Abnormal Psychology CH.7

Suicidal ideation

- thoughts of death and killing yourself

Epidemiology, sex, race, and ethnicity

-Major depressive disorder is the most common disorder in the United States with lifetime prevalence of 16.2% to 19.2% in adults over 18 -Depression rates are almost twice as high for women -Women with few financial resources, less educated, and unemployed are at higher risk

Before age 13, girls and boys are equally likely to have depression. During adolescence , rates of depression climb for girls, possibly because of

-hormones -self-consciousness about bosily changes during puberty -victimization

Seligman's learned helplessness concept has been used as a framework for explaining the contribution of negative, inescapable events/environments to __________ in some people. A) major depressive disorder B) bipolar disorder C) hypomanic disorder D) cyclothymic disorder

A) major depressive disorder

It may be especially difficult to differentiate bipolar disorder in children from which of the following

ADHD

Which of the following helped to establish a genetic basis for bipolar disorder?

Adoption studies Twin Studies Family studies

The major categories of mood disorders are distinguished from each other along the dimensions of mood — elated, depressed, or both — and the __________. A) age of the individual B) length of time the mood has persisted C) potential for suicide D) presence of panic attacks

B. length of time the mood has persisted

What is the main treatment (biological and psychological) for bipolar?

Biological = Lithium Psychological = CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) + interpersonal skills therapy

Bipolar and related disorders

Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymic Disorder

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was created in part out of a concern for which of the following being diagnosed in children?

Bipolar disorder

Kari states that she is "in a bad place" in her head. She feels down, has little appetite, and has noticed some weight loss. Lately, she is not interested in any of her usual activities because they leave her feeling empty and are just "too much effort." She is indifferent to friends and family and has begun having recurrent thoughts of suicide. Kari is best described as suffering from __________. A) dysthymic disorder B) cyclothymic disorder C) major depressive disorder D) bipolar disorder

C) major depressive disorder

"Double depression" is a term used to refer to episodes of __________. A) suicidal thinking found in major depressive disorder B) dysthymia that recur frequently C) major depressive disorder in addition to dysthymia D) dysthymia repeated in major depressive disorder

C) major depressive disorder in addition to dysthymia

It has occurred to Gerald that with his bachelor's degree in psychology he is going to make a scientific discovery that will change the way the modern world views the etiology of schizophrenia. During one of his three-day periods of "extreme cognitive productivity," Gerald produced a journal article on his thesis, purchased 10 pairs of pants from the shopping channel, and operated on less than 4 hours of sleep per night. Which of the following would best describe Gerald's behavior? A) dysthymic episode B) depressive episode C) manic episode D) bipolar episode

C) manic episode

Dr. Smith asked his depressed client to discuss why his belief about being a failure may be unrealistic. Dr. Smith likely belongs to which of the following orientations?

CBT

Persistent Depressive disorder (Dysthymia)

Chronic state of depression Symptoms last 2 or more years, never without symptoms for more than 2 months bring you down even more

Depressive disorder comorbidity

Co-occurs with several medical conditions

psychological perspective (3

Cognitive theory Beck - negative cognitive schemas Automatic thoughts

Treatment of depressive disorders (2

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Behavioral activation - increase access to reinforcing events Always use medication SSRI is used depression

Treatment of bipolar disorder (1

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) A zeitgeber is any external or environmental cue that entrains or synchronizes an organism's biological rhythms to the Earth's 24-hour light/dark cycle and 12-month cycle.

Preventing suicidal contagion

Critical incidence debriefing (CID) - intervention for witnesses after a youth commits suicide

A patient is experiencing depression. His therapist asks him to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors over the next week in order to identify "triggers." What type of therapy is this therapist probably using? A) interpersonal psychotherapy B) behavioral activation C) behavioral therapy D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following is characterized as chronic state of depression that a person suffers from for at least tow years?

Dysthymia

Double depression

Dysthymia with major depressive episodes, Bring you down even more, double depression

Suicide attempts are likely to be higher in children with which of the following

Eating disorders ADHD Anxiety disorders

The etiology of bipolar and depressive disorders: biological perspectives (1

Genetic and family studies for bipolar disorder Family, twin, and adoption studies support a genetic component with heritability

Lithium primarily works on which of the following?

Glutamate

Which of the following environmental factors may be important in causing a depression episode?

Grief Occupational problems Health challenges

Treatment of depressive disorders (1

Important first step is a comprehensive physical exam

Which of the following is accurate regarding bipolar disorder?

It is less common than major depression

Which of the following statements best describes the epidemiology of major depressive disorder

It is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide and affects far more women than men

Henry's very first date turned out to be a disaster. After that, he never went on another date again, assuming they would all turn out the same. Which of the following best describes this scenario?

Learned helplessness

psychological perspective (2

Learned helplessness External uncontrollable environments and internal uncontrollable environments are inescapable

Which of the following is the preferred treatment for bipolar disorder

Lithium

Treatment of bipolar disorder (2

Lithium most commonly used medication Intended as long-term therapy

Research suggests which of the following might run in families?

Major depression Bipolar I disorder Bipolar II disorder

Depressive disorders

Major depressive disorder Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) Disruptive Mood dysregulation disorder Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Who commits suicide?

