Abnormal Psychology Chapter 8

Anorexia Nervosa

The person eats nothing beyond minimal amounts of food, so body weight sometimes drops dangerously. 20% die as a result of their disorder, with slightly more than 5% dying within 10 years. has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. From 20% to 30% of anorexia related deaths are suicides, which is 50 times higher than the risk of death from suicide in the general population. People with Anorexia are proud of both their diets and their extraordinary control.

Diagnostic Criteira for Insomnia Disorder

A. A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality associated with one or more of the following symptoms: 1. Difficulty initiating sleep (in children , this may manifest as difficulty initiating sleep without caregiver intervention.) 2. Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakinging. 3. Early morning awakening with the inability to return to sleep. B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress in social, occupational, educational, acedemic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning. C. Sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights per week D. Sleep difficulty is present for at least 3 months E. Sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep F. insomnia is not better explained by and doesnt occur exclusively dring the course of another sleep-wake disorder G. Insomnia is not attributable to the psychologucal effects of substance. H. Coexisting mental disorders and medical conditions do not adequetely explain the predominant complaint. Specify if: Episodic: Symptoms last at least 1 month but less than 3 months Persistent: symptoms last longer than 3 months or longer Recurrent: 2 or more episodes within the space of one year.

Diagnostic Criteria for Binge Eating Disorder

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: 1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2 hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. 2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e,g., feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating). B. Binge eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the following: 1. Eating much more rapidly than normal 2. Eating until feeling uncomfortably full 3. Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry. 4. Eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating. 5. Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterward. C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior as in bulimia nervosa and does not occure exclusively during the course of bulimia nervoa or anorexia nervosa.

Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eting is characterized by both of the following: 1. Eating in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances. 2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating). B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. C. The Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa.

Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, development trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than that minimally expected. B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight. C. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape in experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight. Specify type: Restricting type: During the last 3 months, the individual has not engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). This subtype describes presentations in which weight loss is accomplished primarily thought dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise. Binge-eating/purging type: During the last 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas).

Associated Psychological Disorders With Bulimia

Anxiety and mood disorder. 80.6% of individuals with bulimia had an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. Mood disorders, particularly depression.

Associated Psychological Disorders for Anorexia

Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, depression, OC.

Electrolyte Imbalance

Can result in serious medical complications if unattended, including cardiac arrhytthmia (disrupted heartbeats), seizures, and renal (kidney) failure, all of which can be fatal.

Medical Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa

Cessation of menstration (amenorrhea), dry skin, brittle hair or nails, and sensitivity to or intolerance of cold temperatures. lanugo, downy hair on the limbs and cheeks, cardiovascular problems, low blood pressure and heart rate, vomiting.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Individuals may binge repeatedly and find it distressing, but they do not attempt the purge the food. often found in weight control programs. About 20% of obese individuals in weight loss programs engage is binge eating with the number rising to approx. 50% among candidates to 50% get bariatric surgery.

Clinical description of Anorexia Nervosa

Less common than bulimia, but there is a great deal of overlap. Have an intense fear of obesity and relentlessly pursue thinness. Never satisfied with their weight loss. disturbance in body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Out-of-control eating episodes, or binges, are followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts to purge the food. Most common psychological disorders on college campuses.

Purging Techniques

Self inducing vomiting immediately after eating, laxatives, and diuretics that result in loss of fluids through greatly increased frequency to urinate.

Medical Consequences of Bulimia

Salivary gland enlargement caused by repeated vomiting, which gives the face a chubby appearance. Erode the dental enamel on the inner surface of the front teeth as well as tear the esophagus. Upset the chemical balance of bodily fluids, including sodium and potassium levels.