Abnormal Psychology Exam #1
__________ refers to the extent to which one can generalize the research results obtained from the sample population to other populations. - Diagnostic validity - Construct validity - Internal validity - External validity
* External validity
__________ is a method for studying the brain that involves generating a magnetic field on the surface of the head and stimulating underlying brain tissue. - Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
A native Mexican, who speaks Spanish and has limited English skills, reports feeling suicidal. He has been admitted to the psychiatric unit of a community hospital where the treatment team has ordered a psychological evaluation. Which psychologist would be the best choice for assessing this man? - Michael, an African American man who is fluent in Spanish, has studied abroad in Spain, and has spent two summers doing aid work in Mexico with local farmers. - Anna, a Native American woman who speaks Spanish fluently. - Philip, a Hispanic man who is a third generation American and speaks basic Spanish. - Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents.
- Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents.
Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory, which influenced many researchers in the empirical study of abnormal behavior? - Ivan Pavlov - John B. Watson - Wilhelm Wundt - Sigmund Freud
- Wilhelm Wundt
The strength of a correlation is measured by __________. - a correlation coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol r - stating the results as a negative number, which suggests a weak correlation, or a positive number, which suggests a strong correlation - a reliability value, which is denoted by the symbol r - a measure of statistical significance called a p-value, which is denoted by the symbol p
- a correlation coefficient, which is denoted by the symbol r
what does classification give us?
- allows us to organize information - facilitates research - defines domain of what is pathological - helps us organize information
Parents that are warm and set clear limits, but allow a degree of freedom within the limits are described as having a(n) __________ parenting style. - indifferent - authoritarian - permissive - authoritative
- authoritative
research approaches
- case studies - self report data - questionairre - interview - observational approaches
During the Middle Ages in Europe, management and care of persons with mental illness was taken on by __________. - the legal system - clergy - regional work- or poorhouses - family members
- clergy
Dr. Ratzinger has hypothesized that thimerosal vaccines cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He compares a group of children who received the thimerosal vaccine and have been diagnosed with ASD to a group of children who received the thimerosal but do not have a diagnosis of ASD. The group of children with diagnosis of ASD is referred to as the __________ group; the group of children that does not have the diagnosis is referred to as the __________ group. - criterion; comparison - treatment; control - experimental; criterion - standard; comparison
- criterion; comparison
The rationale for providing a return to baseline during the second A phase of an ABAB research design is to __________. - demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first A phase is attainable once again during the second A phase - demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first B phase is attainable once again during the second B phase - allow subjects a recovery period prior to engaging in treatment again - evaluate for the presence of potential experimental confounds
- demonstrate that the behavior observed during the first B phase is attainable once again during the second B phase
interview
- depth, flexibility, and validity - costly, possible observer bias, lack of reliability if patient is a poor historian can use triangulation between a questionnaire and interview
observational approaches
- direct observation either through qualitative or quantitative testing
Professor Gonzalez studied the relationship between breast milk versus formula feeding during infancy to children's IQ at age 7 using a population of 100 children. Professor Gonzalez found that children who had been breastfed during infancy had significantly higher IQ scores compared to those who had been formula fed. Professor Patel repeated Gonzalez's research using 200 children in his study and found no significant differences in IQ scores between those children who had been breast versus formula fed during infancy. What concept could explain the marked differences in results of the two researchers? - demand characteristics - population attrition - effect size - retrospective shifts
- effect size
Dante is interested in understanding the causes of autism spectrum disorder. In other words, he is interested in studying the __________ of autism spectrum disorder. - comorbidity - prevalence - etiology - incidence
- etiology
Which of the following perspectives shares some overlap with the humanistic perspective but takes on a less optimistic view of human beings? - existentialist - behavioral - cultural - cognitive
- existentialist
Joelle has a genetic predisposition toward being shy. As a result, she tends to keep to herself, avoid eye contact with others, and not talk much in class. Her peers assume she's aloof because she does not start conversations with or try to hang out with them. As a result, they do not invite her to sit with them at lunch or to their birthday parties. This leads Joelle to think that her peers do not like her, and she becomes even less likely to start conversations with her peers. Which of the following is this an example of? - genotype-environment correlation - behavior genetics - diathesis stress - biopsychosocial
