Abnormal Psych Chap 1-3

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in any normal human cell, the first ____ pairs provide directions for an individual's body and brain development. Scientists now estimate that about half of a person's ____________________________ can be traced to genetic influence and that psychological disorders arise from the interactions of many genes.

-22 -personality traits and cognitive abilities

A variety of mental health professionals are involved in the study and treatment of psychological disorders, and many adopt a scientific approach to their work. These professionals are often called scientist-practitioners and generally use a common set of terms and methods for describing and studying disorders. In the following table, check the box next to each mental health professional who appears to be a scientist-practitioner. -Vicky is a clinical psychologist who does not believe that the impact of therapy can be accurately measured. -Stelios is a psychiatric nurse who believes we've already learned all that we can about psychological disorders and pays no attention to recent studies. -Alyssa is a psychiatrist who carefully records the progress of each of her patients to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

-Alyssa is a psychiatrist who carefully records the progress of each of her patients to determine the effectiveness of treatment

The way a society views and treats abnormal behavior is influenced by cultural factors such as religion, politics, science, and the economy. Throughout history, several different perspectives on psychological disorders have emerged. In addition to being known as the father of modern medicine, __________ was also one of the first to consider the possible role of ________n abnormal behavior.

-Hippocrate -the brain

The field of neuroscience focuses on how the body's nervous system contributes to a person's behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes. The ________ nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, processes information from your sensory organs and prompts your body into action. The brain uses approximately 140 billion ___________ to transmit information throughout the nervous system.

-central -neurons

Juanita believes that depression is due to a problem with the brain. She is adopting a ________ view of psychological disorders. Juanita would likely be in favor of which of the following treatment options? Check all that apply. Prayer Rest Incantations Healthy environment

-natural -Rest -healthy environment

The majority of clinicians and researchers support a multidimensional model. The following scenario presents some of the influences considered in this model: Clancy has recently begun seeing a therapist for a substance abuse problem. What started as a social behavior soon became an addiction that controls his life. Clancy's therapist has identified that he has a genetic predisposition for poor impulse control, contributing to the substance abuse. Additionally, the therapist has noted that the onset of this disorder occurred during Clancy's freshman year of college, which is not coincidental. These factors, combined with the reinforcement he receives from friends for drinking, are all responsible for the development of this disorder. Identify the category of influence for each of the factors identified by the therapist: Factor Influence Category -Onset during freshman year of college -Genetic predisposition for poor impulse control -Reinforcement from friends

Developmental influence Biological influence Social influence

Each division of the autonomic nervous system consists of several individual responses, some of which are listed in the following table. Determine which division is likely activated to produce each response. Response Muscles become engorged with blood. Breathing becomes more rapid. Heart rate increases.

Sympathetic Sympathetic Sympathetic

The likelihood of a person having a disorder is also strongly influenced by gender roles, with many theories pointing to the different cultural expectations of men and women as the cause. Here is a representation of the prevalence of eating disorders by gender. ____________ have higher rates of eating disorders, possibly because they are more likely than the opposite gender to ____________________________________

Women encounter greater cultural pressure to be thin

The likelihood of a person having a disorder is also strongly influenced by gender roles, with many theories pointing to the different cultural expectations of men and women as the cause. Here is a representation of the prevalence of eating disorders by gender. ____________ have higher rates of eating disorders, possibly because they are more likely than the opposite gender to encounter greater cultural pressure to be thin

Women encounter greater cultural pressure to be thin

Behavioral assessment is the use of direct observation to formally assess an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts. Most clinicians assume that a complete picture of a person's problems requires direct observation in naturalistic environments, such as people's everyday lives. Which of the following describe a behavioral observation in a natural environment? Check all that apply. a)Observing an adult at her workplace b)A clinician diagnosing an adult by using a semistructured interview c)Observing a person who compulsively hoards in his home

a and c

Psychologists have long struggled with how, precisely, to determine whether someone has a psychological disorder. The current viewpoint requires consideration of three primary criteria: psychological dysfunction, personal distress, and cultural expectations. Which of the following best describes the kind of functioning that can be compromised when someone has a psychological disorder? a) His or her behavior, cognition, or emotions b) His or her emotions and intellectual capacity c) Only his or her emotional state

a) his or her behavior, cognition, or emotions

Which of the following would allow Dr. Chen to classify Jamal's behavior as abnormal? a) Jamal is in danger of losing his job because he stays in bed instead of going to work. b) Jamal is feeling the effects of jet lag from a recent 13-hour flight. c) Jamal functions best when on a schedule of working nights and sleeping during the day.

a) jamal is in danger of losing his job because he stays in bed instead of going to work

Life-span developmentalists advocate for a more comprehensive perspective to understanding psychopathology, arguing that important developmental changes occur throughout a person's life. Which research finding supports this perspective? a)Adults receive greater benefit from antidepressant drugs than children and adolescents. b)Adults and children receive similar benefit from antidepressant drugs. c)The potency of antidepressant drugs stays the same across a person's life span. d)The marketing effort of antidepressant drug manufacturers depends on the age of their audience.

a)Adults receive greater benefit from antidepressant drugs than children and adolescents.

