abnormal psych 303

Dr. Okalemi Watabe is a mental health practioner. All of the following are ways in which she might function as a scientist-practitioner EXCEPT a. analyzing her own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems. b. evaluating her own assessments and treatments for effectiveness. c. conducting research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments. d. using the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures.

A. Analyzing her own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems

Prevalence refers to a. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time.

A. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder

In very severe cases of major depressive disorder where the symptoms last for ________ years or longer, approximately 38% of patients can be expected to eventually recover. a. 7 b. 5 c. 10 d. 2

B. 5

Incidence refers to a. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time.

B. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time

If a classification, such that used to identify insects or rocks, is used in a scientific context, it is most often called a(n) ________ . a. nomenclature b. ontology c. hermeneutic d. taxonomy

If a classification, such that used to identify insects or rocks, is used in a scientific context, it is most often called a(n) ________ . a. nomenclature b. ontology c. hermeneutic d. taxonomy d) taxonomy

There are many major neurotransmitters that have been implicated in human psychopathology Which of the following is not one that is identified by your authors? a. adrenaline b. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) c. norepinephrine d. serotonin

a) adrenaline

In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, little boys are believed to experience ________ anxiety during the phallic stage of development. This was conceptualized as a result of the fear of their father over their inappropriate desire for their mother. a. castration anxiety b. Electrizing c. penis envy d. identification

a) castration anxiety

Which of the following concepts may potentially underlie the phenomenon of mass hysteria, which occurs when there is a large-scale outbreak of bizarre and disturbed behavior? a. Emotional contagion b. Acedia c. Demonology d. Tarantism

a) emotional contagion

What is the primary risk of applying a semistructured interview too rigidly when working to make an initial assessment of a client's particular difficulties? a. It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about. b. It eliminates the validity of the interview since it is not being given in a standardized way. c. It eliminates the need for an actual person to administer the interview; that is, it creates the potential for a computer to gather exactly the same information. d. It can lead to an underdiagnosis (false-negative) when a person truly does suffer from a psychological condition.

a) it can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about

Drew has been taking college courses for several semesters, and though he has struggled with some of his classes he continues to make a large effort to succeed. Recently his grades have been improving, and his teachers have begun to recognize his potential for a career in the field of biology. Drew's resilience and upbeat attitude are an example of what Seligman calls a. learned optimism. b. a type A personality. c. hardiness. d. learned helplessness.

a) learned optimism

Which of the following is not true regarding the spread of moral therapy to the united states? a) moral therapy was introduced at a hospital in new Hampshire after its chief physician saw the effect of such methods in London. b) the spread of moral therapy tunred asylums from prison-like states to hapibale and therapeutic environments c) several patients at Worcester state hosptical who had been labeled as incurable showed remarkable improvement when treated with moral therapy d) after it was instituted, moral therapy again declined in the middle of the 19th century.

a) moral therapy was introduced at a hospital in new Hampshire after is chief physician saw the effect of such methods in London

Dr. McCutcheon is trying to formulate a means of identifying people who are likely to develop antisocial personality disorder. He administers the MMPI-2 to several thousand people - some of whom do and some of whom do not have this diagnosis - and determines a specific MMPI profile for people with antisocial personality disorder. He then suggests that this can be used to accurately anticipate who will and who will not develop this condition. Dr. McCutcheon is using a ________ strategy in his work. a. nomothetic b. standardized c. culture-fair d. idiographic

a) nomothetic

With regard to the new DSM (DSM-5), which of the following is a primary point that your authors have made? a. Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV. b. DSM-5 has abandoned a categorical form of diagnosis and has replaced it with a dimensional approach. c. DSM-5 is likely to be the last edition of DSM, as the ICD is likely to "take over" as the primary diagnostic manual. d. DSM-5 is far more valid for diagnosing disorders in minorities than any edition to come before it.

a) overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV

Dr. McCutcheon is trying to formulate a means of identifying people who are likely to develop antisocial personality disorder. He administers the MMPI-2 to several thousand people - some of whom do and some of whom do not have this diagnosis - and determines a specific MMPI profile for people with antisocial personality disorder. He then suggests that this can be used to accurately anticipate who will and who will not develop this condition. Dr. McCutcheon is using a(n) ________ strategy in his work. a. nomothetic b. standardized c. idiographic d. culture-fair

a. nomothetic

________ is the process of determining whether the particular problem affecting an individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder. a. Diagnosis b. Clinical assessment c. Etiology d. Prevalence

a. Diagnosis

Which of the following accurately describes the patients of Freud and Breur after they received hypnotherapy for their psychological disorders? a. Feelings of relief and improvement b. Decreased emotionality while in the hypnotic state c. Accurate post-hypnotic recall d. Increased understanding of the causes of their psychological disorder

a. Feelings of relief and improvement

One key difference between Jung and Adler was that a. Jung focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Adler emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. b. Adler focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Jung emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. c. Jung saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Adler saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize. d. Adler saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Jung saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize.

a. Jung focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Adler emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society.

As your textbook points out, people with intellectual disabilities have been labeled with many names throughout history, including moron, imbecile, idiot, and mentally retarded. What is the important lesson from this fact? a. Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma. b. People have a real lack of sensitivity that underlies the initial use of these terms. c. Psychopathology should be assessed in terms of severity of problems rather than just determining whether a person does or does not have an issue. d. We have not come very far in the diagnosis of cognitive deficits.

a. Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma.

With regard to the new DSM (DSM-5), which of the following is a primary point that your authors have made? a. Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV. b. DSM-5 has abandoned a categorical form of diagnosis and has replaced it with a dimensional approach. c. DSM-5 is far more valid for diagnosing disorders in minorities than any edition to come before it. d. DSM-5 is likely to be the last edition of DSM, as the ICD is likely to "take over" as the primary diagnostic manual.

a. Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV.

Roldolfo is a Latino gentleman who has recently suffered from a bout of susto. He has had a bout of anxiety-like symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, and irrational fears .Which of the following would be an appropriate cultural explanation for the cause of the susto? a. Roldolfo believes that he has become the object of black magic. b. Roldolfo believes that parts of his body are shrinking and will, in time, disappear. c. Rodolfo believes that he is going crazy and is in danger of dying. d. Roldolfo believes that he has become offensive to those around him.

a. Roldolfo believes that he has become the object of black magic.

In terms of their typical course, schizophrenia follows a chronic course, while mood disorders, including depression, follow a(n) _____________ course. a. episodic b. time-limited c. guarded d. insidious

a. episodic

An inherited characteristic that is assessed at the same time as a family disorder is called a ________. They are useful because if a connection can be made between them and the family disorder it lends evidence to the genetic nature of that disorder. a. genetic marker b. proband c. phenotype d. cross-section

a. genetic marker

A(n) ________ is defined as an individual's unique genetic makeup. a. genotype b. cohort c. phenotype d. algorithm

a. genotype

According to Hippocrates' humoral theory, the "choleric" personality is ______. a. hot-tempered b. easygoing c. kind d. cheap

a. hot-tempered

You read about a group of people who are described as a "cult," and you start to wonder how people come to join such an organization. You decide that people must be very lonely and vulnerable to persuasion in order to join a cult. Your guess about why a person would join a cult is an example of a(n) ________. a. hypothesis b. empirical conclusion c. dependent variable d. independent variable

a. hypothesis

Breuer discovered that a. hysterical symptoms were alleviated after patients discussed them under hypnosis. b. dogs salivate to a bell if the bell is rung prior to feeding. c. discussing problems while hypnotized leads to patient insight. d. general paresis was caused by the same bacteria that cause syphilis.

a. hysterical symptoms were alleviated after patients discussed them under hypnosis.

The "object" in the object relations school of thought refers to a. important people in your life. b. material objects in your home. c. unconscious processes. d. natural objects such as trees.

a. important people in your life.

Alarmingly, in some areas where the rate of new cases of AIDS had been declining, it has begun increasing again. The statistic that tells us this information is a. incidence. b. correlation. c. deviation. d. prevalence.

a. incidence

In ancient Greece, "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by a. increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to heat, dryness, moisture, or cold b.herbal remedies c. decreasing both caloric and liquid intake d. lowering the person's body temperature for extended periods of time

a. increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to hear, dryness, moisture, or cold

According to object relations theory, the objects in your world are either a. injected into your ego or assigned conflicting roles in your identity. b. encompassed in or out of your identity . c. incorporated in the ego or the super ego. d. realistic or unrealistic.

a. injected into your ego or assigned conflicting roles in your identity.

The warring id and superego cause anxiety as a result of a. intrapsychic conflict. b. displacement. c. conscience judging the ego ideal. d. defense mechanisms.

a. intrapsychic conflict.

