior includes only what is outside the skin d. there are certain behaviors we cannot define

b. our colloquial history is embedded with mentalism

The most common approach to calculating rate or frequency is to divide total count by a. total interresponse time b. total time behavior was observed c. total duration d. total celeration

b. total time behavior was observed

Practitioners and researchers both share the same interest in: a. replicating only studies that have already been published b. utilizing behavioral methods for studying or changing behavior c. conducting experiments about the relationship between variables by arranging conditions to examine them d. changing an individual's behavior so that it improves lives

b. utilizing behavioral methods for studying or changing behavior

A definition of behavior is itself _______. a. mentalistic b. verbal behavior c. permanent d. hypothetical

b. verbal behavior

The most important decision guided by the experimental question is _________. a. how to ensure accurate measurement of behavior b. who will participate in the study c. the selection of the independent variable d. how often to measure behavior

b. who will participate in the study

What are research contingencies? a. Another way to describe research questions b. Antecedents prior to research development c. Behaviors of the investigator that exert influence on how questions are framed d. Factors that affect the details of a study indirectly

c. Behaviors of the investigator that exert influence on how questions are framed

Which of the following is one of the functions that data analysis procedures serve? a. Discover relations in data that confirm a hypothesis b. Discover relations in data that reject a hypothesis c. Discover relations in data that were not anticipated and may be interesting d. Discover relations in data that only replicate previous studies

c. Discover relations in data that were not anticipated and may be interesting

What is the primary importance of the definition of behavior? a. How it guides the biology of the organism b. How it guides the underlying inner causes of behavior c. How it guides the work of researchers and practitioners d. How it guides the thought processes of researchers for future studies

c. How it guides the work of researchers and practitioners

Which of the following is a limitation of what duration describes about behavior? a. It only provides a useful measure for researchers in a lab setting b. It does not specify any temporal dimensions c. It does not include countability d. It is a dimensionless quantity

c. It does not include countability

While ratios are valuable ways of looking at data, they can be limiting. In what way can a ratio be limiting? a. It makes all measures dimensionless b. It is not an objective measure c. It hides the component values being divided d. It can only be used with temporal dimensions

c. It hides the component values being divided

Jesslyn is a 5-year-old little girl who is just learning how to read. She is working with her teacher on letter-sound correspondences, blending sounds, sounding out words, and saying them at a normal pace. In this example, what is the response class? a. The number of correct pronunciations made by Jesslyn b. Jesslyn saying a letter-sound correspondence c. Jesslyn's reading behavior d. The number of trials the teacher conducts with Jesslyn

c. Jesslyn's reading behavior

Is being hungry behavior? a. Yes, the biology of the organism being hungry interacts with the environment b. Yes, any private event is behavior c. No, it does not involve meaningful interactions between organism and environment d. No, a dead man can be hungry

c. No, it does not involve meaningful interactions between organism and environment

A set of loose rules and traditions that have evolved over many years of experimental practice may be described as ______. a. Experimental control b. Applied behavior analysis c. Scientific method d. Advocacy research

c. Scientific method

What does it mean to say that behavior is part of the interface between the organism and the environment? a. That behavior occurs because of the biological processes occurring within the organism b. That in order to say a behavior has occurred one must be able to visibly see an interaction between the organism and the environment c. That behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment d. That biological phenomenon occurs inside the skin and behavior is what happens outside the skin

c. That behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment

You are working with a young child with autism to teaching him how to request a glass of water. You define the child's requesting-water behavior as any time the child says "Water, please." In this example, what kind of definition is being used? a. Functional b. Experimental c. Topographical d. Operational

c. Topographical

According to the intra-organism nature of behavior, the term "group behavior" is misleading because: a. a group may perform multiple behaviors at the same time b. group behavior may be very brief or occur in very small movements, and therefore go unnoticed c. a group is not a biological organism and therefore cannot behave d. there is not a strict definition of how many organisms are required to form a "group"

c. a group is not a biological organism and therefore cannot behave

All of the following are dimensions of individual responses, except: a. duration b. count c. frequency d. latency