Carl and Amy were robbed at gunpoint while walking home late one night with another friend. After several months, Carl and Amy discussed how they were affected by the event, and Carl admitted he had developed posttraumatic stress disorder, while Amy had not developed the disorder. Based on the diathesis-stress model, if Carl has a vulnerability for developing the disorder, which of the following statements is also most likely true? a)Carl inherited a vulnerability to develop posttraumatic stress disorder, but Amy did not. b)Carl did not interpret the robbery as being as stressful as Amy interpreted it. c)Carl reached out to a mental health professional for counseling before Amy.

a)Carl inherited a vulnerability to develop posttraumatic stress disorder, but Amy did not.

After several years of struggling mightily with decisions like this, Deborah decides to start psychoanalytic psychotherapy. One of the first things Deborah's therapist tries with her is dream analysis. After Deborah tells her therapist about her dreams, what is the therapist likely to do? a)Interpret how the dreams reveal unconscious conflicts b)Discuss the literal meaning of the dreams c)Encourage Deborah to stop having so many dreams d)Teach Deborah how to repress the true meaning of the dreams

a)Interpret how the dreams reveal unconscious conflicts

Skinner never focused particularly on psychological disorders, but the principles of operant conditioning have been applied to explain how psychological disorders can develop. Early behaviorists focused almost exclusively on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and personalities. What aspect of psychological disorders does such a view fail to account for? a)Some people have a genetic vulnerability to certain disorders. b)Some disorders are more prevalent and appear more frequently than others. c)Some disorders have an emotional component, in addition to behavioral problems.

a)Some people have a genetic vulnerability to certain disorders.

A clinical ________________ is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.

assessment

Which of the following statements is true of the semistructured interview? a)This interview is always administered by computer. b)This interview is constructed from questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit information about the most important aspects of particular disorders.

b

Personal distress sometimes, though not always, includes some form of impairment. Which of the following is the best description of impairment, as it relates to psychopathology? a) Others around the individual find his or her behavior disturbing or suspicious. b) An individual is unable to engage in desired behaviors as a result of his or her condition. c) The individual has experienced a financial, relational, or occupational loss as a result of his or her condition.

b) an individual is unable to engage in desired behaviors as a result of his or her condition

Distinguishing between normal and abnormal behavior is often difficult to do, yet a majority of clinicians agree on the fundamental criteria involved in classifying abnormality: deviance, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress. Dr. Chen just met a new client, Jamal, and took notes during their initial session. Identify the criterion that Dr. Chen's notes address. Notes Pertaining to Jamal's Behavior: - Jamal doesn't get out of bed until almost 5:00 PM. - I need to ask about Jamal's ability to function on a daily basis. Criterion That the Notes Address: a) Personal distress b) Maladaptive behavior c) Deviance

b) maladaptive behavior

Determining whether a psychological disorder exists requires taking cultural values and expectations into account. How do psychologists do this when trying to determine whether a behavior indicates the presence of a psychological disorder? a) The behavior in question must occur in public view where others can react to it. b) The behavior under question can either be outside the range of typical behavior or violate social norms. c) The behavior in question should have a negative impact on someone other than the individual performing it.

b) the behavior under question can either be outside the range of typical behavior or violate social norms

One phenomenon associated with classical conditioning is stimulus generalization, where a response is elicited by items other than the neutral stimulus that was originally presented. Which of the following increases the likelihood of eliciting a response through generalization? a)Present a stimulus that is quite different than the neutral stimulus that was originally used. b)Present a stimulus that is similar to the neutral stimulus that was originally used. c)Present multiple neutral stimuli before presenting the unconditioned stimulus.

b)Present a stimulus that is similar to the neutral stimulus that was originally used.

The behavioral approach to psychological disorders currently encompasses a wide range of theories based on principles that underlie different forms of learning. Initially, classical conditioning served as the basis of the behavioral perspective. John Watson was one of the first researchers to examine this connection. Mary Cover Jones, a student of Watson's, expanded on his work by trying to apply principles of conditioning to psychological treatment. What insight did she have about the connection between conditioning, disorders, and treatment? a)Relearning can occur if items that trigger depression are repeatedly paired with those that elicit pleasure. b)Principles of extinction might result in unlearning of an intense fear response. c)Associative learning can be employed to help children with intellectual deficits learn better.

b)Principles of extinction might result in unlearning of an intense fear response.