In Freudian theory "libido" and "thanatos" represent the two basic but opposing drives of ________. a. life and death b. sex and celibacy c. good and evil d. pleasure and pain

a. life and death

one hot and humid night, one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things. You look up at the sky and say, "It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word _____ is derived. a. lunatic b. idiot c. maniac d. psychopath

a. lunatic

A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the __________ stage. a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital

a. oral

A male college student begins feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worrying about what is happening to him. which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his situation? a. persona distress b. cultural factors c. impaired functioning d. violation of societal norms

a. personal distress

The more time one spends exercising, the more success they can expect in their quest to lose weight. The correlation between time on a treadmill each month and overall weight loss would represent a ________ correlation. a. positive b. causal c. negative d. zero

a. positive

In a family study, scientists examine a behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family. The family member with the trait of interest that has been singled out is called the ________. a. proband b. participant c. cohort d. confound

a. proband

The scientific study of psychological disorders is called __________. a. psychopathology b. psychoanalysis c. pseudoscience d. parapsychology

a. psychopathology

The function of ________ in research is to rule out the idea that a particular study's findings were achieved by coincidence. a. replication b. norming c. publication d. randomization

a. replication

In contrast to the asylums of the early 18th century, the psychosocial approach called moral therapy advocated all of the following EXCEPT a. restraint and seclusion. b. normal social interaction. c. individual attention from the hospital staff. d. lectures on interesting subjects for hospitalized patients.

a. restraint and seclusion.

A psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . a. suddenly; gradually b. suddenly; atypically c. gradually; atypically d. atypically; suddenly

a. suddenly; gradually

Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and well-established treatment. You advise her that ________________, based on the mid 20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure. a. systematic desensitization b. person centered therapy c. exorcism d. aversive conditioning

a. systematic desensitization

During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly exhibit bizarre behavior such as running out into the street, dancing, shouting, and jumping around. This was known as _______. a. tarantism b. lycanthropy c. demonic possession d. the chicken dance

a. tarantism

In using hypnosis to treat patients with psychological disorders, Freud discovered a. that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events. b. that patients are unable to process emotionally charged information. c. that hypnosis was less effective than mesmerism. d. the existence of conscious memories.

a. that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events.

The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of ____________. a. the "wandering uterus" b. an "incompetent cervix" c. "penis envy" d. "pelvic dysfunction"

a. the "wandering uterus"

The scientist-practitioner model of psychology focuses on a. the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use. b. the psychologist's use of statistics, such as prevalence and incidence, to diagnose clients. c. the exchange of information between scientists. d. the use of drugs in clinical practice.

a. the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use.

Moral treatment for mental patients involved a. treating institutionalized patients as humanely as possible. b. judging abnormal behavior on the basis of moral values. c. the use of negative consequences to shape behavior. d. isolating institutionalized patients until they behaved morally.

a. treating institutionalized patients as humanely as possible.

Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique a. is basically unscientific. b. has been proven effective. c. has been subject to careful measurement criteria. d. is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation.

a.is basically unscientific.

Martin has a very unusual pattern to his symptoms of major depression. They tend to show up in the later months as fall approaches and become particularly difficult during the winter months. When spring arrives, his symptoms always seem to get better and go away rather quickly. Martin might best be diagnosed as suffering from a. major depression, seasonal pattern. b. major depression with postpartum onset. c. melancholic depression. d. major depression with psychotic features.

a. major depression, seasonal pattern.

In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by _____ a. marriage b. pregnancy c. childbirth d. divorce

a. marriage

The phenomenon in which entire groups of people simultaneously begin to behave abnormally is known as a. mass hysteria. b. exorcism. c. lunacy. d. melancholy.

a. mass hysteria

One of the results of the discovery that the disease syphilis and the disordered behavior that results from it are both caused by the same bacterial microorganism was a. mental health professionals began to think that other psychological disorders might be caused by other microorganisms, and biological cures might be possible. b. individuals diagnosed with syphilis were referred to psychologists instead of doctors for further treatment. c. the mental hygiene movement was established, which attempted to provide a sterile, bacteria-free, environment for those suffering from disorders. d. mental health professionals adopted a genetic model, which has been supported by further scientific investigations into the causes of disorders.

a. mental health professionals began to think that other psychological disorders might be caused by other microorganisms, and biological cures might be possible.

The biological and psychological models or theories of abnormality derived originally from the ancient Greek concept in which the a. mind was considered separate from the body b. flow of bodily fluids affected behavior and personality c. female reproductive organs were associated with psychopathology d. movement of the planets influenced human behavior

a. mind was considered separate from the body

With the discovery of the major tranquilizers called _____________, psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and aggressiveness, were able to be controlled. a. neuroleptics b. benzodiazepines c. bromides d. opiates

a. neuroleptics

In regard to the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that a. no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality b. personal distress is the one criterion that defines abnormality c. the criteria differ depending on the cause of the psychological disorder d. the criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction

a. no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality

Humanistic therapists regard _______________ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth. a. therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) c. self-esteem d. intellectual and moral development

b relationships (including the therapeutic relationship)

Four-year-old Miguel says to his mother, "Mommy, I love you. I want to marry you." This is an example of the manifestation of a. a defense mechanism. b. the Oedipal complex. c. intrapsychic conflict. d. an oral fixation.

b the oedipal complex

Which of the following would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood? a. An increase in one's experience of anxiety. b. An increase in heart rate and blood pressure. c. The tendency to escape and avoid situations involving blood. d. The immediate assistance offered by friends and family when one appears distressed.

b) an increase in heart rate and blood pressure

"Either a person does or does not suffer from a particular psychological disorder." This statement is most consistent with a ________ approach to diagnosis. a. prototypical b. categorical c. dimensional d. idiographic

b) categorical

A ________ refers to an individual's complete set of genes. For a human being this includes over 20,000. a. karyotype b. genome c. blastocyst d. phenotype

b) genome

It is 1930 and you live in Vienna, Austria. You have recently developed the symptoms of psychosis and you are sent to physician Manfred Sakel. What treatment would he probably recommend? a) electroconvulsive therapy b) insulin shock therapy c) deep brain stimulation d) the use of a combination of antipsychotic medication and a derivative of the opium poppy

b) insulin shock therapy

Erin has been having seizures lately, so her physician decides to send her for a neuroimaging test so that she can see Erin's brain structures in multiple layers. Erin is placed in a high strength magnetic field through which radio signals are transmitted, and these signals excite different areas of brain tissue. Erin has been sent by her doctor for ________ . a. computerized axial tomography (CAT) b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) d. Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI)

b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

In order for a classification system to be valuable, it must lead clinicians to the same diagnosis of the same clinical situation. This is called reliability. In looking at the DSM, Morey and Ochoa (1989) demonstrated that one area significant reliability concerns is in diagnosing ________ disorders. a. sleeping b. personality c. eating d. sexual

b) personality

Which of the following psychological conditions, which for years was a point of intense debate in the field of psychopathology, has officially been added to DSM-5? a. Negativistic personality disorder b. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Mixed anxiety-depression disorder

b) premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Adam is very stressed about the fact that he has not paid his taxes in several years and he knows that he owes the government several thousand dollars (that he does not have). Every time he thinks about his debt he becomes upset, so he tells himself that he is really refusing to pay taxes to protest the government's foolish spending. Adam is employing the defense mechanism of a. reaction formation. b. rationalization. c. sublimation. d. displacement

b) rationalization

Nicholas is taken to the doctor because he suffers from an ear infection. While there, he is asked to step on the scale and his weight is recorded as 85 pounds. When he comes back a week later for a follow-up, he steps on the scale again. Once again his weight comes back at 85 pounds. The scale in the doctor's office appears to be ________ . a. standardized b. reliable c. valid d. nomothetic

b) reliable

Why is it necessary that an assessment measure be standardized before it is used in real clinical settings? a. The use of standardized assessment tools is required by insurance companies and third-party payers of medical benefits in order to approve mental health services. b. Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex. c. Standardization ensures that the findings of a given measure will be both reliable and valid. d. A measure that is standardized is the only one that can produce results that are consistent with the DSM-5 criteria for a psychological disorder.

b) standardization makes sure that a person's score are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex

Which of the following would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood? a. An increase in one's experience of anxiety. b. An increase in heart rate and blood pressure. c. The tendency to escape and avoid situations involving blood. d. The immediate assistance offered by friends and family when one appears distressed.

b. An increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

Why is suicide such a significant problem in Native Americans as opposed to other racial/ethnic groups? a. Because Native Americans believe that self-inflicted death is viewed as preferable to death due to illness or disease, and is regarded as an admirable act. b. Because of the high rate of depression in Native Americans. c. Because the connection Native Americans have to their spiritual past makes suicide a more socially acceptable option. d. Because Native Americans place a high premium on their honor, and suicide is seen as a necessary action when a family's honor has been lost.

b. Because of the high rate of depression in Native Americans.

