Abnormal Psych Exam 2
durkheim's sociocultural view on suicide
the probability of suicide is determined by how attached a person is to such social groups as the family, religious institutions, and community. The more thoroughly a person belongs, the lower the risk of suicide
-primary, or host, personality appears more often than others -conscious subpersonalities (quiet observers)
types of subpersonality relationships in DID
dissociative amnesia
unable to recall important personal events and information, usually of a stressful nature, symptoms not caused by a substance or medical condition
hyperfocus on a singular activity
The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode include all of the following symptoms of depression EXCEPT:
anxiety disorders
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:
cognitive-behavioral
"Although not the only way, I believe that one way of acquiring a fear reaction is through modeling. And that fear reaction may then turn into a phobia." This belief MOST closely reflects the thinking of a _____theorist.
learned helplessness
"I have no control over good things in my life". The ___ ___ theory of depression BEST explains this statement
rational-emotive therapy
"The reason you are afraid to talk in public is because you believe that everyone must love and approve of you." This statement to a client might be made by a therapist practicing:
sociocultural
"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder
acute stress disorder
-symptoms begin 4 weeks after event & last less than a month -disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event
PTSD
-symptoms continue longer than a month -repetitive traumatic dreams, distressing memories, flashbacks, physical reactions when reminded of the trauma -antidepressants, cognitive-behavioral therapy, virtual reality
4 types of brain stimulation
1. electroconvulsive therapy 2. vagus nerve stimulation 3. transcranial magnetic stimulation 4. deep brain stimulation
cognitive therapy
1. increasing activities & elevating mood 2. challenging automatic thoughts 3. identifying negative thinking & biases 4. changing primary attitudes
suicide prevention steps
1. understand and clarify the problem 2. assess suicide potential 3. assess and mobilize the caller's resources 4. formulate a plan
specific phobia
The DSM-5 diagnosis for an uncontrollable and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation is
suicide hotline
A 24-hour-a-day telephone service manned by paraprofessional counselors is called a ___ ___
6 months
A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue,and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for at least how many months?
dissociative fugue
A form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past
hopelessness
A friend says, "I am never going to find someone to be with. I'm going to be stuck here, alone, for the rest of my life." This is an example of:
cyclothymic disorder
A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include depressive and manic episodes has been identified as
emotional
A person constantly weeping is displaying an ___ symptom of depression
behavioral
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following types of symptoms (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, motivational) EXCEPT:
subintentional death
A person is on many different medications to manage their many chronic conditions. The person often mismanages these medications, which eventually leads to their death. This death would probably be considered a:
bipolar II
A person who alternated between periods of depression and mild mania has ___ disorder
altruistic
A pilot who sacrifices his life in a fighter-plane skirmish would be categorized as an example of _____suicide
humanistic theorists
A psychologist believes that their client is anxious due to an ingrained desire to be perfect. This causes intense self-judgment that results in the distortion of true thoughts and feelings. This BEST reflects the perspective of:
postvention
A school has a formal policy in place on how to respond in the event that a student commits suicide. This includes having a faculty member adhere to the deceased student's schedule to monitor peer reactions,answer questions, and arrange for counseling as needed. This is an example of:
panic attack
A short-term anxiety reaction that accelerates into a smothering, horrifying ordeal in which one loses control, is practically unaware of what one is doing, and feels a sense of approaching doom is called a(n)
depression
A state in which a person feels low and life seems bleak and with overwhelming challenges is called
mania
A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is characteristic of:
interpersonal view on suicide
A theory asserting that people with perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and a psychological capability to carry out suicide are the most likely to attempt suicide. Also called interpersonal-psychological theory.
crisis intervention
A treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis is called
anomic suicide
According to Emile Durkheim, a person who commits suicide because his or her social environment fails to provide stable structures to support and give meaning to life has committed
A real or symbolic loss leads to a defense mechanism called introjection, which in turn leads to suicide as an extreme expression of internalized anger and self-hatred
According to Freud, which forces lead a person to attempt or commit suicide?
