Abnormal Psych 308
In a study comparing the genetic contribution to eating disorders, researchers found that in ___% of identical twin pairs both twins had bulimia nervosa, while that number was ___% of fraternal twin pairs. Although this does not rule out the influence of environmental and sociocultural factors, it does present compelling evidence for a genetic contribution to these conditions. a. 23; 9 b. 9; 2 c. 68; 22 d. 47; 31
23;9: These are the correct statistics. Note that greater genetic similarity is associated with a higher concordance rat.
Errol as bulimia nervosa and is currently receiving treatment for it. His clinician has read the existing research on the use of medications and has found that a particular type of drug is of use during the bingeing and purging cycle of this disorder. Which of the following types of medication will Errol be asked to take? a. An appetite stimulant b. An antipsychotic c. An antimanic (mood stabilizer) d. An antidepressant
An antidepressant: AntidepressantAntidepressant medications have not been found to be effective in treating anorexia nervosa, but they are clinically useful during the bingeing and purging cycle of bulimia nervosa.
Because societal messages promoting thinness as ideal for girls are received even in early childhood, your authors note that by the age of ________ years as many as 20% of girls report that they are trying to lose weight. a. 9 b. 6 c. 3 d. 14
9: Even before puberty, then one-fifth of girls are already dissatisfied with their bodies to the point of trying to shed pounds, even during a period when some amount of weight gain is healthy and necessary.
Arianna Huffington has spoken out about the hazards of always "being on" with today's digital lifestyles. While Huffington suggests stimulus control methods for treating insmonia, such as not taking your phone to bed, other individuals seek out medication. Which statement about modern medications for the treatment of insomnia is true? a. When the dosage is appropriate, today's medications reduce the risk of parasomnias. b. A medication that works directly with the melatonin system has been developed. c. The benzodiazepines present very little risk of abuse or dependence. d. Most medications can be used for long periods without risk of rebound insomnia.
A medication that works directly with the melatonin system has been developed: Newer medications, such as those that work directly with the melatonin system (e.g., ramelteon [Rozerem]) have been developed to help people fall and stay asleep. Drawbacks to other types of medications include risk of abuse and dependence, risk of parasomnias, and risk of rebound insomnia after as little as four weeks of use.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which medications can affect the neurotransmitter activity in a person with schizophrenia? a. Agonist drugs can activate receptors for neurotransmitters. b. Antagonist drugs can prevent leakage of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. c. Antagonist drugs can interfere with the release of neurotransmitters. d. Agonist drugs can increase the actual production of neurotransmitters.
Antagonist drugs can prevent leakage of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. In fact, antagonist drugs can actually cause neurotransmitters to leak from synaptic vesicles.
Eden is classified as being morbidly obese. Her body mass index is well over 40, and she is experiencing a variety of physical symptoms related to her body size. Her physician has been gently encouraging her to lose weight for years, but Eden has ignored this advice. Now that her weight is causing extreme pain in her hips, knees, and ankles and is interfering with her life, Eden has decided to do something about the problem. Which of the following interventions will be the most effective at helping her lose weight and keep it off? a. Taking the drug Meridia to reduce internal hunger signals b. Controlled calorie reduction therapy (CCRT) c. Going on a simple diet d. Bariatric surgery
Bariatric surgery: Although such surgery is certainly not for everyone, it has been found effective at helping people shed a significant amount of weight and keep that weight off over time.
Why is it that people who work overnight shifts on a regular basis may have a higher risk of developing circadian rhythm sleep disorder? a. Because the part of the brain that controls our sleep cycles is directly connect to our eyes and is affected by the light in our surroundings. b. Because people who work such shifts do not adjust their sleep schedules to get their adequate 8 hours of sleep per day. c. Because the hormones that are secreted by the adrenal glands - those that control sleep cycles - cannot be produced during nighttime hours. d. Because people who work such shifts tend to overuse caffeine, which throws off their sleep schedules.
Because the part of the brain that controls our sleep cycles is directly connect to our eyes and is affected by the light in our surroundings: Human beings are not biological nocturnal animals, as indicated by the tremendous struggles that we have when we have to stay awake during the late night hours.