Therapist Dr. X (not her real name) is working with a client who is heavily involved with body-piercing. The client enjoys it, but Dr. X thinks the amount is so excessive she considers it abnormal behavior. She is employing which definition of abnormality? a. Dysfunction b. Culturally inappropriate or unexpected c. Impairment d. Distress

b. Culturally inappropriate or unexpected

The idea that psychological disorders could be classified based on their symptoms, onset, time course, and cause is attributed to a. Anton Mesner. b. Emil Kraepelin. c. John Grey. d. Dorothea Dix.

b. Emil Kraepelin

Casey is an outgoing, happy-go-lucky, outwardly social individual, whereas Samantha is shy, somewhat withdrawn, and quiet. These two individuals represent which of Jung's concepts? a. Collective unconscious/personal unconscious b. Extraversion/introversion c. Archetypal son/archetypal daughter d. Superiority/inferiority

b. Extraversion/introversion

Which of the following is NOT related to the "collective unconscious" in Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theory? a. Accumulated wisdom of society b. Genetic inheritance of personality traits c. Individual storage of cultural memories d. Passing of memories from one generation to another

b. Genetic inheritance of personality traits

Sometimes described as a "chemical brother" of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which amino acid neurotransmitter acts in an excitatory manner? a. Acetylcholine b. Glutamate c. Serotonin d. Dopamine

b. Glutamate

79-year old Ruth is participating in a mental status exam at her gerontologist's office. Which of the following would not be one of the domains explored in this assessment? a. Her mood and affect b. Her current medications c. Her sensorium d. Her intellectual functioning

b. Her current medications

Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers? a. Unconditional positive regard b. Hierarchy of needs c. Empathy d. Person-centered therapy

b. Hierarchy of needs

Erin has been having seizures lately, so her physician decides to send her for a neuroimaging test so that she can see Erin's brain structures in multiple layers. Erin is placed in a high strength magnetic field through which radio signals are transmitted, and these signals excite different areas of brain tissue. Erin has been sent by her doctor for ________. a. Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI) b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) c. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) d. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

________ theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is called the learned helplessness theory. a. Albert Ellis' b. Martin Seligman's c. Carl Rogers' d. Aaron Beck's

b. Martin Seligman's

Which of the following psychological conditions, which for years was a point of intense debate in the field of psychopathology, has officially been added to DSM-5? a. Negativistic personality disorder b. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder c. Mixed anxiety-depression disorder d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Dr. Littlefox studies the origins and causes of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Dr. Littlefox studies the _______ of a disorder. a. prognosis b.etiology c. outcome d. psychopathology

b. etiology

Unconditional positive regard is critical to the a. object relations approach. b. humanistic approach. c. psychoanalytic approach. d. behavioral approach.

b. humanistic approach.

In the classic case of Anna O. in 1895, the neurologist Breuer treated her "hysterical" symptoms by using _________. a. hydrotherapy b. hypnosis c. faith healing d. the placebo effect

b. hypnosis

According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with ________. a. stress b. impaired functioning c. culturally expected responses d. psychotic symptoms

b. impaired functioning

Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the ___________ of the disorder. a. prevalence b. incidence c. recurrence d. ratio

b. incidence

Bloodletting, a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors, was accomplished with the use of ________. a. needles b. leeches c. tourniquets d. bacteria

b. leeches

One important difference between a typical case study and the single-case experiment is that the single-case experiment attempts to improve internal validity. It does so by a. gathering as much data as possible about a single case, particularly one that is unique or unusual. b. making systematic observations of the same individuals under a variety of experimental conditions. c. observing only one participant instead of a group of participants in the study. d. matching each participant to a "partner" so that you can make one-to-one comparisons of experimental effects.

b. making systematic observations of the same individuals under a variety of experimental conditions.

since the time of ancient Greece, the concept of a psyche or soul was similar to that of the _____ a. brain b. mind c. body d. blood

b. mind

The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be a. unidimensional. b. multiply determined. c. impossible to determine. d. untestable scientifically.

b. multiply determined

In the 19th century, John Gray, a well-known psychiatrist in the US, believed that mental illness was due to ____________. a. psychological factors b. physical causes c. social/environmental influences d. unknown influences

b. physical causes

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of __________. a. punishment b. positive reinforcements c. random reinforcement d. internal processes

b. positive reinforcements

A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors is said to be taking a(n) _____________ approach to understanding psychological disorders: a.applied b.practical c.psychoanalytical d.integrative

b. practical

When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's _______. a. diagnosis b. prognosis c. psychosocial profile d. pathology

b. prognosis

You are treating a man who has been suffering from a relatively short-term bout of major depressive disorder. His symptoms started after a major life stressor, and you know that in such cases proper therapy is often quite effective in bringing about a full recovery. When he asks you if he's going to be better soon, you might say to him, "the ________ is very good!" a. incidence b. prognosis c. etiology d. prevalence

b. prognosis

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another person? a. Denial b. Projection c. Displacement d. Sublimation

b. projection

When Johnny wanted a cookie before dinner, he thought about just going and taking one without permission. However, after thinking about it, he decided to get permission from his mom. Johnny was operating according to the _______ principle. a. pleasure b. reality c. moral d. Oedipal

b. reality

Nicholas is taken to the doctor because he suffers from an ear infection. While there, he is asked to step on the scale and his weight is recorded as 85 pounds. When he comes back a week later for a follow-up, he steps on the scale again. Once again his weight comes back at 85 pounds. The scale in the doctor's office appears to be ________. a. standardized b. reliable c. valid d. nomothetic

b. reliable

Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id, many people think of it as the __________. a. death instinct b. sex drive c. conscience d. Oedipal conflict

b. sex drive

Dr. Clayton is a psychiatrist who is seeing a new patient in his office. This patient begins to discuss the fact that he has been experiencing symptoms of depression, and as soon as it becomes clear that a mood disorder is present Dr. Clayton starts thinking that he will prescribe the same antidepressant that he has used with many other patients. While he is thinking this he does not listen carefully as his patient describes the recent life events that have led to the depression. Dr. Clayton's willingness to treat this patient like others who have suffered from similar symptoms without considering the individuality of each patient is an example of a. the external validity of the prior research. b. the patient uniformity myth. c. internal validity of the research studies. d. a lack of clinical significance of many research findings.

b. the patient uniformity myth.

Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer, and Freud hypothesized the existence of ___________, a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology. a. neurosis b. the unconscious mind c. the Electra complex d. catharsis

b. the unconscious mind

which of the following accurately describes common beliefs about people with psychological disorders during the 14th century? a. they were considered to be suffering from religious delusions and were cared for by members of the church communities b. they were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes c. they were regarded as basically good individuals who were not responsible for their abnormal behavior d. they were provided with medical treatments and sometimes hospitalized because mental illness was regarded as equivalent to physical illness

b. the were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes

According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defense, which function as a. reality-based actions. b. unconscious protective processes. c. conscious efforts to maintain control. d. primitive emotional responses.

b. unconscious protective processes.

Until the 1970s, hysterical disorders were diagnosed only in women. In fact, the term "hysteria" derives from the Greek hysteron, which means ___________. a. ovary b. uterus c. pregnancy d. vagina

b. uterus

The Stroop color-naming paradigm is one method that your authors discuss for helping to identify a. explicit memories. b. what is in the black box. c. one's level of learned helplessness. d. people who have blind sight.

b. what is in the black box.

The effect of electroconvulsive therapy in making a person feel elated and therefore help depression was discovered by a. John Gray, who was the champion of the biological tradition in the US. b. a Dutch physician who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. c. Hippocrates, who was the father of medicine. d. Joseph von Meduna, who was a Hungarian psychiatrist.

b.a Dutch physician who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin

In the 1930s, when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, __________________ began to be used instead. a. bromides b. electroconvulsive therapy c. megavitamin therapy d. moral therapy

b.electroconvulsive therapy

After the mid 1800s, moral therapy declined as a treatment for the mentally ill because a. the number of patients in mental institutions also declined. b. immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population. c. the number of people available to staff mental hospitals increased. d. new biologically based treatments became available.

b.immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population.

Rocky Starr is a rocker who wears outlandish female makeup and women's clothing when performing on stage. This behavior is considered a. more abnormal than that of a business man who suddenly starts to do so. b. less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success. c. less abnormal than that of a female who wears makeup every day. d. just as abnormal as that of the business man who starts wearing makeup.

b.less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success

How does the endocrine system differ from other systems in the body? a. Each gland can synthesize only one chemical (hormone) while other systems have the ability to produce a variety of chemicals (neurotransmitters). b. It is the only system that operates entirely within the central nervous system, while all others systems operate outside of the CNS. c. Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream. d. The endocrine system is the only system in the body that is not controlled by the brain. It operates independently of the neurological system.

c Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream

Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology? a. Law of effect (Thorndike) b. Behavior modification (Skinner) c. Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) d. Conditioning of a fear response (Pavlov)

c Systematic desensitization (Wolpe)

Mustafa was bitten by a deranged Chihuahua when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of all dogs. This is an example of a. stimulus inhibition. b. stimulus discrimination. c. stimulus generalization. d. stimulus disinhibition

c stimulus generalization.