Males were slightly more likely to attempt suicide Females were more likely to report suicidal ideation Immediate events: relationship breakdown, interpersonal problems, financial difficulties

John is acting in a super - excited way, so energetic he forgets to go to work and calls the boss to insult him. He likely experiencing which of the following?

Mania

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II? Which is more common?

Mania vs. hypomania. Bipolar II

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

More severe form of premenstrual changes in mood

Which of the following is not a biological treatment for depressive disorders

Neuroimaging

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

New disorder for the DSM-5 (is controversial) For children ages 6-18 One argument for DMDD is to lower the rate of children diagnosed with bipolar disorder

What is the difference between passive and active suicide?

Passive = no active planning Active = includes details of how to commit the act

Which of the following is a myth about suicide

People who talk about committing suicide are never serious about it

"baby Blues" are a risk factor of which of the following?

Peripartum depression

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Persistent sad or low mood Considered an episodic illness A single episode lasts at least 2 weeks Be in depression for a while

Which of the following is not considered a suicide prevention technique

Portraying famous people who have committed suicide in the media

Treatment after suicide attempts

Prolonged psychological care

Henry's therapist insisted that his suicidal depression was in reality a form of his anger at his parents turned against himself. Henry's doctor likely belongs to which of the following

Psychodynamic

psychological perspective (1

Psychodynamic theory - explains depression as "anger turned inward" Attachment theory Disruptions in attachment lead to vulnerability to depression

Which of the following treatments has received the least overall empirical support?

Psychodynamic therapy

Dr. Adams , a psychiatrist , conducted in-depth interviews of family members of a man who had just killed himself. The term that might best describe this is which of the following?

Psychological autopsy

Developmental factors in bipolar disorder

Rate of bipolar diagnosis in children has increased over time

Which of the following is a suicide prevention technique that has been supported through research

Societal level prevention Crisis intervention Focus on high risk groups

: biological perspectives (2

Some neurological differences may be due to effects of treatment Ex: Lithium (medicine)

biological perspectives (3

Two people can encounter the same stressful life event but experience it differently

To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, a person must have either an abnormally low mood or

a loss of interest or pleasure in most daily activities

Passive suicidal ideation includes

a wish to be dead

Larry had thoughts about killing himself with a gun, and planned out the exact method and time of the act. This is best described by what

active suicidal ideation

Parasuicides

acts such as superficial cutting or overdoses of nonlethal amounts of medication (call for help) Not likely to result in death

Mania is not recognized in the DSM as a separate disorder because it

almost never occurs without depressive episodes

In an interview with a clinician , a woman says, "I got turned down when I asked someone for a date. I know I'll be alone the rest of my life. "Such a statement is an example of

an automatic thought

Electroconvulsive therapy is most appropriate for patients who

are severely depressed and who have not responded to other treatments

Drifting

being disconnected from school, work, and family( feeling lonely)

Bidirectional comorbidity

comorbid conditions increase risk for developing bipolar disorder & bipolar disorder (or its pharmacologic treatments) might increase risk of some comorbid conditions.

In behavioral activation treatment for depression , the therapist and patient

develop a comprehensive list of specific goals and activities in major life areas

Which of the following is commonly comorbid with depressive disorders

diabetes anxiety disorders substance abuse disorders

Bipolar disorder is comorbid with each of the following except

dissociative amnesia

People with persistent depressive disorder may also have major depressive episodes, a condition known as

double depression

Major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern is often treated by means pf

exposure to bright light

Cyclothymic disorder

fluctuations that alternate between hypomanic and depressive symptoms Persists for at least 2 years

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

four or more severe mood disturbances within a single year

Each of the following are risk factors associated with suicide except for

high levels of serotonin

Bipolar II

hypomania or "mild mania," with episodes of major depression, More common than bipolar I Bipolar II - at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic event

One trait that may underline bipolar disorder and substance abuse is

impulsivity

Active suicidal ideation

includes details on how to commit the act(plan)

Dr. Wallace asked his depressed client to discuss the role of his current friends and family and how they may be affecting his depression. Dr. Wallace likely belongs to which of the following orientations

interpersonal therapy

Bipolar I

involves full-blown mania with episodes of major depression

Mania

is clearly excessive and is often accompanied by inappropriate and potentially dangerous behavior,

The most common psychiatric disorder in the United States is

major depressive disorder

Hypomania

may be overly talkative, excitable, or irritable, but there is no impulsive acts or gross lapses of judgment More common than bipolar I Bipolar II - at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic event

A person experiencing hypomanic episodes might not consider them problematic because they

may be times of high productivity or creativity

Neuroimaging studies of individuals with bipolar and depressive disorders have shown that

mood disorders involve a number of brain abnormalities

One technique used in cognitive- behavioral therapy for depression asks patients to

record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

The main difference between bipolar 1 and Bipolar II disorder is the

severity of periods of mania

Compared with death by suicide , suicide attempts are

slightly more likely in males than in females

Stressful life events seem to lead to depression in some people but not in others. A likely reason is that

some people have more genetic sensitivity to life stress

Peripartum depression

symptoms similar to major depressive disorder Mothers can feel overwhelmed, empty, disconnected from their child, or guilty for not feeling the joy of motherhood

Second- generation antidepressants are often preferred over first- generation drugs because

they have fewer troublesome side effects

Passive suicidal ideation

wish to be dead without active planning(no planning)