Your textbook authors describe a treatment plan for one of the somatic symptom and related disorders that includes efforts to reduce any reinforcing or supportive consequences of the illness's symptoms. For which condition is this a particularly important goal? a. Psychological factors affecting medical condition b. Depersonalization/derealization disorder c. Conversion disorder d. Delusional disorder
Conversion disorder: When the loss of function symptoms of conversion disorder is reinforced, they tend to persist. When the reinforcement is removed, the process of extinction can help reduce the symptoms.
Patrice believes that although she is speaking and is aware of herself, she is really dead. She is not able to explain how she continues to exist even though she is deceased, but she maintains this belief even in the face of tremendous evidence that she is wrong. Patrice is experiencing _______________ syndrome. a. Durand's b. Cotard's c. Barlow's d. Capgras
Cotard's syndrome occurs when a person believes that they have died even though they continue to exist and be self-aware.
Which of the following potentially fatal medical conditions is not a known consequence of the electrolyte imbalances that can occur as a result of repeated vomiting that is often associated with bulimia nervosa? a. Cardiac arrhythmia b. Development of lanugo c. Kidney failure d. Seizures
Development of lanugo : The development of lanugo, a fine downy hair on the limbs and cheeks, is a side effect seen in anorexia nervosa and is not a direct result of electrolyte imbalance. It is a result of an absence of insulating body fat.
Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia involves speaking illogically or when speaking, jumping from topic to topic? a. Selective mutism b. Disorganized speech c. Echopraxia d. Clang associations
Disorganized speech: Disorganized speech involves jumping from topic to topic and/or speaking illogically
Current medications used to treat people with schizophrenia primarily address which substance? a. Dopamine b. Glutamate c. Cortisol d. Serotonin
Dopamine: Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) that are often effective in treating people with schizophrenia work by partially blocking the brain's use of dopamine.
Which of the following individuals coined the term dementia praecox, which meant "premature loss of mind?" a. Eugen Bleuler b. Sigmund Freud c. Emil Kraepelin d. Phillipe Pinel
Emil Kraepelin: Correct! Kraepelin took the term from Benedict Morel's use of the words "déménce" and "précoce."
Which of the following is a key factor in the high rate of medication noncompliance among people who have schizophrenia? a. Extrapyramidal symptoms b. Negative symptoms c. Disorganized symptoms d. Positive symptoms
Extrapyramidal symptoms: Some schizophrenia medications produce serious side effects, or extrapyramidal symptoms, such as akinesia and tardive dyskinesia
Jiang has been in treatment for anorexia nervosa for the past two months. Her treatment has consisted of many different features, including helping her to gain weight to get back into a health range, family therapy, and individual psychotherapy. Jiang has participated willingly in all of these aspects of her treatment. Which of them will be the best predictor of long-term recovery from anorexia nervosa? a. Weight-gain strategies b. Family therapy c. Individual psychotherapy d. No one treatment strategy is any more predictive of long-term recovery than the others.
Family therapy: At the conclusion of therapy, 42% of those who underwent family therapy met the criteria for remission, a number that increased to 49% one year after treatment. The number for those who only received individual psychotherapy was 23% at both points, and weight-gain therapy is a poor predictor of long-term recovery.
A person experiencing a conversion symptom called globus hystericus would experience which of the following? a. Ability to see some bright objects when calm but suffering complete loss of sight during a stressful period or emergency b. Feeling a lump in the throat that interferes with swallowing, eating, or talking c. An absence of concern with a perceived significant loss of some physiological function. d. Ability to identify everything in the visual field even though the patient reports that she is blind
Feeling a lump in the throat that interferes with swallowing, eating, or talking: The term globus refers to a "lump in the throat," while hystericus is an older term that implies that there is no physical cause to the symptom.
Which of the following statements is true about dissociative identity disorder? a. Once established, the disorder usually resolves on its own without treatment in an average of 3 to 4 years. b. The frequency of switching increases with age. c. The form that the disorder takes differs substantially over the lifespan. d. For prevalence rates, the ratio of females to males is approximately 9 to 1.
For prevalence rates, the ratio of females to males is approximately 9 to 1: This dominance of women diagnosed with this disorder has caused some to wonder if it is real or if it is more of a culturally and socially constructed condition.
