Abnormal Psych-Hooley-Ch 7

In which of the following disorders must symptoms be present for at least 2 years in order for a diagnosis to be made? a. Dysthymia b. Bipolar I disorder c. Major depressive disorder d. Bipolar II disorder

. Dysthymia

Which of the following is true of major depressive episode? a. It does not begin until adolescence. b. It is equally common in men and women. c. It occurs five times as often in elderly people as in middle-aged adults. d. It is the most prevalent mood episode.

. It is the most prevalent mood episode.

According to Freud, depression a. and grief are the same thing. b. must be treated with introjection. c. is a consequence of loss. d. reflects fixation in the anal stage.

. is a consequence of loss.

A recurrent depressive episode a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes. b. suggests that chronic major depression has developed. c. typically lasts 2-3 weeks. d. is characteristic of all forms of bipolar disorder

a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes.

Independent life events are those that a. only affect one area of a client's functioning. b. are out of the client's control. c. are linked causally to the behavior or personality of the client. d. affect the client and not those around him or her.

Answer: b. are out of the client's control.

ohn's erratic behavior finally ruined his marriage. What kind of life event would this be described as? a. acute b. chronic c. dependent d. independent

Answer: c. dependent

Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression? a. lack of environmental reinforcers b. insecure attachment c. pessimistic tendencies d. reliance on depressogenic schemas

a. lack of environmental reinforcers

Which of the following is most likely to be seen in children who are at risk for depression? a. decreased left hemisphere activity b. decreased right hemisphere activity c. increased serotonin levels d. increased GABA levels

a. decreased left hemisphere activity

The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is a. 6-9 months. b. 1 year. c. 2 years. d. unknown as individuals not seeking treatment haven't been studied.

a. 6-9 months.

Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago she developed more severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. The condition she is experiencing is best described as a. double depression. b. chronic melancholia. c. adjustment disorder with bipolar features. d. recurring melancholic depression.

a. double depression.

A review of several studies found that ________ increased the likelihood of developing a more severe depression. a. experiencing a stressful life event b. being in an intimate relationship c. working outside of the home d. having religious faith

a. experiencing a stressful life event

A therapist with a ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed person's need to improve his or her social skills. a. interpersonal b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. sociocultural

a. interpersonal

Jacob and Matt both flunk their math test. Jacob says to his friends that there is no point in his continuing in the course because, although Jacob feels highly about himself, he suspects that the teacher just doesn't like him. Matt says he is going to drop the course because he is just stupid in math. According to the reformulated learned helplessness theory, a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob. b. Matt is more likely to feel helpless than Jacob. c. Jacob is more likely to become depressed than Matt. d. Jacob is more likely to feel helpless than Matt.

a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.

Which of the following is true? a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life event. b. Both first time and recurrent episodes of depression are usually preceded by a very stressful life event. c. Even mildly stressful events are associated with the onset of episodes of depression. d. Mildly stressful events are only associated with the onset of first time depression, not with recurrent episodes.

a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life event.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on the role of genetic influences in unipolar disorder? a. The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution. b. Twin studies do not consistently find evidence of an inherited susceptibility to depression. c. Genes play a more significant causal role in bipolar disorders than they do in unipolar disorders. d. Bipolar and unipolar disorders are equally heritable.

a. The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution.

In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person MUST have a. a depressed mood or loss of pleasure most of the day for at least 2 weeks. b. significant weight loss. c. intense irritability. d. insomnia.

a. a depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 weeks.

Which of the following is a brain area that has been found to exhibit abnormalities in depressed patients? a. amygdala b. basal ganglia c. posterior cingulate cortex d. medulla oblangata

a. amygdala

Depression a. can occur even in infants and very young children. b. is extremely rare in childhood. c. cannot occur in childhood. d. can occur in childhood in females but not in males.

a. can occur even in infants and very young children.

Sam has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. He tells you that he is certain the world will end next Tuesday because everyone in it is so wicked. He refuses to consider that he might be wrong. Sam has a. mood congruent delusions. b. mood incongruent delusions. c. atypical features. d. melancholic features.

a. mood congruent delusions.

Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor. It is marked with an A grade and has several positive comments. The instructor also suggested Debbie reword one small section. Debbie becomes extremely upset and tells her friends her instructor hated the paper and wants her to redo it. This is an example of a. selective abstraction. b. dichotomous thinking. c. arbitrary inference. d. learned helplessness.

a. selective abstraction.

Joanne tends to blow up at people and then feel guilty. She worries a lot. She complains that she just doesn't really find anything exciting and life is boring. Joanne a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk of developing depression. b. shows evidence of neuroticism and has a moderate risk of developing depression. c. shows evidence of introversion, and has a mild risk of developing depression. d. shows no evidence of any kind that would increase her risk for developing depression.

a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk of developing depression.

Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a cognitive diathesis for depression? a. I'll do better next time. b. I'll never understand this. c. Why didn't I study more? d. That test was way too hard.

b. I'll never understand this.

Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder? a. Checking and rechecking things b. appetite and weight loss c. Running thoughts d. Impulsive spending

b. appetite and weight loss

Which of the following is the type of attribution that is most likely to cause depression? a. I am never going to make it through this course because it is too early in the morning and I'm having trouble getting up. b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just can't learn the material. c. I am never going to make it through this course because the professor is unfair. d. I am never going to make it through this course because I just don't feel like studying lately.

b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just can't learn the material.

Which of the following is true about the monoamine hypothesis of depression? a. Alternative theories have replaced this theory. b. It has not been replaced by a compelling alternative. c. This theory remains the standard of current and accurate information. d. This theory has been continuously updated to meet current researc

b. It has not been replaced by a compelling alternative

Which of the following is a true statement about the recurrence of depressive symptoms? a. If a recurrence is not experienced within 1 year after an initial depressive episode, recurrence is highly unlikely. b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence. c. Those with depression with psychotic features are less likely to experience a recurrence. d. Clients are usually asymptomatic between depressive episodes.

b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.

Kerry suffers from depression. He is experiencing delusions that his brain is deteriorating and that he is aging quickly. These delusions a. clearly suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia. b. are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood congruent. c. suggest that he is suffering from a bipolar rather than a unipolar disorder. d. are most likely to persist after the depression remits.

b. are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood congruent.

Postpartum blues" are a. a serious disorder. b. common, usually brief, and not a disorder. c. a subtype of Major Depressive Disorder. d. serious, brief, and a type of unipolar depression.

b. common, usually brief, and not a disorder.

Sean describes himself as having hardly ever being happy. He occasionally feels okay, but it never lasts more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. He says this has been going on for as long as he can remember. The best diagnosis for Sean is a. cyclothymia. b. dysthymia. c. major depressive disorder. d. bipolar II.

b. dysthymia.

While there is much support for some elements of Beck's cognitive theory, a. treatments based on his view of depression are not effective. b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited. c. it does not account for the known biological aspects of depression. d. is does not account for sex differences in depression.

b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.

Herbert awakens early in the morning and feels more depressed in the morning than the evening. He has lost all interest in activities and derives no pleasure from things that used to please him. If he is suffering from major depression, Herbert's symptoms suggest the subtype called a. mood-congruent. b. melancholic. c. dysthymic. d. postpartum.

b. melancholic.

Beck's negative cognitive triad involves feeling negatively about a. helplessness, hopelessness, and sorrow. b. one's self, one's experiences, and one's future. c. one's past, one's present, and one's future. d. one's family, one's self, and one's friends.

b. one's self, one's experiences, and one's future.

Parental loss only results in a vulnerability to depression when a. the loss is due to death. b. poor parental care is a consequence of the loss. c. the loss is not explained adequately to the child. d. both parents are lost at an early age.

b. poor parental care is a consequence of the loss.

Depressogenic schemas a. are inherited. b. predispose a person to develop depression. c. serve a protective function and are readily modified by positive life experiences. d. ensure that a low rate of reinforcement will be experienced.

b. predispose a person to develop depression.

"Normal"feelings of depression becomes a mood disorder when a. there is no identifiable cause for it. b. the degree of impairment is judged severe enough to warrant a diagnosis. c. it lasts for more than a month. d. it ceases to be justified and adaptive.

b. the degree of impairment is judged severe enough to warrant a diagnosis.

The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder suggests that a. this is a not a real form of depression as any response to light is merely a placebo effect. b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that needs resetting. c. changes in circadian rhythms underlie most forms of depression. d. seasonal affective disorder is a unique entity that should not be categorized with other forms of unipolar depression.

b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that needs resettin

What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders? a. Anger and depression b. Sadness and anxiety c. Mania and depression d. Anger and mania

c. Mania and depression

Which of the following is an example of arbitrary inference? a. Life is so unfair. b. If she won't go out with me, I'll die. c. She looked at me funny. She hates me. d. Why should I even try? She'll definitely reject me.

c. She looked at me funny. She hates me.

No matter what prisoners try to do, they cannot escape. Eventually, they become passive and depressed. This illustrates the central idea in the ________ theory of depression. a. attribution b. depressogenic schema c. learned helplessness d. behavioral

c. learned helplessness

Which of the following is an example of a COGNITIVE diathesis for depression? a. neuroticism b. optimism c. attributing negative events to internal causes d. attributing negative events to external causes

c. attributing negative events to internal causes

Deena has major depressive disorder. Most days she feels very sad, but when her sister came and told Deena she was going to be an aunt, Deena felt happy for a little while. She has been gaining weight and sleeping much of the day. Deena most likely has a. melancholic features. b. double depression. c. atypical features. d. psychotic features.

c. atypical features.