social
According to Peter Lewinsohn, _____ rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral of depression
death initiators
According to Shneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called:
generalized anxiety disorder
Alaina is always edgy and nervous; she feels there is something to be afraid of, though she cannot name it.She is MOST likely suffering from:
agoraphobia
Alice avoids all crowds and hates leaving her house. This exemplifies what kind of phobia?
hopelessness
Anna has been struggling with depression and difficult circumstances for the last few years. She no longer believes that life will get better or that there's anything to look forward to. This is called:
anhedonia
Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact,Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with:
unconditional positive regard
Carl Rogers argued that anxiety disorders arise from failure to receive ___ ___ ___ during childhood
death ignorers
Cecil and Andrea are teenagers who made a love pact, jumping off a cliff to be with each other for eternity.Cecil and Andrea are examples of what Shneidman refers to as:
much lower rates
Compared with the rate of suicide in the United States, countries such as Egypt, Greece, and Mexico have:
altruistic
Darlene starves to death because she gives her meager amount of food to her little sister. Emile Durkheim would classify Darlene as a(n) ___ suicide
sociocultural
Dr. Alberto focuses on social relationships and connections with other people in understanding the suicide of an individual. Dr. Alberto seems to accept a _____ position
modeling
During a therapy session to treat a phobia, the therapist confronts the object or situation feared by the client while the client observes. What type of approach does this exemplify?
cognitive-behavioral; PTSD symptoms
EMDR is a technique that uses the ______ approach to reduce ________
egoistic
Emile Durkheim defined ___ suicides as those committed by people who are not concerned with the norms or rules of society and who are not integrated into the social fabric.
death initiator
Ernest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. Depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life. Shneidman would classify Hemingway as a:
symbolic loss
Freud used the concept of _____ in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a loved one in order to explain the relationship between loss and depression.
bipolar II
Hannah suffers from major depressive symptoms. However, during finals week, she was under a lot of stress and experienced an abnormally heightened amount of energy and found herself rapidly shifting through different ideas that she could try for a business model. Her symptoms were distressing and dysfunctional, but she wasn't experiencing full blown mania. What would she likely be diagnosed with?
death seekers intend to end their lives with their action
How do death seekers differ from death darers?
fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general
How does fear differ from anxiety?
4
If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.
sympathetic nerves
If a person is in fight or flight mode, their body will physically activate different organs to respond in very specific ways. Helena is thinking back to how her body reacted when she thought a stranger was in her house. She felt her heartbeat increase, and she was shaking with adrenaline. This specifically occurred due to her ______
non-hispanic white american males older than age 75
In the United States, which group is most likely to commit suicide?
death seekers
Individuals who clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide (and fail to do so), only to experience confusion in the very next hour or day, might be classified as:
psychodynamic
Karey thinks her friend Casey suffers from depression. Casey has lately been discussing thoughts of suicide. Karey has a theory that Casey's depression and suicidal thoughts are related to depression and anger that Casey unconsciously feels towards other people, but instead redirects to herself. This theory aligns with what perspective?
state-dependent learning
Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions
death ignorers
Members of the Heaven's Gate religious cult committed suicide to "ascend" to another level beyond human existence. According to Shneidman, these individuals were
egoistic
Nancy lives alone in a secluded cabin. Unconcerned with societal norms and rules, she feels alienated from the rest of society and is nonreligious. Emile Durkheim would consider her at risk for _____ suicide.