Attention to people suffering from mental disorders varies greatly from one country to the next. As your book notes, there are approximately 200,000 mental health professionals serving 300 million people in the United States. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is only one psychologist for every ________ people. a. 30 million b. 100,000 c. 2 million d. 15 million

c) 2 million

Whose study of classical conditioning provided quite a bit of the foundation for what later became the behavioral perspective in psychology? a. Max Wertheimer b. B.F. Skinner c. Ivan Pavlov d. Wilhelm Wundt

c) Ivan Pavlov

As your textbook points out, people with intellectual disabilities have been labeled with many names throughout history, including moron, imbecile, idiot, and mentally retarded. What is the important lesson from this fact? a. People have a real lack of sensitivity that underlies the initial use of these terms. b. We have not come very far in the diagnosis of cognitive deficits. c. Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma. d. Psychopathology should be assessed in terms of severity of problems rather than just determining whether a person does or does not have an issue.

c) Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative and hurtful stigma

Research conducted by Petrovic, Kalso, Petersson, and Ingvar (2002) found that brain activity changed when patients in pain received: a. opioid drugs, but not placebo drugs. b. placebo drugs, but not opioid drugs. c. an opioid drug and a placebo drug. d. neither opioid nor placebo drugs.

c) an opioid drug and a placebo drug

Qualitative genetics is to ________ as molecular genetics is to ________ . a. human beings; animals b. behavioral; emotional c. combinations; structures. d. change; stability

c) combinations; structures

You are playing charades with your friends, and one of them has masterfully acted out the words medulla, pons, and cerebellum. If you want to win the round, what would you want to call out? a. midbrain b. forebrain c. hindbrain d. cerebrum

c) hindbrain

A multidimensional ________ approach to studying psychopathology suggests that the simultaneous effect of several different factors - biological, behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental influences - combine to create a psychological disorder. a. genetic b. idiographic c. integrative d. psychometric

c) integrative

Young Matthew, only 2 years of age, is learning to use the toilet. First his mother gives him smiles and hugs when he walks into the bathroom. Then his father gives him songs and praise when he points to the potty. When he agrees to sit on his potty seat his parents sing and dance, making him smile and laugh. Finally, when he begins to actually use the potty, his parents give him some candy that he loves. Matthew is being taught to use the potty through the process of a. extinction. b. stimulus discrimination. c. shaping. d. stimulus generalization.

c) shaping

One of the primary problems with the administration of the MMPI-2 is a. the inability to validate the clinician's interpretation of the client's unconscious projections. b. the fact that this, like every other intelligence test, is culturally biased against minorities. c. the time and tedium of responding to 567 items. d. the fact that it has no way of determining if a person is answering honestly.

c) the time and tedium of responding to 567 items

The first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders were developed in the _________. a. late 19th century b. early 20th century c. 1950s d. 1990s

c. 1950s

Of the two forms of unipolar depression (major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder), the lifetime prevalence for both combined is about ________ percent of the general population. a. 8.6 b. 6.2 c. 3.5 d. 1

c. 3.5

There are many major neurotransmitters that have been implicated in human psychopathology. Which of the following is not one that is identified by your authors? a. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) b. Serotonin c. Adrenaline d. Norepinephrine

c. Adrenaline

The first proponent of ego psychology was a. Karen Honey. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Ana Freud. d. Carl Jung.

c. Ana Freud

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a drug and the problem it is used to treat? a. Reserpine: aggression b. Benzodiazepines: panic attacks c. Bromides: hallucinations d. Neuroleptics: delusions

c. Bromides: hallucinations

What is the primary risk of applying a semistructured interview too rigidly when working to make an initial assessment of a client's particular difficulties? a. It eliminates the need for an actual person to administer the interview; that is, it creates the potential for a computer to gather exactly the same information. b. It can lead to an underdiagnosis (false-negative) when a person truly does suffer from a psychological condition. c. It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about. d. It eliminates the validity of the interview since it is not being given in a standardized way.

c. It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about.

Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. It involves pairing of a UCS and a CS. b. It was demonstrated by Pavlov with his dogs. c. It involves shaping procedures. d. The CR can be eliminated in a process called extinction.

c. It involves shaping procedures.

Somatoform disorders, a current DMS-IV classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect a. adult males only b. adult females only c. both males and females of any age d. children only

c. both males and females of any age

The treatment given to the mentally ill King Charles VI of France showed that the causes of his disorder were attributed to _______ phenomena. a. natural b. supernatural c. both natural and supernatural d. neither natural nor supernatural

c. both natural and supernatural

base on Hippocrates' humoral theory, "sanguine" describes a person who is ______ a. pessimistic b. pale c. cheerful d. humorous

c. cheerful

Although electroconvulsive therapy is controversial, we still use it today. It is interesting that it is used a. despite possible harmful side effects. b. and may cause serious fatal outcomes such as heart attacks. c. despite the fact that we have little knowledge of how it works. d. despite the fact that the success rate is about 25%.

c. despite the fact that we have little knowledge of how it works.

A researcher studies the impact of ambient music on the exam scores of college students. Whether the results of this study help us to understand the relationship between external distractions and real-life job performance is a question of a. the original research hypothesis. b. study confounds. c. external validity. d. internal validity.

c. external validity.

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or applied to conditions or situations outside of that study is called a. test-retest reliability. b. internal validity. c. external validity. d. interrater reliability.

c. external validity.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it a. emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction. b. requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues. d. considers past experiences important.

c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues.

The catatonic specifier for depressive disorders include all of the following EXCEPT a. catalepsy. b. waxy or semirigid postures. c. hypersomnia or insomnia. d. random movements.

c. hypersomnia or insomnia.

You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how someone could commit such a horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud, anyone could be a killer or rapist if _________ impulses were not well controlled. a. egoistic b. phallic c. id d. mesmeric

c. id

A disorder that comes on slowly is said to have a(n) ______ onset. a. acute b. chronic c. insidious d. overt

c. insidious

A multidimensional ________ approach to studying psychopathology suggests that the simultaneous effect of several different factors - biological, behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental influences - combine to create a psychological disorder. a. idiographic b. psychometric c. integrative d. genetic

c. integrative

Human behavior, both normal and abnormal, is the result of biological, psychological, and social factors a. competing. b. operating independently. c. interacting. d. conflicting.

c. interacting

According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," so it a. adheres to social rules and regulations. b. thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner. c. is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious. d. utilizes secondary process thinking.

c. is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious.

Tactics that characterize psychodynamic psychotherapy include all of the following EXCEPT a. a focus on affect and the expression of a person's emotions. b. identification of patterns in patients' actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships. c. it is more in depth and significantly longer than classical psychoanalysis. d. there is an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.

c. it is more in depth and significantly longer than classical psychoanalysis.

Of all the following, which not be found in the definition of a psychological disorder? a) distress b) impaired functions c) medications d) psychological dysfunction

c. medications

The Electra complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls, is characterized by a. castration anxiety. b. Oedipal conflicts. c. penis envy. d.latency lust.

c. penis envy

The primary theory of how measures like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) work is that a. depression and anxiety are "two sides of the same coin." b. people who suffer from serious psychopathology will have different neurological activity. c. people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist. d. people are well-aware of their own personality issues and thus can honestly assess their own functioning in a pen-and-paper format.

c. people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist.

Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "________ " hypothesis, which states that when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities. a. incompatibility b. pathoneurosis c. permissive d. lock-and-key

c. permissive

The Oedipus complex, which, according to Freud, occurs during the __________ stage of psychosexual development, is characterized by_____________ __________. a. genital; penis envy b. oral; penis envy c. phallic; castration anxiety d. latency; castration anxiety

c. phallic; castration anxiety

Severe internal conflicts that produce a lot of anxiety or other emotions can trigger self-defeating defensive processes or symptoms such as a. acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms. b. depression or bipolar symptoms. c. phobic or obsessive symptoms. d. suicidal or aggressive symptoms.

c. phobic or obsessive symptoms.

You are treating a man who has been suffering from a relatively short-term bout of major depressive disorder. His symptoms started after a major life stressor, and you know that in such cases proper therapy is often quite effective in bringing about a full recovery. When he asks you if he's going to be better soon, you might say to him, "the ________ is very good!" a. incidence b. prevalence c. prognosis d. etiology

c. prognosis

The purpose of ________ is to make sure that each research participant has an equal chance of being in the treatment or control group. a. confounding b. generalizing c. randomization d. standardization

c. randomization

In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century, a physician treating King Charles VI of France had him moved to the countryside in order to a. be closer to a hospital that treated mental illness b. keep him away from his family c. restore the balance in his humors d. cure him of hysteria

c. restore the balance in his humors

Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to a. ignoring everything but the desired behavior. b. punishing everything except the desired behavior. c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. d. rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior.

c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior.