All clinical assessment techniques are subject to strict requirements, including evidence that they actually do what they are designed to do. Which of the following qualities determine the precision and accuracy of a clinical assessment? a)Reliability and practicality b)Reliability, validity, and standardization c)Therapeutic validity and acculturation

b)Reliability, validity, and standardization

Asylums appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century as institutions for people with psychological disorders. How did individuals such as Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush, and Dorothea Dix work to change asylums? a)They pioneered research on new methods of restraint for use in asylums. b)They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums. c)They recommended the closure of all asylums due to the poor living conditions. d)They emphasized the use of medication to treat patients in asylums.

b)They were advocates for more humane treatment of patients in asylums.

Which of the following suggest standardization that is less than ideal? Check all that apply. a)The measure does not ask the same question regardless of which diagnosis is being assessed. b)The measure does not provide a translation in at least two languages. c)The scores of individuals from different groups have not been pooled for comparison purposes. d)The measure has not been given to large numbers of people who differ on important factors such as age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, and diagnosis

c and d

Why is it important for clinical researchers to examine psychopathology from a perspective of life-span development? a)Most disorders will appear only during specific age windows. b)It allows researchers to determine the causes of most psychological disorders. c)A disorder may present differently in children than it does in adults.

c) a disorder may present differently in children than it does in adults

What would be an appropriate term for a scientist who studies psychological disorders? a)Developmental psychologist b)Etiologist c)Psychopathologist d)Cultural psychologist

c) psychopathologist

Psychiatrists prescribe medications that either increase or decrease levels of a neurotransmitter, with the change in level depending on the target mental disorder or behavior. Dr. Gaffney, a practicing psychiatrist, has recently prescribed medication to a client, Jack, and is explaining to him what he can expect to feel after starting to take the medication. The following is a portion of their discussion: This medication hopefully will allow you to feel calmer and reduce the level of anxiety you are experiencing. Pay attention to any changes in mood or behavior once you start taking the medication, and let's have a conversation in a couple of weeks if you are not happy with how you feel. The medication Jack is going to take will most likely change the activity level of which of the following neurotransmitters? a)Dopamine b)Serotonin c)Gamma aminobutyric acid

c)Gamma aminobutyric acid

Beyond one's culture, social relationships have been found to impact psychopathology. Which statement best describes the relationship between interpersonal relationships and health? a)Interpersonal relationships with pets are not as beneficial as similar relationships with people. b)Interpersonal relationships are an influential factor in mental health only during catastrophic events. c)Interpersonal relationships influence immune system functioning. d)A high amount of interpersonal relationships is likely to lead to an increase in stress-related illness.

c)Interpersonal relationships influence immune system functioning.

Eileen is very depressed and rarely leaves the house. She mostly lies in bed all day sleeping or watching TV and almost never sees her friends or loved ones anymore. She also no longer participates in any of the activities she used to enjoy, such as playing sports and going to the movies. Eileen's therapist thinks her depression is largely due to a lack of reinforcement in her life. What does this therapist seem to be using to account for Eileen's depression? a)Unconditional positive regard b)Classical conditioning c)Operant conditioning d)Intrapsychic conflict

c)Operant conditioning

Applying a multidimensional integrative approach allows clinicians to do which of the following? a)Provide a narrowed view for the causes of developing a disorder b)Understand which influences operate in isolation, leading to a singular cause for developing a disorder c)Provide a more comprehensive view for the causes of developing a disorder d)Identify the single influence at the root of developing a disorder

c)Provide a more comprehensive view for the causes of developing a disorder

After several years in humanistic therapy, Beth is becoming successful in many areas of her life and feels free and capable of achieving even more. What would Beth's therapist probably say Beth is approaching? a)Transference b)Intrapsychic conflict c)Self-actualization d)Conditional positive regard

c)Self-actualization

Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy in response to what he saw as the shortcomings and limitations of psychodynamic psychotherapy. In developing the client-centered approach, what did Rogers view as necessary for effective treatment? a)The client and therapist should share a similar cultural background. b)Treatment should focus more on thinking and less on feeling. c)The therapist must refrain from passing judgment on the client. d)The therapist needs a clear idea of how treatment will proceed.

c)The therapist must refrain from passing judgment on the client.

Which of the following is a treatment plan that Eileen's therapist is likely to implement? a)Have Eileen keep a dream journal and then discuss the latent meaning of the dreams during therapy b)Provide an environment of unconditional positive regard to support self-actualization c)Conduct an exorcism to expel the evil spirits d)Have Eileen make a list of reinforcing activities and then develop goals and a plan for engaging in them

d)Have Eileen make a list of reinforcing activities and then develop goals and a plan for engaging in them

Dr. Kitano has formulated a hypothesis on how the gene environment correlation model may account for the development of depression. Select the hypothesis most likely developed by Dr. Kitano that follows the gene environment correlation model. a)People with a genetic tendency to develop depression perceive a greater impact from certain situations, prompting the development of the disorder. b)People with a genetic tendency to develop depression happen to have a greater amount of interactions that prompt the development of the disorder. c)People that seek out unstable relationships and develop depression activate genes that pinpoint their genetic vulnerability. d)People with the genetic tendency to develop depression pursue unstable relationships, activating the onset of the disorder.

d)People with the genetic tendency to develop depression pursue unstable relationships, activating the onset of the disorder.