Edwin Shneidman
One of the early pioneers in the field of suicide study was:
rumination
One theory to explain the possible gender differences in unipolar depression is that women tend to think about events long after they have happened. This is called the ___ theory
death darers
People who experience mixed feelings about their desire to kill themselves are known as:
a second anxiety disorder
People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience:
death seeker
Piper shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Piper is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
parasuicide
Susan deliberately overdoses on pills in an attempt at suicide but her attempt at suicide does not succeed.This suicide attempt is called a:
staying in bed all day
Regarding the symptoms of depression, a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom, such as:
feel entrapped by their disorder
Research has shown that one reason people with schizophrenia attempt suicide is because they:
retrospective analysis
Researchers who study suicide may interview the friends and family of someone who committed suicide,with the intention of better understanding the person's past. These researchers are conducting a(n):
bipolar I disorder
Sawyer had been up for 72 hours during which he went on a painting spree. After finishing a few canvas paintings, he was driven to do something even bigger and better, so he painted a mural on his bedroom wall.Eventually Sawyer's energy level began to drop. At some point, he lost all motivation and began staying in bed for most of the day. Sawyer would MOST likely be diagnosed with:
Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age.
Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65. What is one possible reason for this,according to the text?
social contagion effect
Some psychologists worry that movies that glorify suicide can trigger suicides in others, creating a:
the sociocultural perspective
Someone interested in how social change, poverty, and race affect the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports which perspective?
melatonin
Someone who has seasonal affective disorder would likely secrete more _____ than those people without the disorder
the past
The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all of these (the future, the past, self, experiences) EXCEPT:
cyclothymic
The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called ___ disorder
anxiety
The physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger is usually termed
client-centered therapy
The type of therapy that tries to help clients who have anxiety by providing empathy and genuine acceptance is called:
6 months
To qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, the excessive or ongoing anxiety or worry must last for at least:
modeling
To treat a client with a fire phobia, a therapist lights a candle, holds it, and permits it to burn a bit. She then invites the client to hold the candle. This is an example of
acute stress disorder
Tom was in a car accident 2 weeks ago and ever since then, he has had issues with increased anxiety and alertness. It has started to impact his ability to sleep and feel rested. He can't stop reliving the accident and refuses to travel inside a car. He walks to his doctor's office so he can get medication to help him sleep. However, his doctor correctly suggests Tom see a therapist, because he likely suffers from ______
obsessive compulsive disorder
Trauma can impact people differently. It may cause all of the following disorders (OCD, dissociative identity disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder), except:
inappropriate rises in mood
Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all the following characteristics (periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes, inappropriate rises in mood, significant distress or impairment, problematic emotional extremes) EXCEPT:
biological factors
Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on:
older adults
What age are people most at risk for suicide?
19
What is the average age of onset of unipolar depression
they believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process
What is the critical way in which death initiators differ from other categories of people who attempt suicide, according to Shneidman?
depression that occurs without periods of mania
What kind of depression is unipolar?
the sociocultural perspective
What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to threatening environments?
cognitive
When he is depressed, Lee has a hard time following conversations and forgets much of what was talked about. This is an example of what type of depression symptom?
10th
Where does suicide rank among the top causes of death in the United States
panic disorder
Which anxiety disorder can often co-occur with other anxiety disorders?
it results from depression or emotional stress
Which is NOT a component of Edwin Shneidman's definition of suicide?
increase in cases of serious illness
Which is NOT a reason suggested for the high number of suicide attempts among teenagers?
as rapid cycling
Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression
sociocultural
Which model has spent the most time theorizing or studying suicide?
obsessions are intrusive thoughts, while compulsions are unstoppable behaviors
Which of the following explanations best explains how obsessions and compulsions differ from one another?
they are both associated with low levels of norepinephrine
Which of the following is not something that depression and mania have in common:
bipolar patients can often be helped with just mood-stabilizing medication
Which of the following statements is FALSE about bipolar patients
dissociative fugue is involves a person forgetting their identities and traveling far from home
Which of the following statements is TRUE about dissociative fugue?
inability to recall important information
Which of the following symptoms would NOT potentially indicate a panic attack (heart palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, inability to recall important information (assuming other relevant symptoms are present)?
a teenage boy who lives in poverty
Which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression based on their demographic characteristics?
the psychodynamic perspective
Which perspective believes that suicide is the result of anger at others that has been redirected at oneself?
the behavioral-evolutionary perspective
Which perspective gives rise to the idea that some human beings are "prepared" to acquire some phobias and not others?
