Abnormal Ch9

__________ is a hormone that informs the central nervous system about the status of the body's fat reserves. Leptin Cortisol Ghrelin Oxytocin

Leptin

Animal studies have demonstrated that lesions in a part of the hypothalamus called the ventromedial hypothalamus will cause the animal to __________. lose appetite and become extremely underweight exhibit excessive physical movement become lethargic and, over time, become obese eat voraciously and rapidly become obese

eat voraciously and rapidly become obese

Gastric bypass surgery makes it ________ possible to binge and not gain weight. impossible to regain weight once it is lost. slightly more likely that people will lose weight. impossible to binge eat but still possible to regain weight.

impossible to binge eat but still possible to regain weight.

Babies who sleep __________ are more likely to be __________ at age 3. less than 9 hours a day; underweight less than 12 hours a day; overweight more than 12 hours a day; obese between 9 and 12 hours a day; of normal weight

less than 12 hours a day; overweight

What percentage of the U.S. population is of normal or healthy weight? less than one-quarter less than two-thirds less than one-third less than one half

less than one-third

Tara has a BMI of 40. Persons with this BMI are considered to be __________. of normal weight mildly obese morbidly obese overweight

morbidly obese

Which of the following is a risk factor for disordered eating for men but not for women? perfectionism body dissatisfaction participation in competitive athletics sexual orientation

sexual orientation

Elena binges on high calorie foods and then makes herself throw up. She feels terribly ashamed and horrified by what she does. You would predict ________ she will not stop because her vomiting is reinforced by reducing her fear of gaining weight. she will stop because her vomiting is being punished by the feelings of disgust and shame. she will not stop because she has become physiologically addicted to vomiting. she will stop making herself throw up because she is ashamed and distressed.

she will not stop because her vomiting is reinforced by reducing her fear of gaining weight.

Describe effective treatments for BED

-Anitdepressants -Appetite suppressants, anticonvulsants -IPT most helpful, CBT = alternative

Describe effective treatments for AN

-Antipsychotics medications (Olanzapine) -For adolescents: Family therapy using Maudsley Model -Individual therapy, CBT sometimes effective -Antidepressants aren't especially effective

Describe effective treatments for BN

-Leading treatment is CBT -Antidepressants -Enhanced CBT works quicker than IPT -IPT is currently the alternative leading treatment

What effective treatements are there for obesity?

-Reducing calorie intake -Medications: Orlistat, lorcaserin, contrave -Baraitic Surgery (Binges aren't possible)

When people are given free access to food, the amount eaten each day is around __________ of what they actually need for their energy requirements. 110 percent 150 percent 75 percent 90 percent

150 percent

What are the 2 pathways to obesity?

1: Social pressure to be thin -> Body dissatisfaction -> dieting -> Diet failure -> binge eating -> 2. Negative emotions -> binge eating -> weight gain ->

Taylor is overweight and is currently involved in a lifestyle management program to reduce her weight. According to research, what sustained weight loss is typical for persons such as Taylor, who are using a lifestyle management approach? 7 pounds 9 pounds 3 pounds 5 pounds

7 pounds

Which of the following scenarios describes a cyclical pathway that can develop and eventually lead to obesity? A thin child binges because of depression and low self-esteem, purges and feels better, then feels safe to binge again, eating more later. A child eats because of feelings of depression and low self-esteem, gains weight, is rejected by peers, binges, and continues to gain weight. A child stops eating because of low self-esteem, becomes anorexic, and then is successfully treated but still has negative feelings about her- or himself. A thin child eats normally but is teased about his or her weight and begins to diet.

A child eats because of feelings of depression and low self-esteem, gains weight, is rejected by peers, binges, and continues to gain weight.

How much of a greater risk is someone to have an ED if a relative has it? (For AN and BN)

AN = 11.4x higher risk BN = 3.7x higher risk Highly heritable, comparable to bipolar and schizophrenia

What are the average age of onsets for the 3 main eating disorders AN, BN, BED?

AN = 16-20 BN = 21-24 BED = 30-50

What is the difference between AN with binge subtype, and bulima nervosa?

AN = Severely underweight while BN is of normal or slightly overweight

Although there are similarities between bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder (BED), one feature distinguishes the two. Individuals with __________. BED typically are also diagnosed with depression; those with bulimia nervosa are not bulimia nervosa do not engage in compensatory behaviors after binging; those with BED do BED do not engage in compensatory behaviors after binging; those with bulimia nervosa do bulimia nervosa typically are also diagnosed with depression; those with BED are not

BED do not engage in compensatory behaviors after binging; those with bulimia nervosa do

Name the ranges of BMI for underweight, overweight, obese and morbidly obese

BMI<18.5 -> Underweight 25-29.9 -> Overweight BMI≥30 -> Obese BMI≥40 -> Morbidly obese

What is the most common eating disorder?

Binge-eating

Which gender and ethnic group has the highest levels of obesity? white men African American women Asian men Latino women

African American women

Which of the following is a true statement about the role of genetics as a risk factor for eating disorders? Although the findings to date are mixed, the evidence does indicate that a susceptibility to eating disorders may be inherited, along with a diathesis for other psychological conditions. While the gene underlying the restrictive type of anorexia nervosa has been identified, the role of genes in the development of other forms of eating disorders is not clear. The lack of adoption studies has made it impossible to determine the heritability of eating disorders. Due to the complex nature of eating disorders and the probability that multiple genes contribute to their development, a role for genes in such disorders has yet to be established.

Although the findings to date are mixed, the evidence does indicate that a susceptibility to eating disorders may be inherited, along with a diathesis for other psychological conditions.