Linh is receiving treatment for a dyssomnia. What symptom did Linh likely describe so her doctor could determine an appropriate treatment strategy? a. Having periods of intense fear while asleep b. Feeling odd sensations in her legs in bed. c. Having trouble staying asleep at night d. Thrashing about in bed while dreaming
Having trouble staying asleep at night: While this is a symptom of insomnia. Dyssomnia disorders involve difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to, and complaints about the quality of sleep.
Millicent sits up in bed several times a week, shouting and crying as if she is terrified. Her mother takes her to the pediatrician who suggests that she is having night terrors. Upon hearing this, Millicent's father says, "This is probably just caused by nightmares. She'll grow out of it!" Is Millicent's father correct? a. He is entirely correct, Sleep terrors are caused by frightening dreams, and they usually go away on their own over time. b. He is half right. Millicent's sleep terrors are, in fact, caused by nightmares, but this problem does not go away on its own. Treatment is going to be necessary. c. He is completely incorrect. Sleep terrors are not caused by bad dreams, and they always require treatment in order to go away. d. He is half right. Millicent is not having nightmares because sleep terrors occur during NREM sleep, but the typical treatment is to wait and see if the terrors go away on their own. Only if they do not will additional treatment be needed.
He is half right. Millicent is not having nightmares because sleep terrors occur during NREM sleep, but the typical treatment is to wait and see if the terrors go away on their own. Only if they do not will additional treatment be needed: Sleep terrors occur during NREM stages so they do not involve frightening dreams. They may require treatment but often resolve with no intervention.
Jody regularly engages in binge-eating episodes, and clearly suffers from an eating disorder. How would you determine if her diagnosis should be bulima nervosa or binge-eating disorder? a. If it is bulimia nervosa, Jody will have a normal or slightly overweight frame. If it is binge-eating disorder, Jody will have a very thin and emaciated body. b. If it is binge-eating disorder, Jody's binge-eating episodes will be followed by some sort of compensatory behaviors to get rid of the calories she consumed. If it is bulimia nervosa, she will not. c. If it is bulimia nervosa, Jody will have a very thin and emaciated body. If it is binge-eating disorder, Jody will have a normal or slightly overweight frame. d. If it is bulimia nervosa, Jody's binge-eating episodes will be followed by some sort of compensatory behaviors to get rid of the calories she consumed. If it is binge-eating disorder, she will not.
If it is bulimia nervosa, Jody's binge-eating episodes will be followed by some sort of compensatory behaviors to get rid of the calories she consumed. If it is binge-eating disorder, she will not : This is the correct answer. Binge-eating disorder does not involve compensatory behaviors, while bulimia nervosa does.
In regard to cultural differences in "expressed emotion," which is thought to be positively correlated with a relapse of schizophrenia, research has found that _________ families have the lowest percentage of expressed emotion. a. Mexican b. Indian c. British d. Anglo-American
Indian: Indian families have the lowest percentage of expressed emotion in the study mentioned.
Which of the following drugs causes schizophrenic symptoms? a. MDMA b. Heroin c. EDTA d. Ketamine
Ketamine: an animal tranquilizer, can cause schizophrenic symptoms.
Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is accurate? a. The frequency of early life schizophrenia is higher for women, while the frequency of later life onset of symptoms is higher for men. b. Life expectancy is less than average due to suicides and accidents. c. Women with schizophrenia have a poorer prognosis than men with schizophrenia. d. The lifetime prevalence rate of schizophrenia worldwide is 3%.
Life expectancy is less than average due to suicides and accidents. Those with this illness are at higher risk of premature death for these reasons.
To avoid the anxiety of attending a new school after moving across the country, Jacquan told his mother that he had a bad stomachache. After several days of missed school and a doctor's visit with no diagnosis, Jacquan's mother figured out what her son was doing. Which term describes Jacquan's actions in trying to get out of school? a. Dissociation b. Malingering c. Derealization d. Fugue
Malingering: Malingering is the deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain. In this case, Jacquan's gain would be the avoidance of anxiety and distress.
A woman diagnosed with a psychotic disorder announces that the local police precinct has been conspiring to catch her in an illegal act. Although she states that she obeys the law, she is convinced that the "dirty cops" are going to frame her so that they can "toss her in jail and throw away the key." Her thinking is indicative of a delusion of _________. a. Persecution b. thought insertion c. grandeur d. reference
Persecution: Delusions of persecution have a theme of feeling that others are out to get you and that people are tormenting or harassing you.