Depression during adolescence a. is much rarer than during childhood. b. has little effect on adult functioning. c. can affect a person into young adulthood. d. is decreasing in prevalence.

c. can affect a person into young adulthood.

Many people who are depressed a. show very little REM sleep, instead they spend large amounts of time in the deeper stages (3 and 4) of sleep. b. do not enter REM sleep until much later in the night than normal and have smaller amounts of REM sleep throughout the night than normal. c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep early in the night. d. enter REM sleep at a normal time, but have very slow and mild rapid eye movements and have less overall time in REM sleep than normal.

c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep early in the nigh

Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brittany's most likely diagnosis is a. dysthymic disorder. b. bipolar II disorder. c. major depressive disorder. d. no disorder.

c. major depressive disorder.

A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated is a common example of ________; a return to depressive symptoms after a period of spontaneous remission of symptoms is called a ________. a. melancholia; recurrence b. recurrence; relapse c. relapse; recurrence d. mood-congruent depression; mood-incongruent depression

c. relapse; recurrence

What is the most important characteristic used to distinguish dysthymia from major depression? a. the length of time the person has had the symptoms b. how severe the symptoms are c. whether there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the disorder d. the types of symptoms the person has

c. whether there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the disorder

What is meant by the phrase "double depression"? a. Symptoms are consistent with two different subtypes of major depression. b. The individual has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and a mood disorder. c. Symptoms of both typical and atypical depression are exhibited. d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.

d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.

Drugs that alter the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. Which of the following does this finding suggest? a. These neurotransmitters are not involved in depression. b. It is overactivity of these neurotransmitters that underlies depression, not underactivity. c. That the effectiveness of antidepressants is a placebo effect, as opposed to a result of a biochemical manipulation. d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level, cause depression.

d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level, cause depression.

George, a 22-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head. For the past three weeks, he has had problems sleeping and he has little appetite or enjoyment of food. While he may sometimes seem to be relatively content for short periods of time, this happens very rarely and it never lasts for more than a week. If George were to seek help for his negative mood state, which of the following diagnoses would he most likely receive? a. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood b. Chronic adjustment disorder with depressed mood c. Bipolar II d. Major depressive disorder

d. Major depressive disorder

Freud suggested that depression a. was actually a healthy adaptation to stress. b. was a result of overly high self-esteem. c. involved the anal stage of development. d. was anger turned inward.

d. was anger turned inward.

How does dysthymia compare to major depressive disorder? a. Symptoms are much more severe than in major depressive disorder. b. Symptoms change from day to day, with lots of days with normal functioning in between dysthymic episodes. c. There are many more symptoms required to meet dysthymia than to meet major depressive disorder. d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major depressive disorder.

What do all mood disorders have in common? a. The presence of a negative mood state. b. They are at least 6 months in duration. c. The presence of irrational thoughts. d. They are characterized by emotional extremes.

d. They are characterized by emotional extremes.

The finding that people with one type of serotonin transporter gene and childhood maltreatment had higher rates of depression than either those without the gene or those with the gene without the maltreatment suggests that a. childhood maltreatment causes depression. b. only one type of gene causes depression. c. either or a gene or certain environmental factors need to be present to cause depression. d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause depression.

d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause depression.

A person who shows psychotic depression that involves mood-congruent thinking a. is diagnosed as having "double depression." b. usually responds rapidly to anti-depressant medications. c. rarely shows the symptoms of melancholia. d. has a poorer prognosis than others with major depression.

d. has a poorer prognosis than others with major depression.

Individuals who do not show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to an injection of dexamethasone a. have a severe form of depression. b. are likely to be suffering from both major depression and a personality disorder. c. will not respond well to pharmacological treatment. d. have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.

d. have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.

Selective abstraction a. is a tendency to think in extremes. b. is a tendency to jump to conclusions based on little or no evidence. c. is part of Beck's cognitive triad. d. is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects.

d. is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects.

Two months after her husband's death, Connie was still not herself. She often forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet thrown out his clothes. Which of the following diagnoses could apply to Connie according to the DSM-5? a. adjustment disorder with depressed mood b. dysthymia c. postpartum depression d. major depressive disorder

d. major depressive disorder

Seasonal affective disorder is best described as a ________ depressive disorder. a. mood-congruent b. minor c. psychotic d. recurrent

d. recurrent

Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third occurred last fall. It is now winter and Kelly's depressive symptoms once again are consistent with major depressive disorder. Which of the following diagnoses should she be given? a. dysthymic disorder b. chronic major depressive disorder c. recurrent major depressive disorder d. recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern

d. recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern

Abramson revised the learned helplessness theory to suggest that a. the worldview dimension of attributions is the most important to depression. b. hopelessness is needed to produce depression, helplessness is not important. c. the number of negative life events someone experiences is more important than his or her attributions for those events. d. the pessimistic attributional style people have about negative events produces depression.

d. the pessimistic attributional style people have about negative events produces depression.