c. frequency

A response class is a meaningful grouping of responses that a. share the same topographical features b. occur together in space and time c. have the same kind of outcomes that influence them d. share the same measurement calculations

c. have the same kind of outcomes that influence them

Other approaches to studying and explaining behavior (not behavior-analytic) tend to be based on: a. the biological basis of behavior b. group behavior c. hypothesized inner processes d. direct measurement and controlled experimentation

c. hypothesized inner processes

Locating individual responses in time with reference to other events is reflected by the dimensional quantity of a. duration b. frequency c. latency d. topography

c. latency

For practitioners, carefully tracking changes in target behaviors of clients is essential for______. a. determining if treatment was implemented correctly by therapists b. gaining future employment as researchers c. making informed treatment decisions d. setting up an analog environment for future investigations

c. making informed treatment decisions

Basic and applied behavior analysis research has been guided by many of the same fundamental methodological principles of other ______. a. human services b. areas of psychology c. natural sciences d. fields of education

c. natural sciences

One of the main differences between researchers and practitioners regarding methodological choices is that a. researchers are often under pressure to make progress without delay b. practitioners are able to take their time to make careful decisions no matter the delay c. researchers can second guess decisions and make changes throughout their investigations d. practitioners have an unlimited array of behaviors to choose from to investigate

c. researchers can second guess decisions and make changes throughout their investigations

When selecting dimensions of behavior to measure, the measures should be guided by each of the following, except: a. the experimental question b. the target behavior c. the experimental hypothesis d. the intervention procedure

c. the experimental hypothesis

A meaningful behavior definition depends on _______. a. what features of behavior are included and nature of the treatment and control conditions b. the focus of the question and nature of the treatment and control conditions c. what features of behavior are included, the focus of the question, and the nature of the treatment and control conditions d. the nature of the treatment and control conditions

c. what features of behavior are included, the focus of the question, and the nature of the treatment and control conditions

How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants? a. It should suggest certain participant characteristics that will help reveal effects on behavior b. It should suggest how participants will need to behave to react meaningfully to the treatment and control conditions c. It should suggest the type of learning histories the participants should share d. All of the these

d. All of the these

Which of the following settings may experimental questions about behavior arise? a. A graduate course about the experimental analysis of behavior b. A clinical case with an interesting problem behavior c. A published study that raises additional questions d. All of these

d. All of these

Your high school baseball coach is working with you on becoming a better hitter. He decides to keep track of how many "good swings" you make during a game. He defines a "good swing" as a swing that results in you getting on base. In this example, the coach is using what kind of definition? a. Operational b. Topographical c. Experimental d. Functional

d. Functional

Which of the following is a limitation of what countability describes about behavior? a. It is a dimensionless quantity b. It is not useful for practitioners in clinical settings c. It frequently overestimates behavior d. It does not specify any temporal dimensions

d. It does not specify any temporal dimensions

Lisa is a practitioner working with a child who has difficulty transitioning from one activity to the next. She is interested in improving the child's delay between being told to switch activities and starting the next activity. Which of the following dimensions would be most important for her to measure? a. Interresponse time b. Frequency c. Count d. Latency

d. Latency

Megan is a BCBA Practitioner and she discovered some interesting clinical findings with one of her clients. She is interested in studying these results more. Which of the below is her best option? a. Megan should read more published studies on the topic to learn more about what she found, she should not conduct a future study as a practitioner b. Ethics would discourage studying this further, Megan should be pleased with the clinical success she discovered c. As a practitioner, Megan can only engage in informal evaluations and would need to refer any future study to university researchers d. Megan could consider conducting a more systematic investigation and utilize these findings as a question for further study

d. Megan could consider conducting a more systematic investigation and utilize these findings as a question for further study