Sherry, who has schizophrenia, experiences delusions. This symptom is classified under which category? a. factitious b. disorganized c. negative d. positive
Positive: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the more obvious signs of psychosis. These include the disturbing experiences of delusions and hallucinations. Between 50% and 70% of people with schizophrenia experience hallucinations, delusions, or both.
A person who has schizophrenia will begin to experience or exhibit psychotic-like behaviors during what period? a. Onset stage b. Premorbid stage c. Agonist stage d. Prodromal stage
Prodromal stage: The prodromal stage is a one- to two-year period when less severe but still unusual behaviors begin to appear.
Ramiro has a problem getting to his morning classes in college, and it has been going on for more than half of the semester. Although he goes to bed by 11 pm every night, he often does not wake up until at least 9 am, and on these days he misses his 8 am course. His roommate has suggested just dropping the course and signing up for later classes, but Ramiro is bothered because he usually does not feel well-rested even after a night of so much sleep. Which of the following is accurate for Ramiro's case? a. No disorder exists if this behavior does not bother Ramiro or interfere in his life. b. A medical condition is a more appropriate diagnosis than a sleep disorder. c. Ramiro should be diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder. d. Ramiro should be diagnosed with narcolepsy.
Ramiro should be diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder: Ramiro appears to meet the diagnostic criteria for hypersomnolence disorder.
Serena has had anorexia nervosa since she was a teenager. Now in her mid-twenties, which of the following behaviors would she be most likely to demonstrate? a. She stays as far away from food as possible, refusing to cook it or have people over to her home for meals. b. Sally hoards food in her room, and although she doesn't eat it, she looks at it from time to time. c. People with anorexia nervosa seldom seek treatment for their disorder on their own. d. Although she will not want help for her problem, she will recognize that she is extremely thin and has an unhealthy body frame.
Sally hoards food in her room, and although she doesn't eat it, she looks at it from time to time : Some with anorexia nervosa actually feel comforted by having food nearby; in a paradoxical way they feel that if it is nearby they don't have to eat it, and thus this type of hoarding behavior is sometimes seen.
Which of the following side-effects of antipsychotic medications involves involuntary chewing, puffing of the cheeks, and a protruding tongue? a. Apophenia b. Tardive dyskinesia c. Neurofibromatosis d. Agranulocytosis
Tardive dyskinesia: involves these and other involuntary motor symptoms.
In comparing the effectiveness of enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-E) with psychoanalytic psychotherapy (PPT) for patients with bulimia nervosa, which of the following statements is the most accurate? a. The CBT-E patients showed significantly higher rates of recovery at 5 months (when CBT-E concluded) and 2 years (when PPT concluded). b. Only CBT-E was effective at 5 months (when it concluded), but PPT was just as effective as CBT-E at 2 years (when PPT concluded). c. Both forms of treatment were ineffective both at 5 months (when CBT-E concluded) and at 2 years (when PPT concluded). d. PPT patients showed greater amounts of recovery at 5 months of treatment than did the CBT-E patients.
The CBT-E patients showed significantly higher rates of recovery at 5 months (when CBT-E concluded) and 2 years (when PPT concluded): 42% of CBT-E patients were recovered at 5 months (when CBT-E concluded) compared to only 6% of PPT patients, and after 2 years (when PPT concluded) the CBT-E patients' recovery rate was 44% compared to PPT patients' recovery rate of 15%.
Megan has recently been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Which of the following likely does not play a key role in driving Megan's disordered behavior? a. The attempt to assert control b. The desire to attract a mate c. The quest to attain perfection d. The need to reduce anxiety
The desire to attract a mate: Women with eating disorders tend to choose social groups with similar attitudes toward eating and body shape. This behavior tends to increase social self-deficits that isolate the woman from the larger social world.
Marcel has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. This means that in addition to schizophrenic symptoms, he also has symptoms of a. a mood disorder. b. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) c. schizoid personality disorder d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a mood disorder: Schizoaffective disorder involves a blending of psychotic symptoms ("schizo") and either depressive or bipolar symptoms ("affective").