During the Middle Ages, as well as at other times, mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual called exorcism in order to a. cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious b. build up muscle strength and make the person healthier c. rid the individual's body of evil spirits d. prove that the person was not a witch

c. rid the individual's body of evil spirits

Playing a rough game of football after a bad day at school is an example of ________. a. denial b. displacement c. sublimation d. repression

c. sublimation

If a classification, such that used to identify insects or rocks, is used in a scientific context, it is most often called a(n) ________. a. nomenclature b. ontology c. taxonomy d. hermeneutic

c. taxonomy

One of the primary problems with the administration of the MMPI-2 is a. the fact that it has no way of determining if a person is answering honestly. b. the fact that this, like every other intelligence test, is culturally biased against minorities. c. the time and tedium of responding to 567 items. d. the inability to validate the clinician's interpretation of the client's unconscious projections

c. the time and tedium of responding to 567 items.

During the Great Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered to be a. an imbalance of four major humors, or fluids, in the human body. b. reflections of what was either adaptive or maladaptive for human nature. c. the work of the devil. d. unconscious conflicts that were "bubbling" below the surface of one's awareness.

c. the work of the devil

Behaviors that deviate from the norm are a. always seen as a disorder if they violate social norms b. considered a disorder regardless of culture c. typically seen as a disorder when they impair function d. never judge on the basis of the person who does them

c. typically seen as a disorder when they impair function

In the late 1800's, physicians discovered that patients suffering from a condition called general paresis could be cured by engaging in which o the following actions? a) subjecting them to brutally painful electrical shocks b) placing them in a spinning chair. c) the use of laxatives to induce diarrhea and emetics to induce vomiting d) injecting them with the blood of a person who was suffering from malaria

d) injecting them with the blood of a person who was suffering from malaria

Sigmund Freud is often credited with the discovery of the unconscious mind, but many forget that ________ , who worked on various forms of hypnosis, was also a key figure in this very important discovery. a. Carl Jung b. Karen Horney c. Alfred Adler d. Josef Breuer

d) josef breuer

While the moral treatment of those with psychological difficulties has been seen throughout history, it was formalized as a system by __________ at the Parisian hosptical la bicetre. a) marie salpetriere b) Matthias linstrom c) gaston Bethlehem d) phillipe pinel

d) phillipe pinel

According to emotions theorists, there are three different overlapping components to one's emotional experiences. Which of the following is not one of them? a. Physiological b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Sociocultural

d. Sociocultural

A researcher is studying how anxiety tends to be experienced by people of different ages. The researcher interviews depressed adolescents, young adults, individuals in their 30s and 50s, and those over 70. The individuals in each age group are studied at the same time. The researcher is employing a(n) ________ design to her study. a. repeated measures b. longitudinal c. cross-sequential d. cross-sectional

d. cross-sectional

With regard to the different mood disorders, the diagnosis that would be marked by the symptoms with the lowest level of severity would be a. bipolar II disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. bipolar I disorder. d. cyclothymic disorder.

d. cyclothymic disorder.

Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th century, the causes of "madness" were generally attributed to a. toxins in the blood b. religious delusions c. brain disease d. demons and witches

d. demons and witches

The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ___________ as described in DSM-IV. a. theoretical perspectives on abnormality b. treatments for mental disorders c. causes of mental illness d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders

d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders

In their theories about human nature, psychoanalysts Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both a. regarded human nature as possessing many negative qualities. b. completely accepted Freud's ideas. c. believed that there were no barriers to the internal and external growth of the individual. d. emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization.

d. emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization.

A ________ refers to an individual's complete set of genes. For a human being this includes over 20,000. a. karyotype b. phenotype c. blastocyst d. genome

d. genome

The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes __________. a. malaria b. Alzheimer's disease c. syphilis d. hysteria

d. hysteria

Drew has been taking college courses for several semesters, and though he has struggled with some of his classes he continues to make a large effort to succeed. Recently his grades have been improving, and his teachers have begun to recognize his potential for a career in the field of biology. Drew's resilience and upbeat attitude are an example of what Seligman calls a. a type A personality. b. hardiness. c. learned helplessness. d. learned optimism.

d. learned optimism.

One reason that longitudinal studies can be more difficult than cross-sectional studies to conduct is that a. cross-sectional studies involve large numbers of subjects. b. longitudinal studies involve very sophisticated statistical procedures. c. cross-sectional studies take many years to complete. d. longitudinal studies can take many years to complete.

d. longitudinal studies can take many years to complete.

The criterion that a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality because a. behavior that occurs infrequently is considered abnormal in every culture b. society is less willing to tolerate eccentricity in people who are productive c. behaviors vary very little from one culture to another d. many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn't mean that they have a disorder

d. many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn't meant that they have a disorder

Defense mechanisms may be important in treatment planning because they a. cannot be studied scientifically. b. are most prevalent in people with psychological disorders. c. have potential significance in the study of schizophrenia. d. may differ for different psychological disorders.

d. may differ for different psychological disorders

In the late 1800s, the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder resulted ironically in reduced interest in treatments for mental patients because it was thought that a. physicians should devote more time to the physically ill. b. patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized. c. the hospital staff was not adequately trained to administer new treatments. d. mental illness was due to an undiscovered brain pathology and was incurable.

d. mental illness was due to an undiscovered brain pathology and was incurable.

Joshua is experiencing a manic episode, but he has a wide variety of symptoms. Although he sometimes feels very good about himself and "high on the world," he sometimes feels sad and anxious at the same time. He finds it hard to explain to his therapist how he can feel both good and bad at the same time. Joshua is experiencing a manic episode with ________ features. a. euphoric b. psychotic c. dysphoric d. mixed

d. mixed

Prior to the DSM-III-R, conditions that are currently characterized as ________ disorders were referred to by several different names, including depressive disorders, affective disorders, and depressive neuroses. a. psychotic b. somatoform c. dissociative d. mood

d. mood

The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach. a. sociocultural b. psychobiological/biopsychological c. unidimensional d. multidimensional integrative

d. multidimensional integrative

According to object relations theory, a. one believes that spiritual and religious drives are as much a part of human nature as sexual drives. b. there is a strong drive toward self-actualization. c. development of personality is influenced by culture and societal conditions. d. one sees the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into one's self.

d. one sees the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into one's self.

Of the following types of mental health professionals, which would be the most likely to have earned a medical degree? a) A psychiatrist b) a social worker c) a clinical psychologist d) a counseling psychologist

a) a psychiatrist

Operant conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that a. behavior operates on the environment. b. people operate independently of experiences in the real world. c. conditioning is an unconscious operation. d. the brain operates independently of behavioral consequences.

a behavior operates on the environment

In classical conditioning, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period of time would eventually lead to the a. extinction of the conditioned response. b. elimination of the conditioned response. c. shaping of the conditioned response. d. forgetting of the response.

a extinction of the conditioned response.

As their child is born, Connie and Arthur are delighted to be new parents. Within minutes, however, the physician tending to the newborn informs them that their child has ambiguous genitalia, and that some decisions will have to be made in the coming days. Having recently completed your course, Connie realizes that there must have been a problem with the ________ pair of chromosomes that their child inherited. a. 23rd b. 11th c. 18th d. 2nd

a) 23rd

Which crusader for the moral and humane treatment of mentally ill individuals campaigned tirelessly in an effort that came to be known as the mental hygiene movement? a. Dorothea Dix b. Margaret Meade c. Jean Tilley d. Margaret Floy Washburn

a) Dorothea Dix

Which Roman physician took up the theories of Hippocrates and extended them with a theory that normal brain functioning is related to a proper balance of four bodily fluids of humors? a) galen b) Mesmer c) kraepelin d) areteus

a) Galen

According to emotions theorists, there are three different overlapping components to one's emotional experiences. Which of the following is not one of them? a. Sociocultural b. Physiological c. Cognitive d. Behavioral

a) Sociocultural

The primary theory of how measures like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)work is that a. people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist. b. People who suffer from serious psychopathology will have different neurological activity. c. Depression and anxiety are "two sides of the same coin." d. people are well-aware of their own personality issues and thus can honestly assess their own functioning in a pen-and-paper format.

a) people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist

Research has long identified the fact that having higher levels of anger and hostility are detrimental to heart health. What is the mechanism by which such emotional states are unhealthy for one's cardiac functioning? a. The ability of the heart to pump efficiently drops during such angry periods. b. The heart experienced a potentially lethal drop in blood pressure during times of anger. c. The heart actually showed a decrease in size of up to 33% during periods of intense anger. d. The heart produced higher levels of the hormone ghrelin during times of anger, and ghrelin is associated with increased levels of atherosclerosis.

a) the ability of the heart to pump efficiently drops during such angry periods

What was the primary emphasis of Heinz Kohut's self-psychology? a. The formation of the self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow one to progress toward health. b. The importance of the collective unconscious. c. Striving to overcome feelings of inferiority and a drive toward self-actualization. d. The way in which defensive actions of the ego determine our behaviors.

a) the formation of the self concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow one to progress toward health