It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?
many apparent accidents are probably suicides
Which statement about suicide is TRUE?
the vast majority of people with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment
Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE?
worrying serves some sort of "positive" function for the sufferer
Which statement describes something shared by both the metacognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder?
elderly people are less likely to be clinically depressed
Which statement is NOT true regarding suicide in the elderly?
they are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment.
Which statement is TRUE regarding patients with depression who receive couple therapy?
research has found that those individuals who attempt suicide had more recent stressors in their lives than nonattempters
Which statement is TRUE regarding stressors and suicide attempts?
suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.
Which statement is TRUE regarding suicide as a mental disorder?
Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.
Which statement regarding peripartum depression is FALSE?
mania and depression
Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?
Aaron Beck
Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?
automatic thoughts
While Kelsey is microwaving her lunch in the break room at work, two coworkers come into the break room and start laughing shortly after entering the room. Kelsey thinks, "I know they are talking about me.They know I'm a disaster and a complete mess." This represents:
the stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it
Why do many people think that the estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?
artifact theory
Women are almost twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression. Horatio thinks this is due to therapists not noticing depressive symptoms as often in men. They may fail to detect depression in men because they aren't expecting it or because they have different standards or expectations regarding how "stoic" or "flat" a man might feel compared to a woman. Horatio's perspective reflects the ______
low serotonin
_____ and brain-circuit dysfunction seem to play a role in suicide separate from depression
martin seligman
_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression
catatonic
_____ is the category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility.
subintentional death
a death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role
death initiator
a person who attempts suicide believing he or she is simply speeding up the process of death
death ignorer
a person who attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death
death darer
a person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide
biological view on suicide
low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system
activated by the hypothalamus when faced with a dangerous situation, heartbeat quickens, etc.
persistent depressive disorder
experiences symptoms of depression for at least 2 years, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time, no history of mania or hypomania, significant distress or impairment
autonomic nervous system
extensive network of nerve fibers that help control involuntary actions like breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, perspiration
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)
have two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each other's thoughts, memories, feelings, and behavior
parasympathetic nervous system
helps return our heartbeat and other body processes to normal
adjunctive psychotherapy treatment for bipolar disorder
individual, group, or family therapy as an adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs
biological treatments for bipolar disorder
lithium, mood-stabilizers, and certain anti psychotic drugs
psychodynamic theory on depression
major losses, especially ones suffered early in life, may set the stage for later depression. treatment includes free association, reviewing past events and feelings
treatment after suicide
medical attention, keep individuals alive, reduce psychological pain, achieve a non suicidal state of mind, give them hope, develop better ways of dealing with stress
endocrine system
network of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
treatments for dissociative experiences
often recover on their own except DID; drug therapy, psychodynamic therapy, hypnotic therapy
obsessions
persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness
major depressive disorder
presence of a major depressive episode & no pattern of mania or hypomania
compulsions
repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
psychodynamic view on suicide
results from depression and anger at others that is redirected toward oneself
psychodynamic
the ___ view believes dissociative disorders are caused by repression, the most basic ego defense mechanism
stressor
the event that creates the demands
flooding
therapists who use the technique of ___ believe that people with phobic disorders must be forced to confront what they fear in its full intensity so they will see that no real danger exists
cognitive-behavioral theory on depression
unipolar depression results from a combination of problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking. These theories fall into three groups: explanations that focus mostly on the behavioral realm, those that give primary attention to negative thinking, and ones that feature a complex interplay between cognitive and behavioral factors
hypothalamus
what brain structure is arousal set in motion by
obsessive-compulsive disorder
which is an anxiety disorder?