Review of historical records suggests that Vincent van Gogh's psychotic episodes were associated with consumption of high-proof alcohol as well as camphor, turpentine, and other solvents used in painting, suggesting he had a substance-induced psychotic disorder. How is the relationship between the substance and the psychotic disorder best characterized in this disorder? a. The psychosis occurs only in conjunction with delirium or other disturbances of consciousness from substance use. b. The symptoms persist for about a month after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication. c. The psychosis is triggered by the substance, but persists independently of substance use for 6 or more months. d. The substance use must advance to a level at which permanent neurological deficits are found on imaging studies.
The symptoms persist for about a month after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication: Substance-induced psychotic disorder is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. Evidence of an independent psychotic disorder could include the following: the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about 1 month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication.
College men and women were asked to rate their assessment of what is an attractive body size and what is an ideal body size in both men and women. Read the following statements and select which best reflects the findings of this very important study. a. Women felt that a smaller, more slender male body size was very unattractive, while men felt the same way about women's body size. b. Women rated an attractive female body size as being slightly larger than a men's assessment of an attractive female body size. c. Women rated the largest male body size as attractive, while men's assessment of an attractive male size was the smallest. d. Women rated the ideal female body size the smallest, while men's assessment of an attractive woman's size was considerably larger.
Women rated the ideal female body size the smallest, while men's assessment of an attractive woman's size was considerably larger: This is correct, and it indicates the extent to which women are bombarded with messages that "smaller is better," perhaps from a very early age.
The shorthand term that describes the different personalities or identities associated with dissociative identity disorder (DID) is ________. a. pseudo b. other c. alter d. fake
alter: Alter derives from the idea that these are 'alternate' identities in the sufferer of DID
A later stage of Alice's enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT-E) for bulimia will likely involve a. antidepressant medication at higher clinical doses to prevent depressive symptoms from emerging. b. intensive psychoanalysis designed to uncover unconscious conflicts contributing to the illness. c. altering dysfunctional thoughts about body shape, weight, and eating. d. several small meals that are spaced no longer than 3 hours apart.
altering dysfunctional thoughts about body shape, weight, and eating: In addition to this intervention, later stages of CBT-E would also involve developing adaptive coping strategies to help resist the impulse to binge and purge.
Chacha reports alcohol dependence in addition to bulimia. What other types of disorders are particularly common among people with bulimia? a. anxiety b. somatic symptom c. dissociative d. schizophrenia
anxiety: An individual with bulimia usually presents with additional psychological disorders, particularly anxiety and mood disorders (Steiger et al., 2013; Sysko & Wilson, 2011).
Research has suggested a connection between somatic symptom disorder and ________ disorders, in that the fundamental causes of these disorders are similar. a. avoidant b. borderline c. anxiety d. histrionic
anxiety: There may be connections as both tend to run in families, and there is a modest genetic connection in both disorders.
Bleuler described the underlying behaviors of schizophrenia as the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next. He called this underlying foundation of the disorder a. fragmentation. b. hebephrenia. c. psychosis. d. associative splitting.
associative splitting: Bleuler noted that there is a "breaking of the associative threads," that holds together various parts of an individual's personality. He called this associative splitting.
The negative schizophrenic symptom that involves an inability to initiate and persist in activities is called a. alogia b. agnosia c. alexia d. avolition
avolition: This symptom reflects a true lack of interest in activities, rather than just being lazy.
Some people who have narcolepsy experience a sudden loss of muscle tone, a condition called ________. This can be very dangerous, as a person can hurt themselves during such episodes. a. cataplexy b. catalepsy c. anoxia d. ischemia
cataplexy: Cataplexy refers to this sudden loss of muscle tone, and a person can simply collapse or fall over when it occurs.
Harriet Tubman is believed to have suffered from narcolepsy throughout her life, apparently as a result of a blow to her head as a child. Some individuals with narcolepsy experience _____, brief episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained consciousness. a. cataplexy b. hypnogogia c. catatonia d. apnea
cataplexy: In addition to daytime sleepiness, some people with narcolepsy experience cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone. Cataplexy lasts from several seconds to several minutes; it is usually preceded by strong emotion such as anger or happiness. Cataplexy appears to result from a sudden onset of REM sleep.