Billy and his older brother, Alex, get into an argument over who is going to get to play the video game next. Alex becomes angry at Billy and starts yelling and punching him, leaving bruises on Billy's arm. In this example, what is the response product? a. Alex's yelling b. The video game c. The argument between Billy and Alex d. The bruises on Billy's arm

d. The bruises on Billy's arm

A researcher has two groups of participants, one group receives monetary compensation for completing exercise activities and the other group does not. All individuals in both groups are weighed weekly. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. The amount of money earned by the participants b. The amount of time spent exercising c. Whether or not the participants participate in the daily exercise regimen d. The weight (in pounds) of the participants

d. The weight (in pounds) of the participants

What does behavior as interface mean? a. That interactions between behavior and environment must be only public b. That behavior involving only movement can still be interchangeable with behavior c. That behavior is something an organism possesses d. There must be functional relations between the behavior of a living organism and the environment

d. There must be functional relations between the behavior of a living organism and the environment

A researcher has two groups of participants, one group receives monetary compensation for completing exercise activities and the other group does not. All individuals in both groups are weighed weekly. What is a potential extraneous variable to control for in this study? a. The monetary compensation provided b. Whether or not the participants are in the exercise or control group c. The weight (in pounds) of the participants d. What participants eat while taking part in the study

d. What participants eat while taking part in the study

All choices made by investigators have an effect on ___________. a. future choices the same investigators will make b. what results of the investigation show c. conclusions that can be made based on the results d. all of the above can be influenced

d. all of the above can be influenced

Each of the following are dimensions of multiple responses, except: a. interresponse time b. rate c. frequency d. count

d. count

What we know about behavior suggests that practitioners and researchers should a. measure a target behavior a number of times under each experimental or treatment phase b. compare data across baseline and treatment conditions c. analyze behavior at the level of the individual organism d. do all of the these

d. do all of the these

A good definition of behavior will deny behavior status to events that a. involve a live organism b. involve the physical environment c. do not involve any evidence other than effect on a measuring instrument d. do not involve an interaction between organism and environment

d. do not involve an interaction between organism and environment

Linda is a behavior analyst researcher and she has established a well-known research program that has resulted in her earning many grants, awards, promotion, and tenure at her university. These contingencies of her researching behaviors are considered a. experimental, they are primary reasons anyone conducts research b. extra-experimental, they are extra factors that directly affect details of a study c. experimental, they are only provided for people conducting experiments d. extra-experimental, they go beyond scientific contingencies and do not directly affect details of a study or its role in the literature

d. extra-experimental, they go beyond scientific contingencies and do not directly affect details of a study or its role in the literature

Talking about investigator behavior in the same way that we approach any other behavior of interest is useful because it can help us: a. identify any unethical behaviors and take the proper course of action b. determine if the proper methodological protocol was followed c. communicate our results in a more efficient manner d. identify antecedents and consequences that have influenced investigator behaviors and methodological decision-making

d. identify antecedents and consequences that have influenced investigator behaviors and methodological decision-making

All definitions of behavior are based on: a. its form b. its impact on the environment c. how often it occurs d. its appearance or its function

d. its appearance or its function

Each of the following statements describe why it is important to carefully select dimensions of behavior for measurement, except: a. the dimensions chosen will guide the measurement process b. the selection of dimensions and measurement affect what data reveal c. information cannot be provided about dimensions not measured d. only one or two dimensions can be chosen per investigation

d. only one or two dimensions can be chosen per investigation

Developing a topographical definition involves carefully describing: a. the everyday context of the behavior of interest b. the amount of time that can or must occur between successive responses c. the antecedents and consequences present in the environment d. the limits of form that responses must show in order to be measured

d. the limits of form that responses must show in order to be measured

The first step in developing a functional definition is: a. to determine what the behavior looks like b. to interview individuals who have seen the target behavior occur in a natural setting c. to write and try out a preliminary definition d. to consider the everyday context of the behavior

d. to consider the everyday context of the behavior

Abby is a behavior analyst practitioner who provides ABA services to individuals with autism. As a practitioner, what best describes her "bottom line" a. to reveal causes of autism b. to help parents define behaviors that they see c. to understand the complications of behaviors associated with autism d. to improve lives by changing behavior

d. to improve lives by changing behavior

To calculate the frequency of responding, researchers can divide the total count of responses by each of the following, except: a. total time behavior was observed b. total session time c. total interresponse time d. total celeration

d. total celeration