If Ana were to have parent-teacher conferences tomorrow and were in the same emotional state, which of the following would most likely occur? a)She would find the parents to be ineffective models for their children, blaming the parents for the students' bad behavior. b)She would cancel all of her parent-teacher conferences and stay in bed all day instead. c)She would remember every bad thing each child did and report it to the parents during their conferences. d)She would make sure to remember all of the strengths and good points of each student.

d)She would make sure to remember all of the strengths and good points of each student.

The conflict between the id, ego, and superego can produce anxiety for the ego that leads to the use of defense mechanisms. If Deborah agonizes over her decision for several hours and then starts to believe that her house is already immaculate and requires no cleaning, this would be an example of __________

denial

One theory of this interaction between genes and the environment has been termed the diathesis-stress model. The term _____________ refers to the inherited vulnerability a person has for developing a disorder.

diathesis

Dust your house quickly, and then reward yourself by going shopping superego, id, or ego

ego

To make things even more complex, the field of epigenetics has found that interventions early in life can level the playing field for people with genetic vulnerabilities. Researchers in this field have found that ________________________ early in life have proven to be powerful tools to override genetic tendencies, reducing the presence of unwanted behaviors.

environmental manipulations

The interaction between genes and the environment is complex, and growing evidence indicates that some people might have a genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that lead to the development of a disorder. This means _______________ can cause a person to interact with his or her environment in such a way that triggers the development of a particular disorder. This is the argument behind the gene environment correlation model, also known as the reciprocal gene environment model.

genetic makeup

Theorists supporting the biological model for mental disorder argue that genetics, neurochemistry, and brain changes are associated with the onset of psychological problems. When conducting experiments on _____________ specifically, researchers are attempting to analyze the variation in a phenotype that can be attributed to genetic factors.

heritability

Don't dust. It just comes back, and you deserve some new shoes. superego, id, or ego

id

During the clinical interview, the clinician makes observations about the person being interviewed. The mental status exam is a way of systematically organizing observations of a person's behavior, which helps a clinician identify whether a psychological disorder might be present. It also helps the clinician identify which aspects of the person's behavior and condition need to be assessed in greater detail. Observations about a person's quality of vocabulary, for example, would be put into the category of _____________________ .

intellectual functioning

Understanding the basic structure of emotions is critical to analyzing their role in psychopathology. The terms emotion and mood are often used in psychopathology. A related term, affect, refers to a person's ___________________________________ .

momentary emotional tone

Ana, a 30-year-old teacher with bipolar disorder, is sitting down to talk with her therapist. The following is Ana's response to her therapist, who has asked how she is doing: Right now I feel great. I have had amazing amounts of energy in the past week and, this is really strange, but whenever I feel really energized I feel like I can hear better. My students are doing really well and everything just seems to be fantastic. Ana's reference to being able to hear better while feeling energized is an example of the __________________ component of emotion

physiological

Based on principles of learning and conditioning, the behavioral model has had an important and lasting impact on our understanding of psychopathology. The behavioral model focuses more on _________________ than do the psychoanalytic and humanistic traditions.

precise measurement

If a clinician feels that a client is changing his or her behavior due to being observed, then _____________ is distorting the clinician's observation.

reactivity

A researcher develops a screening test to help assess the potential diagnosis of central auditory processing disorder in children ages 3 to 7 years. Children taking the test who are flagged in January as possibly having the disorder tend to be flagged again when tested one month later. This suggests that the test has good ________ , specifically good _____________ .

reliability test-retest reliability

The root cause of a psychological disorder may be explained through the use of either a one-dimensional or multidimensional model. The one-dimensional approach argues that the origins of behavior can be traced to a _________________

single cause

Thoroughly dust your house since you have friends coming over who have allergies. superego, id, or ego

superego

The social context of a person's life can impact the development of psychological disorders. Culture, gender, community, and family are factors influential to a person's social context. The Latin American fright disorder known as susto is caused by__________________________________________________________________

the belief by the individual with the disorder that he or she is the target of black magic

A researcher creates a very abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) with only 75 items. The researcher finds that the pattern of results on the mini-inventory for people with schizophrenia do not correlate with the results on the more established MMPI-2. This suggests that the mini-inventory has poor _________ , specifically poor _____________________

validity concurrent validity

The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Both divisions affect the functioning of your internal organs and smooth muscle but produce different responses. The parasympathetic division is likely to be activated _________________________________

when the situation is calm .