Dora has agreed to go skydiving with her boyfriend to help him celebrate his 30th birthday, but she is absolutely terrified to do so. The morning of the big jump she wakes up and reports that she cannot feel or move her feet. She is upset by this, and her boyfriend takes her to the hospital. Doctors in the emergency room cannot find anything physically wrong with her. After the time for the sky-dive has passed, Dora's feeling of her feet seems to return without explanation. This could be an example of _______________. a. somatic symptom disorder b. illness anxiety disorder c. dissociative disorder d. conversion disorder
conversion disorder: The loss of function that seems to be induced by anxiety is what demonstrates that this is a conversion symptom.
Your textbook suggests that the policies of __________ have often been poorly planned because they resulted in many former patients becoming homeless a. transinstitutionalization b. civil commitment c. deinstitutionalization d. mainstreaming
deinstitutionalization: This policy refers to releasing patients from mental health facilities, and though this seemed like a good idea many of them had nowhere to go and got "lost" after their release.
Beach Boys lead singer Brian Wilson was diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. In addition to an uninterrupted period of major mood disorder, diagnostic criteria include _____. a. an episode of the disorder lasts at least one month but less than six months b. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met c. level of functioning in one or more major areas is markedly below the level prior to onset d. delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode
delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode: In addition to an uninterrupted period of major mood disorder such as major depression or bipolar disorder, delusions or hallucinations must be present for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode.
In which of the following countries would the experience of a dissociative trance be seen as inconsistent with cultural norms and expectations? a. Denmark b. Thailand c. India d. Nigeria
denmark: These trance states are most common in Asian and African countries, and are less culturally expected in more Western societies.
While sitting in his psychology class one day, Ernie gets a feeling of being separated from himself. He actually feels that he is floating over his own body, watching himself sit in class. After some time, the feeling passes, but Ernie cannot understand how class is suddenly over if he doesn't remember most of the class time passing. Ernie has experienced a. symptoms of a mood disorder. b. derealization. c. depersonalization. d. the early stages of what will eventually become a severe psychotic disorder.
depersonalization: This one of the two sensory experiences that typify depersonalization/derealization disorder.
Individuals with ________ experience loss of sense of reality in their external world. Things may seem to change size or shape, and others may seem dead or mechanical. a. dissociation b. derealization c. somatization d. depersonalization
derealization: This is part of the symptoms that may occur in depersonalization/derealization disorder.
While interviewing 129 women with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse, Williams (1994) found with extensive questioning that 38% of the women a. had developed dissociative identity disorder. b. had developed dissociative amnesia. c. did not recall the abuse. d. remembered minute details of the abuse.
did not recall the abuse: Slightly over one-third of the women in Williams's study were unable to recall events that had been reported to the authorities at least 17 years earlier, even with extensive probing.
Vanna, who is 40, apparently believes that she is a 20-year-old woman. Suddenly, she starts to speak and behave very differently, and says she no longer thinks of herself as "Vanna." Instead, she claims to be Elise, a 10-year-old child. It is likely that Vanna should be diagnosed with a. conversion disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. dissociative trance disorder d. schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder (DID): Formerly called multiple personality disorder, this occurs when there is more than one identity or personality within a single individual.
While speculation regarding the cause of __________ continues, your authors note that almost every patient presenting with this condition reports a history of horrible, almost unspeakable abuse that they suffered in childhood. a. dissociative amnesia b. a dissociative fugue state c. depersonalization/derealization disorder d. dissociative identity disorder
dissociative identity disorder: The idea behind this explanation is that the individual "creates" a psychological safe place in the form of a new personality where they can go when abuse is taking place, and that over time that safe place evolves into a separate self.
Monica Seles has discussed her diagnosis of binge eating disorder, including her symptoms and how she deals with them. What is a characteristic of binge eating disorder (BED)? a. marked restriction of calories in periods between binges b. inappropriate compensatory behavior such as excessive exercise c. release of stress and anxiety for a period following binges d. eating very rapidly and/or until uncomfortably full
eating very rapidly and/or until uncomfortably full: Binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: (1) eating much more rapidly than normal, (2) eating until feeling uncomfortably full, (3) eating large amounts of food when not hungry, (4) eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating, and (5) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty afterward.