__________, a criterion used in the DSM-IV for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, was eliminated as a diagnostic feature in the DSM-5 as it could not be used as a criterion for males, prepubescent girls, or with women using hormonal contraceptives. Cessation of ovulation Idiopathic hypoglycemia Amenorrhea Pheochromocytoma

Amenorrhea

What diet has lead to the most weight loss?

Atkins

The Maudsley model is a 10- to 20-session family therapy program for adolescents with anorexia nervosa that consists of three phases. Which of the following describes the focus of the second phase? Family issues are addressed and there are negotiations for a new pattern of relationships among family members. The therapist supports the parents as they help their child to eat healthily. The adolescent is encouraged to build relationships outside of the family and to integrate these relationships into family life. The focus of therapy is on the development of healthier relationships between the patient and parents.

Family issues are addressed and there are negotiations for a new pattern of relationships among family members.

Which of the following best explains the lack of well-controlled studies on the effectiveness of treatment for anorexia nervosa? Few people with anorexia achieve full remission. Few people with anorexia who are in treatment are willing to participate with bulimics. The high mortality rate with anorexia results in sample sizes too small to yield valid conclusions. Few people with anorexia are willing to seek treatment, and they are likely to drop out prematurely from treatment.

Few people with anorexia are willing to seek treatment, and they are likely to drop out prematurely from treatment

Describe leptin's function

Hormone produced by fat cells that is a metabolic signal for the CNS about the body's fat reserves. When body fat dowm, leptin down, and food intake is stimulated

Describe ghrelin's functions

Hormone produced from the stomach that stimulates apetite

Which of the following has been indicated as the best approach in the treatment of binge eating disorder? Behavior therapy Mindfulness therapy Psychodynamic psychotherapy Interpersonal psychotherapy

Interpersonal psychotherapy

Is anorexia nervosa a culture-bound symptom?

No

Within anorexia nervosa, what are the 2 subtypes and their differences?

Restricting type: Limit quantity of food consumed Binge-eating/purging: Purge to reduce food volume Differences in how they maintain their low weight

How do the temporal and frontal cortexs relate to eating disorders?

Temporal: Body image perception Frontal: Monitoring pleasantness of stimuli like smell and taste

In which of the following countries are at least one-third of adults obese? United States United Kingdom China Japan

United States

Which of the following disorders is more likely to occur in relatives of people suffering from bulimia nervosa? obsessive-compulsive disorder alcohol dependence schizophrenia panic disorder

alcohol dependence

Is bulima nervosa a culture bound syndrome?

Yes

Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by __________, which causes the levels of __________ in the body to be high. deficiencies in the amino acid tryptophan; leptin a chromosomal abnormality; grehlin deficiencies in the amino acid tryptophan; grehlin a chromosomal abnormality; leptin

a chromosomal abnormality; grehlin

Lanugo is ________ the lack of concern people with anorexia show about their condition. a soft hair that grows on the body of people with anorexia. the term for the stopping of a woman's menstrual periods. another name for an eating binge.

a soft hair that grows on the body of people with anorexia.

Sarah sometimes engages in binge-purge cycles with her consumption of food. She is also severely underweight. Which diagnosis is most likely appropriate for her? a diagnosis stating co-existing disorders of bulimia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder anorexia nervosa a dual diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa bulimia nervosa

anorexia nervosa

What kind of medication is commonly used to treat bulimia nervosa? anticonvulsants neuroleptics antidepressants anti-anxiety

antidepressants

Susan is morbidly obese and is assessing options for weight loss treatment. Her physician recommends __________ because this option is considered to be the most effective long-term treatment for morbidly obese persons. the medication Orlistat (Xenical) bariatric surgery the Weight Watchers program behavior therapy

bariatric surgery

Which kind of food would you expect to be most addictive? pizza cheesecake hamburgers licorice

cheesecake

One of the reasons it is difficult to know if a disruption in the serotonin system causes eating disorders is ________ serotonin doesn't seem to have anything to do with appetite or eating behaviors. research has not supported the theory. people with eating disorders often have depression as well. after recovery from eating disorders, serotonin levels don't change.

people with eating disorders often have depression as well.

The weight loss medication, Orlistat, works by __________. reducing the amount of fat that can be absorbed once it enters the gut boosting metabolic rates, causing rapid weight loss reducing appetite by causing nausea targeting serotonin and other neurotransmitters

reducing the amount of fat that can be absorbed once it enters the gut

Which form of eating disorder is often admired by others with eating disorders? binge-purge type anorexia nervosa purging type bulimia nervosa restrictive type bulimia nervosa restrictive type anorexia nervosa

restrictive type anorexia nervosa

One theory proposes that __________ food is/are heightened among people who engage in binge eating and lowered among people who engage in restrictive eating. fear of allergies involving obsession with reward sensitivity toward

reward sensitivity toward

Pike and colleagues (2003) treated 33 women who had been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Of the women treated, only 17 percent fully recovered. The limited success of CBT for patients with anorexia nervosa may be due to __________. the difficulties in having patients follow through with CBT homework assignments between therapy appointments a lack of family and friend support in the social networks of the affected women the strong influence of media on the women's sense of body image that may have affected treatment effectiveness the extreme cognitive rigidity that is characteristic of those with anorexia nervosa

the extreme cognitive rigidity that is characteristic of those with anorexia nervosa

What essential amino acid is serotonin made from? lysine histidine tryptophan phenylalanine

tryptophan

Which of the following groups is most at risk for developing bulimia nervosa? men age 21 to 24 years women age 16 to 20 years men age 16 to 20 years women age 21 to 24 years

women age 21 to 24 years

Orlistat, which works by interfering with the absorption of fat, __________. works modestly well for obesity has had uncertain results works very well for extreme obesity but not regular obesity works very well for obesity

works modestly well for obesity