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the DSM-5 that is discussed by your textbook? a. The manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity. b. The manual makes too many recommendations regarding appropriate treatment approaches. c. The manual has placed too much emphasis on the 5-axis system. d. The manual is too tied to one specific theoretical approach to psychopathology (the behavioral model).

a) the manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity

Which of the following terms is the best representation of the word diathesis? a. Vulnerability b. Protection c. Disorder d. Aging

a) vulnerability

The Stroop color-naming paradigm is one method that your authors discuss for helping to identify a. what is in the black box. b. one's level of learned helplessness. c. people who have blind sight. d. explicit memories.

a) what is in the black box

Professor Chavez is teaching a large seminar class about the human nervous system, and decides to try an interactive demonstration. He asks one student, Marcia, to stand up and walk to the middle of the room. "Marcia is a neuron, everyone," Professor Chavez says. "How many of you would have to stand up and surround Marcia to reflect the number of glia cells that exist for every single neuron in the human nervous system?" The students will be correct when ________ students get up and stand around Marcia. a. 10 b. 50 c. 100 d. 25

a. 10

Attention to people suffering from mental disorders varies greatly from one country to the next. As your book notes, there are approximately 200,000 mental health professionals serving 300 million people in the United States. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is only one psychologist for every ________ people. a. 2 million b. 30 million c. 100,000 d. 15 million

a. 2 million

As their child is born, Connie and Arthur are delighted to be new parents. Within minutes, however, the physician tending to the newborn informs them that their child has ambiguous genitalia, and that some decisions will have to be made in the coming days. Having recently completed your course, Connie realizes that there must have been a problem with the ________ pair of chromosomes that their child inherited. a. 23rd b. 18th c. 11th d. 2nd

a. 23rd

Which of the following is an example of the maladaptive, self-defeating type of defensive mechanism? a. A phobia b. Sublimation c. A hallucinatory experience d. Amnesia

a. A phobia

After college graduation, two of your friends are interested in careers in the helping professions. Anna wants to become a psychiatrist; Carl plans on becoming a psychologist. Since you are taking a course in Abnormal Psychology, they ask you for career advice. You would tell a. Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level. b. Carl to apply to medical school and Anna to study psychology at the graduate level. c. both of them to apply to medical school. d. both of them to apply to graduate school.

a. Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level

If you were to suffer a random injury to your brain, why would it be a safe bet that the structure most likely to be damaged would be the cerebral cortex? a. Because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain. b. Because the cerebral cortex exists at the "soft spot" of the head, where there is an opening in the bony surface of the skull. c. Because the cerebral cortex is located in the back of the skull, which is where most head traumas take place. d. Because the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that exists for the protection of the other major structures.

a. Because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain.

After Philippe Pinel introduced moral therapy as a treatment in mental hospitals in France, a similar type of socially facilitative environment was first established in a US hospital by a. Benjamin Rush. b. William Tuke. c. Joseph von Medina. d. Manfred Sakel.

a. Benjamin Rush

What is Joseph Wolpe's most noted contribution to psychology? a. Systematic desensitization as a means of therapy b. The discovery that fear can be repressed through familiarity with the feared object c. The definition of operant conditioning d. The discovery of the mechanism of the extinction process

a. Systematic desensitization as a means of therapy

Tim owns a cat who licks her chops when she hears cellophane cat food packets being opened. This is not a skill she or her wild ancestors learned in the jungle. According to a classical conditioning account, the cellophane sound is a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus. c. a conditioned response. d. an unconditioned response.

a. a conditioned stimulus

According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when a. a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus. b. a stimulus is followed by positive consequences. c. a response is accepted unconditionally. d. a stimulus and an object are paired together.

a. a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus.

Of the following types of mental health professionals, which would be the most likely to have earned a medical degree? a. a psychiatrist b. a social worker c. a counseling psychologist d. a clinical psychologist

a. a psychiatrist

Developmental psychopatholoty refers to the study of changes in a. abnormal behavior b. normal behavior c. children's behavior, both normal and abnormal d. normal adolescent behaviro

a. abnormal behavior

The basis of ________ is manipulation of an independent variable and examining its effect on a dependent variable. a. an experiment b. naturalistic observation c. a correlation d. a case study

a. an experiment

Suicide associated with bipolar disorder is most likely to occur when the symptoms a. are of the rapid-cycling type. b. fit the pattern for cyclothymia. c. are not of the rapid cycling type. d. fit the pattern of bipolar II disorder.

a. are of the rapid-cycling type.

In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout history have used treatments such as _______ a. bloodletting b. induced seizures c. exorcism d. drilling through the skull

a. bloodletting

As used in modern terminology to reflect coping styles, defense mechanisms a. can be either adaptive or maladaptive. b. are always maladaptive. c. are never adaptive. d. are always self-defeating.

a. can be either adaptive or maladaptive.

One of the major problems with the ________ method of gathering research is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on coincidences. a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. correlation d. experimentation

a. case study

In research, the term "________" refers to the question of whether or not any observed differences or effects are meaningful for those impacted. a. clinical significance b. statistical significance c. correlation d. confounding

a. clinical significance

The purpose of a(n) ________ group in experimental research is to determine whether a treatment or independent variable actually influenced change in the independent variable. a. control b. confound c. validity d. experimental

a. control

The concept of defense mechanisms is referred to as ____________ in contemporary terminology. a. coping styles b. strategic adjustment c. maladaptive thinking d. self-defeating actions

a. coping styles

Mrs. B. received a very poor rating by her supervisor who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. She responded by yelling, "Leave me alone! Can't you see I'm tired?" According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as ______. a. displacement b. projection c. repression d. rationalization

a. displacement

The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept of _______ as a cause of madness. a. divind punishment b. faith healing c. hysteria d. sorcery

a. divine punishment

A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. You respond by saying that a. each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically. b. id fantasies never become reality. c. psychologists disproved Freud's theories a long time ago. d. since id impulses are usually part of consciousness awareness, we can learn to control them.

a. each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the __________ develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world while still finding ways to meet our basic needs. a. ego b. superego c. libido d. ideal self

a. ego

Which of the following is an accurate statement with regard to the changes that occurred between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5? a. Homosexuality was finally removed from the DSM as a "psychological illness." b. The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed. c. The personality disorders were reduced from 10 individual diagnoses (in 3 clusters) to 5 different conditions (with no clusters). d. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were finally acknowledged to be essentially the same condition, and they were both collapsed into a new diagnosis called "Pathological Eating Syndrome."

b. The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed.

Which of the following is not an aspect of the definition of psychological disorders? a. The atypical response element, which states that a deviation from normal behavior is evidence of a psychological disorder b. The psychodynamic element, which suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of poor ego defense mechanisms c. The distress element, in which personal discomfort signals the presence of a psychological disorder d. The impairment in functioning element, which defines a psychological disorder based on a disruption in ability to carry out normal tasks

b. The psychodynamic element, which suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of poor ego defense mechanisms

You have been asked to give a report on the mental hygiene movement and its foremost crusader Dorothea Dix, who campaigned for more humane treatment of the insane. After mentioning all of her accomplishments, you note the unforeseen consequence of her efforts, namely, a. a decrease in the number of mental patients in institutions, forcing many to close. b. an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them. c. a change from custodial care to moral therapy for institutionalized patients. d. more patients receiving psychotherapy and fewer receiving medication.

b. an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them.

Research conducted by Petrovic, Kalso, Petersson, and Ingvar (2002) found that brain activity changed when patients in pain received a. opioid drugs, but not placebo drugs. b. an opioid drug and a placebo drug. c. neither opioid nor placebo drugs. d. placebo drugs, but not opioid drugs

b. an opioid drug and a placebo drug.

Benzodiazepines, or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium, are effective in reducing the symptoms of __________. a. depression b. anxiety c. schizophrenia d. hysteria

b. anxiety

When scientific principles of psychology are applied to clinical problems or psychopathology, the procedures implemented are called a. clinical psychology. b. behavior therapy. c. scientific psychology. d. the law of effect.

b. behavior therapy

A(n) ________ assessment uses direct observation to formally evaluate a person's thoughts, feelings, and actions in specific situations or contexts. a. affective b. behavioral c. multimodal d. naturalistic

b. behavioral

As a psychiatrist, you have a client experiencing anxiety and panic attacks. You most likely prescribe a. reserpine. b. benzodiazepines. c. bromides. d. neuroleptics.

b. benzodiazepines.