Donte has been having difficulty with sleeping and feeling rested lately. His doctor decides to send him for a polysomnographic evaluation to assess different physical functions that are occurring during his sleep time. One of them, called an ________, will measure the eye movements that take place during his sleep and this will help determine whether or not he is entering a REM stage while he sleeps and, if so, for how long. a. electroencephalogram b. electrocardiogram c. electromyogram d. electrooculogram
electrooculogram: The term "ocular" refers to eyes, and so an electrooculogram measures the movements of the eyes
Jack has been caring for his elderly father for some time, and is beginning to feel the pressure of being a caretaker. For no identifiable reason, he has begun doing things that cause his father to become sick, so that his father can spend time in the hospital. He also finds that he enjoys the attention he gets when his father is sick. Jack may be diagnosed with a. malingering. b. factitious disorder imposed on another. c. illness phobia. d. conversion disorder.
factitious disorder imposed on another: This is diagnosed when an individual deliberately makes someone else, usually a child or a dependent, sick.
Kurt Gödel was diagnosed with delusional disorder. Longitudinal research indicates that people with delusional disorder _____. a. are often severely disabled by their disorder b. almost always progress to full-blown schizophrenia c. typically experience only a brief, single episode of delusions d. generally fare better than people with schizophrenia
generally fare better than people with schizophrenia: In a longitudinal study, Opjordsmoen (1989) followed 53 people with delusional disorder for an average of 30 years and found they tended to fare better in life than people with schizophrenia but not as well as those with some other psychotic disorders, such as schizoaffective disorder.
Jane has a constant worry about getting sick even though she does not have any immediate symptoms. Whenever there is a new story about a new bug of an outbreak of some virus like the flu, she finds herself feeling very worried about getting the latest sickness. If she gets a mild symptom like a runny nose or a small rash, she is immediately convinced that she is developing a serious illness. Jane would be best diagnosed with a. psychological factors affecting medical condition b. somatic symptom disorder c. dissociative somatization d. illness anxiety disorder
illness anxiety disorder: When the symptoms are either nonexistent or very mild but still cause anxiety about getting ill, the correct diagnosis is illness anxiety disorder (formerly hypochondriasis).
Herman, a man who has been hospitalized with schizophrenia, has a very unusual set of behaviors. He tends to cry when he sees a very funny television show or is told a joke and laughs out loud when his doctors discuss his illness with him. Which of the following symptoms is Herman demonstrating? a. Waxy flexibility b. Schizophrenic movement disorder c. Inappropriate affect d. Aerobic mobility
inappropriate affect: When a person demonstrates the "wrong" emotional response to eliciting stimulus, it demonstrates inappropriate affect.
The original term for neurosis was "hysterical neurosis," which took its name from the idea that a. hysteria could be induced by demonic possession. b. it was caused by a "wandering uterus." c. it could be traced back to an imbalance of body humors. d. different parts of the brain were failing to communicate with each other properly.
it was caused by a "wandering uterus.": The term hysteria suggests that the cause of somatic symptom and dissociative disorders, which were thought to occur primarily in women, can be traced to a "wandering uterus." But the term hysterical came to refer more generally to physical symptoms without known organic cause or to dramatic or "histrionic" behavior thought to be characteristic of women.
Amal has been experiencing growing suspicions that her partner, Lisa, is cheating on her. She has no evidence of the infidelity, but her belief in this issue is growing stronger and stronger by the day. Amal may be experiencing the ________ type of delusional disorder. a. grandiose b. persecutory c. jealous d. erotomanic
jealous: This type of delusional disorder involves believing in the infidelity of one's sexual partner.
With regard to a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder, it is estimated that men are a. more likely than women to be diagnosed during middle to late adulthood but more likely than women to be diagnosed during teen years and early adulthood. b. more likely than women to be diagnosed. c. equally likely as women to be diagnosed. d. less likely than women to be diagnosed.
less likely than women to be diagnosed: According to a study noted in your book, 68% of the patients in a large study of a similar disorder from DSM-IV were female.