Early findings apparently supporting psychoanalytic therapy were based on a. scientific inquiry. b. case studies. c. introspection. d. literature reviews.

b. case studies

Freud's technique included the release of emotional material, which was known as _________. a. insight b. catharsis c. free association d. wish fulfillment

b. catharsis

Research employing the technique of ________ might take a puppy that has a genetic tendency to be very excitable and allow it to be raised and nurtured by a female dog who has a very calm and docile nature. Such research explore whether environmental factors can "override" genetic programming. a. epigenetics b. cross-fostering c. interacting d. pedigreeing

b. cross-fostering

Mario has suffered from bipolar I disorder for several years, and his family has taken him to a psychiatrist for evaluation. The psychiatrist correctly identifies the disorder and recommends that in addition to some psychotherapy Mario start taking lithium carbonate to help with his symptoms. Mario is happy to have this opportunity, but should also be aware that one of the side effects of taking this drug is a. thinning and potential loss of the hair on his head as well as body hair. b. decreased functioning of his thyroid gland. c. a very dangerous white blood cell disorder called agranulocytosis. d. significant bowel symptoms, including constipation and/or diarrhea.

b. decreased functioning of his thyroid gland.

Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as having the symptoms of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). Jack's condition is referred to as ________. a. depression with intermittent onset b. double depression c. bipolar II disorder d. bipolar I disorder

b. double depression

Which of the following is TRUE about a hypomanic manic episode? a. It is not actually involved in the diagnosis of a specific mood disorder. b. It need only last 2 days to "qualify" as an official episode. c. It is not necessarily problematic. d. It always causes marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.Which of the following is TRUE about a hypomanic manic episode? a. It is not actually involved in the diagnosis of a specific mood disorder. b. It need only last 2 days to "qualify" as an official episode. c. It is not necessarily problematic. d. It always causes marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.

c. It is not necessarily problematic.

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual unconsciously block disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from awareness? a. Rationalization b. Reaction formation c. Repression d. Displacement

c. Repression

Research has long identified the fact that having higher levels of anger and hostility are detrimental to heart health. What is the mechanism by which such emotional states are unhealthy for one's cardiac functioning? a. The heart experienced a potentially lethal drop in blood pressure during times of anger. b. The heart produced higher levels of the hormone ghrelin during times of anger, and ghrelin is associated with increased levels of atherosclerosis. c. The ability of the heart to pump efficiently drops during such angry periods. d. The heart actually showed a decrease in size of up to 33% during periods of intense anger.

c. The ability of the heart to pump efficiently drops during such angry periods.

Which of the following is characteristic of the sleep of depressed patients? a. They have a significantly higher risk of experiencing sleep terrors. b. They have a circadian rhythm that gradually increases from 8 to as much as 12 or 13 hours. c. They have a shorter period of sleep time before entering a REM stage. d. They have a greater chance of developing nocturnal restless leg syndrome.

c. They have a shorter period of sleep time before entering a REM stage.

Charles suffers from bipolar I disorder and his physician has given him a prescription for lithium carbonate. Charles takes the medication for several months and sees a significant reduction in his mood swings. He decides, however, to stop taking the medication. This is a problem seen in many people on lithium carbonate to stabilize mood in bipolar disorder. Why does this happen? a. They cannot afford the high cost of the medication. b. They become anxious that the drug is too toxic. c. They miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces. d. They start to have panic attacks.

c. They miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces.

A psychological dysfunction refers to a. a breakdown in cognitive functioning b. a breakdown in emotional functioning c. a breakdown in behavioral functioning d. all of these

c. a breakdown in behavioral functioning

Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding the use of "normal" in the determination of a psychological disorder? a. the social standards of "normal" have a singular definition within any given culture b. normality is a statistical measure; that is, something is only considered "abnormal" if it deviates from the average c. a given behavior can be abnormal without being pathological d. the majority of the world accepts the "Western" standard of behavior as a benchmark of what is considered normal

c. a given behavior can be abnormal without being pathological

If you were asked to explain Freud's structure of the mind to a friend who was unfamiliar with psychology, you might use an organizational analogy in which the id would be the employee who comes to work late and takes very long lunch hours, the superego would be the building security guard, and the ego would be a. a newly hired employee. b. a recently fired employee. c. a manager. d. a salesperson.

c. a manager.

At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural causes that include all of the following EXCEPT a. magnetic fields b. demons and evil spirits c. bodily humors d. the moon and stars

c. bodily humors

A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to a. be very directive with clients. b. analyze the client's dreams. c. emphasize the consequences of the client's actions. d. take a passive role in any interactions.

d take a passive role in any interactions.

Professor Chavez is teaching a large seminar class about the human nervous system, and decides to try an interactive demonstration. He asks one student, Marcia, to stand up and walk to the middle of the room. "Marcia is a neuron, everyone," Professor Chavez says. "How many of you would have to stand up and surround Marcia to reflect the number of glia cells that exist for every single neuron in the human nervous system?" The students will be correct when ________ students get up and stand around Marcia. a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 10

d) 10

In 1904, a French psychologist by the name of ________ was asked by the government of that nation to design a test that would identify children who were slow learners. Along with colleague Theodore Simon, this individual developed what is generally regarded as the first intelligence test a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Marie Curie c. Jean Piaget d. Alfred Binet

d) Alfred binet

Roldolfo is a Latino gentleman who has recently suffered from a bout of susto. He has had a bout of anxiety-like symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, and irrational fears .Which of the following would be an appropriate cultural explanation for the cause of the susto. a. Roldolfo believes that parts of his body are shrinking and will, in time, disappear. b. Rodolfo believes that he is going crazy and is in danger of dying. c. Roldolfo believes that he has become offensive to those around him. d. Roldolfo believes that he has become the object of black magic.

d) Roldolfo believes that e has become the object of black magic

If you were to suffer a random injury to your brain, why would it be a safe bet that the structure most likely to be damaged would be the cerebral cortex? a. Because the cerebral cortex is located in the back of the skull, which is where most head traumas take place. b. Because the cerebral cortex exists at the "soft spot" of the head, where there is an opening in the bony surface of the skull. c. Because the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that exists for the protection of the other major structures. d. Because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain.

d) because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain

A(n) ________ assessment uses direct observation to formally evaluate a person's thoughts, feelings, and actions in specific situations or contexts. a. naturalistic b. affective c. multimodal d. behavioral

d) behavioral

Research employing the technique of ________ might take a puppy that has a genetic tendency to be very excitable and allow it to be raised and nurtured by a female dog who has a very calm and docile nature. Such research explore whether environmental factors can "override" genetic programming. a. interacting b. epigenetics c. pedigreeing d. cross-fostering

d) cross-fostering

________ is the process of determining whether the particular problem affecting an individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder. a. Prevalence b. Clinical assessment c. Etiology d. Diagnosis

d) diagnosis

Sometimes described as a "chemical brother" of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which amino acid neurotransmitter acts in an excitatory manner? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate

d) glutamate

79-year old Ruth is participating in a mental status exam at her gerontologist's office. Which of the following would not be one of the domains explored in this assessment? a. Her sensorium b. Her mood and affect c. Her intellectual functioning d. Her current medications

d) her current medications

When you are walking across campus, you see two people standing in the middle of the quad kissing passionately. Completely oblivious to how inappropriate their behavior is or how uncomfortable they are making others, these two just keep kissing without a care in the world. According to Freud, the couple is at the whim of their ________ . a. egos b. superegos c. thanatos d. ids

d) ids

Which of the following is an accurate statement with regard to the changes that occurred between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5? a. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were finally acknowledged to be essentially the same condition, and they were both collapsed into a new diagnosis called "Pathological Eating Syndrome." b. The personality disorders were reduced from 10 individual diagnoses (in 3 clusters) to 5 different conditions (with no clusters). c. Homosexuality was finally removed from the DSM as a "psychological illness." d. The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed.

d) the mutiaxial of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form new interpersonal relationships. It is highly structured and rarely takes more than ________ sessions. a. 5 to 7 b. 10 to 12 c. 25 to 30 d. 15 to 20

d. 15 to 20

In 1904, a French psychologist by the name of ________ was asked by the government of that nation to design a test that would identify children who were slow learners. Along with colleague Theodore Simon, this individual developed what is generally regarded as the first intelligence test. a. Jean Piaget b. Marie Curie c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Alfred Binet

d. Alfred Binet

A "double blind" experiment to ascertain the effectiveness of animal magnetism therapy was conducted by a. Philippe Pinel. b. Anton Mesmer. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Benjamin Franklin.

d. Benjamin Franklin.

John works as an auto mechanic, and while he is competent is not the "tops" in his field. During a particularly active period he starts feeling very good about himself, talking quickly, and making decisions without considering the long-term consequences they will bring. He quits his stable job as a mechanic and goes home to call the various NASCAR teams, certain that they will hire him to be an all-star mechanic on the national racing circuit. When he does not get a job within a few hours, he descends into misery during which time he hates himself, refuses to get out of bed, and contemplates suicide. From which of the following conditions does John appear to suffer? a. Major depressive disorder b. Bipolar II c. Persistent depressive disorder d. Bipolar I

d. Bipolar I

In 1980, DSM-III was published. It was regarded as a significant departure from the editions to come before it. In which of the following ways did DSM-III change compared to DSM-II? a. DSM-III was the first to actually list the symptoms needed for a specific diagnosis. b. DSM-III was the first to consider physiological contributors to mental disorders. c. DSM-III was the first to include homosexuality as a psychology illness. d. DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis.

d. DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis.