Musician Caleb Followill went to extreme lengths to lose weight and avoid eating. Research has found that there are important differences between men and women with respect to body image, such as a tendency for____. a. women to distrust men who place too little emphasis on body image b. men to believe that bulking up with anabolic steroids is attractive to women c. men to want to be several pounds more muscular than they are d. women to strongly prefer men who are less muscular than themselves
men to want to be several pounds more muscular than they are: In a study conducted in Austria, France, and the United States, men chose an ideal body weight that was approximately 28 pounds more muscular than their current one. They also estimated that women would prefer a male body about 30 pounds more muscular than their current one. In contradiction to the impression, Pope and colleagues (2000) demonstrated, in a pilot study, that most women preferred an ordinary male body without the added muscle.
Historical accounts of Isaac Newton suggest that he exhibited symptoms consistent with schizophrenia, including delusions. Several theories have been offered about delusions, including the _____ view that delusions are attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety and stress. a. motivational b. biological c. behavioral d. deficit
motivational: A motivational view of delusions sees delusions as attempts to deal with and relieve anxiety and stress. In contrast, a deficit view of delusion sees them as resulting from brain dysfunction that creates these disordered cognitions or perceptions.
Approximately 20% to 30% of anorexia nervosa-related deaths are due to ________, which is 50 times higher than the risk of death from the same cause in the general population. a. stroke b. myocardial infarction c. suicide d. hypothermia
suicide: The comorbidity of anorexia nervosa and major depression is an indication that the risk of suicide is much higher in people who have this eating disorder.
American film director and activist Jason Russell experienced a brief psychotic disorder when his documentary on Joseph Kony and his Lord's Resistance Army became an Internet sensation. Diagnostic criteria for brief psychotic disorder include ____. a. the disturbance is not better explained by major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features b. evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition c. one or more positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior lasting one month or less d. apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd
one or more positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior lasting one month or less: Brief psychotic disorder diagnostic criteria include one or more positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior lasting one month or less. Individuals regain their previous ability to function well in day-to-day activities. Brief psychotic disorder is often precipitated by extremely stressful situations.
Check My Work Individuals with night eating syndrome tend to consume more than ______ of their daily calorie intake after their evening meal. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds
one-third: People with this condition consume more than one-third of their daily calories after their evening meal, explaining in part why those with this condition so often struggle with obesity issues.
Shaquille O'Neal was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. What type of testing is necessary for a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea? a. magnetic resonance imaging b. tomography c. polysomnography d. electrocardiogram
polysomnography: According to DSM-5, polysomnography is required for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.
Because there are similarities in the etiology between dissociative identity disorder (DID) and ________, some have suggested that DID is actually a subtype of this other condition. a. dissociative amnesia b. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) c. antisocial personality disorder d. posttraumatic stress disorder
posttraumatic stress disorder: Because both of these disorders feature strong emotional reactions to a severe trauma and the severity of the trauma predicts which disorder will emerge, these conditions are believed by some to be variants of each other.
Jonah suffers from a mild case of asthma. It usually only causes him a problem when the weather turns colder, as he finds it more difficult to breathe in chilly air. At the same time, whenever Jonah is having an increase in stress at work or with his wife, he finds that his asthma symptoms start to flare up. Jonah might be diagnosed as dealing with a. conversion disorder. b. psychological factors affecting medical condition. c. somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain. d. illness anxiety disorder.
psychological factors affecting medical condition: Because Jonah has a legitimate medical condition that is exacerbated by psychological events, this would be correct.
When people suffer from a somatic symptom or related disorder they often either (a) get attention from others, or (b) get to avoid some unpleasant event. Freud called these benefits a. primary narcissism. b. secondary narcissism. c. primary gain. d. secondary gain.
secondary gain: This is a correct description of how Freud defined secondary gain.
Hallucinations that can occur in people who have schizophrenia are closely associated with which of the following? a. Thoughts b. Senses c. Behaviors d. Emotions
senses: Hallucinations are perceptual disturbances in which things are heard, seen, or otherwise sensed despite not actually being present.
In the 1970s, Gordon Paul and Robert Lentz set up a(n) ________ system at a mental health center in Illinois. It was used to reward patients for appropriate behaviors and fine patients for disruptive or inappropriate actions. It was among the first to demonstrate that patients with schizophrenia could learn appropriate skills needed to live independently. a. applied behavioral analysis b. token economy c. person-centered therapy d. contingency contracting Hide Feedback
token economy: Patients could earn tokens that could later be traded for desirable prizes, including cigarettes. Patients could lose tokens for inappropriate behaviors.