How does the endocrine system differ from other systems in the body? a. Each gland can synthesize only one chemical (hormone) while other systems have the ability to produce a variety of chemicals (neurotransmitters). b. It is the only system that operates entirely within the central nervous system, while all others systems operate outside of the CNS. c. The endocrine system is the only system in the body that is not controlled by the brain. It operates independently of the neurological system. d. Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream.

d. Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream.

A child is having temper tantrums at home, at school, and at his grandparents' house. After working with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded for his tantrums in each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to make him stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums and wants to do so using a multiple baseline approach. Which of the following would the therapist put into action? a. First implement the plan at home for a period of time then stop it, and then implement it again. b. Spend quite a bit of time at the child's school to see how the child behaves in his own natural setting when away from parental figures. c. Make sure to implement the plan in all of the child's environments (home, school, grandparents' house) at the same time. d. First implements the plan at home, then the following week at school, and finally at the grandparents' home several weeks later.

d. First implements the plan at home, then the following week at school, and finally at the grandparents' home several weeks later.

You are playing charades with your friends, and one of them has masterfully acted out the words medulla, pons, and cerebellum. If you want to win the round, what would you want to call out? a. Midbrain b. Cerebrum c. Forebrain d. Hindbrain

d. Hindbrain

With regard to research design, which of the following statements is true? a. Dependent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on independent variables. b. Dependent variables are generally manipulated by the researcher. c. Independent variables are generally measured or observed by the researcher. d. Independent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on dependent variables.

d. Independent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on dependent variables.

The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT: a. It has contributed greatly to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. b. It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology. c. Psychological disorders were considered, for the most part, to be environmentally determined. d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan.

Why is it necessary that an assessment measure be standardized before it is used in real clinical settings? a. Standardization ensures that the findings of a given measure will be both reliable and valid. b. The use of standardized assessment tools is required by insurance companies and third-party payers of medical benefits in order to approve mental health services. c. A measure that is standardized is the only one that can produce results that are consistent with the DSM-5 criteria for a psychological disorder. d. Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex.

d. Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex.

Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the DSM-5 that is discussed by your textbook? a. The manual has placed too much emphasis on the 5-axis system. b. The manual is too tied to one specific theoretical approach to psychopathology (the behavioral model). c. The manual makes too many recommendations regarding appropriate treatment approaches. d. The manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity.

d. The manual strongly emphasizes reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity.

The following are all criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT: a. It is basically unscientific and untestable. b. It is largely based on anecdotal evidence. c. The structures of the mind cannot be scientifically measured. d. Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed.

d. Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed.

Which of the following terms is the best representation of the word diathesis? a. Disorder b. Aging c. Protection d. Vulnerability

d. Vulnerability

The antidepressant medications known as tricyclics include all but which of the following drugs? a. Tofranil b. Imipramine c. Elavil d. Zoloft

d. Zoloft

Bailey has decided that he wants to get a graduate degree that focuses on the scientific study of psychological disorders. Given the ambition, to which type of program would you encourage him to apply? a) developmental psychology b) educational psychology c) school psychology d) a program in psychopathology

d. a program in psychopathology

Bailey has decided that he wants to get a graduate degree that focuses on the scientific study of psychological disorders. Given this ambition, to which type of program would you encourage him to apply? a. developmental psychology b. education psychology c. school psychology d. a program in psychopathology

d. a program in psychopathology

According to Freud, a neurosis is all nonpsychotic psychological disorders resulting from a. underlying unconscious conflicts. b. the anxiety resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts. c. the implementation of ego defense mechanisms. d. all of these

d. all of these

Professor Rokabee is conducting a study to determine whether or not a new medication that was designed by his company is effective. He does not truly believe that the medication is useful, and as such he does not push as hard to see it succeed. He is not intentionally sabotaging the medication, but this is a subconscious effect. Professor Rokabee is demonstrating the ________ effect. a. double-blind b. correlation c. placebo d. allegiance

d. allegiance

Professor Davidson conducts his Social Philosophy class during the fall semester, and at the end of the term he is reviewing the evaluations he received from his students. Of the 30 students in his class two of them gave him negative evaluations, three of them gave neutral assessments, and 25 of them raved about how wonderful the class was. Professor Davidson completely disregards the 25 good and 3 neutral reports, and focuses only on the 2 negative ones. When he is done is feeling very unhappy and is sure that the class would be considered a failure. According to Aaron Beck, Professor Davidson is engaging in a cognitive error called ________. a. overgeneralization b. catastrophizing c. sublimation d. arbitrary inference

d. arbitrary inference

The historical belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, stars, and planets influence human behavior is still held by followers of the pseudoscience called _______. a. graphology b. parapsychology c. astronomy d. astrology

d. astrology

The significance of the cure for syphilis was that a. physicians were correct in prescribing rest and relaxation. b. all forms of "madness" now had a cure. c. Paralysis was now curable. d. behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced to a curable infection.

d. behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced to a curable infection.

You are listening to old musical tunes, including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that "melancholic," referring to a depressive personality, derives from a Greek word meaning _______. a. blood b. phlegm c. yellow bile d. black bile

d. black bile

"Either a person does or does not suffer from a particular psychological disorder." This statement is most consistent with a(n) ________ approach to diagnosis. a. dimensional b. prototypical c. idiographic d. categorical

d. categorical

Your best friend tells you she has just gotten a job in a Veteran's Administration hospital where she will administer and interpret tests, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and continue her research on chronic disorders. All of her training in _____________ has paid off. a. nursing b. psychiatry c. social work d. clinical psychology

d. clinical psychology

Qualitative genetics is to ________ as molecular genetics is to ________. a. human beings; animals b. change; stability c. behavioral; emotional d. combinations; structures

d. combinations; structures

In order for a classification system to be valuable, it must lead clinicians to the same diagnosis of the same clinical situation. This is called reliability. In looking at the DSM, Morey and Ochoa (1989) demonstrated that one area significant reliability concerns is in diagnosing ________ disorders. a. eating b. sleeping c. sexual d. personality

d. personality

A ___________ is what first brought the individual to therapy; the ____________ represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder. a. diagnosis; symptoms b. incidence, prevalence c. clinical description; presenting problem d. presenting problem; clinical description

d. presenting problem; clinical description

Accusing your partner of being mad at you after they have aggravated you is an example of _______. a. displacement b. sublimation c. repression d. projection

d. projection

Louie was barking like a dog and walking on his hands and knees. A professional thought the cause of Louie's problem was that he had an excess of a particular neurotransmitter, so she prescribed a drug for him. The professional is most likely a ____________, operating under the _____________ model of abnormal behavior. a. clinical psychologist, psychological b. psychiatric nurse, supernatural c. psychiatric social worker, behavioral d. psychiatrist, biological

d. psychiatrist, biological

An individual who blocks disturbing thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness is said to be using the defense mechanism a. sublimation. b. rationalization. c. projection. d. repression.

d. repression

The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now associated with which DSM-IV classification? a. anxiety disorders b. neurosis c. PMS d. somatoform disorders

d. somatoform disorders

which of the following is NOT one of the causes of psychopathology suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC)? a. head injury b. brain pathology c. genetics d. spirit possessions

d. spirit possessions

Induce vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression. As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), this could be accomplished by eating ______ a. raw meat b. ice c. coal d. tabacco

d. tabacco

The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by a. humanistic psychology. b. psychoanalysis. c. Jungian psychology. d. the behavioral model.

d. the behavioral model.

Anton Mesmer, an early 18th century physician, purported to cure patients by unblocking their flow of a bodily fluid he called "animal magnetism." In fact, any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to a. undetectable magnetic fields. b. chemically induced humoral balance. c. mental telepathy. d. the power of suggestion.

d. the power of suggestion.

The purpose of psychoanalysis is a. to reduce the symptoms of a disorder. b. to examine ego defenses. c. to reveal unconscious conflicts. d. to overcome the Oedipal complex.

d. to reveal unconscious conflicts

The elements of person-centered therapy include a. hypnosis and catharsis. b. reinforcement and shaping. c. rest and relaxation. d. unconditional positive regard and empathy.

d. unconditional positive regard and empathy.

During the Great Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered to be a. unconscious conflicts that were "bubbling" below the surface of one's awareness. b. an imbalance of four major humors, or fluids, in the human body. c. reflections of what was either adaptive or maladaptive for human nature. d. the work of the devil.

d. work of the devil

Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

d.conditioned response.

In 1980, DSM-III was published. It was regarded as a significant departure from the editions to come before it. In which of the following ways did DSM-III change compared to DSM-II? a. DSM-III was the first to consider physiological contributors to mental disorders. b. DSM-III was the first to include homosexuality as a psychology illness. c. DSM-III was the first to actually list the symptoms needed for a specific diagnosis. d. DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis.

d_ DSM-III was the first to take an atheoretical approach to diagnosis