- genotype-environment correlation
Prior to 1974, homosexuality was included in the DSM and classified as a mental disorder. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of __________. - the impact of biological explanations on understanding human behavior - the failure of psychological assessment to find consistent indicators of abnormality with homosexual populations - the recognition by the American Psychiatric Association that homosexual persons are not dangerous - how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality
- how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality
The MMPI contains validity scales that measure __________ and clinical scales that measure __________. - the degree to which a client sees himself as deviant; client ability to think abstractly - how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways - social judgment and reasoning; overall ability to meet daily life challenges - how engaged the client is while taking the test; client willingness to disclose information
- how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways
In epidemiological work, the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time is called __________. - incidence - ratio - estimate - prevalence
- incidence
During his abnormal psychology class exam, Peter began to pound the desk and make loud quacking noises. His classmates cast worried glances at the professor as Peter continued to quack and pound the desk. Which of the indicators of abnormality presented in your text best represents Peter's behaviors? - irrationality and unpredictability - subjective distress - statistical deviancy - dangerousness
- irrationality and unpredictability
external validity
able to generalize findings from one study beyond itself
self report data
asking subjects for their own responses - no person available to clarify questions - people can be poor historians closed questioning vs. open questions that are not always standardized in the individual's responses
Behavioral scientists that investigate and explain how factors such as genetics, neurobiology, and hormonal responses can influence psychopathology are using a __________ perspective. - biological - biopsychosocial - psychological - sociological
biological
classification systems define *** not ***
classification system defines disorders that people have, not people themselves
correlation research
correlation does not equal causation does not manipulate any variables
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in secretion of __________, a hormone, in response to __________. - dopamine; stress - cortisol; stress - dopamine; extraversion - cortisol; positive events
cortisol in response to stress
culture and abnormal behavior
cultural interpretation and definitions of psychological distress can affect how disorders present themselves
clinical psychologist
diagnoses and treats mental disorders, does cognitive therapy
DSM-V
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders made from the American Psychiatric Association contains 541 diagnostic categories
family aggregation
disorders that run in families
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been associated with pleasurable experiences and cognitive processes, and implicated in schizophrenia and drug addiction? - norepinephrine - serotonin - gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) - dopamine
dopamine
lifetime prevalence
estimated number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives
point prevalence
estimated proportion of active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time
1-year prevalence
everyone who have experienced a certain disorder at any point in time throughout the entire year
criterion vs. comparison group
experimental vs. control group
internal validity
findings in a specific study can be generalized to other contexts
Ingrid works with a psychotherapist who encourages her to talk about whatever comes to mind during her sessions. Her psychotherapist feels that this strategy will bring unconscious issues to the level of awareness so that the issues may be analyzed. This method is called __________. - regression - disclosure - catharsis - free association
free association
commonality of mental disorders
general population commonality vs. specific population commonality
case studies
in depth research of one person, group, or event strength in detail of study and variety of methods used - great for cases that are rare low generalization, costly, and subject to bias, non-representative sample
ICD-11
international classification of diseases made by the World Health Organization
global burden of disease
mental and substance abuse counts towards 7% of global burden of disease costs around 184 million disability adjusted years of life
Benjamin Rush, considered the founder of American psychiatry, is most likely to have recommended a treatment similar to which of the following? - moral management - lobotomy - mesmerism - psychoanalysis
moral management
__________ was a treatment model used in asylums that emphasized the patients' moral and spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their "character." Less focus was placed on their physical or mental disorders. - Social management - Moral management - The mental hygiene movement - Milieu therapy
moral management
typical treatment of mental disorders
most treatment is outpatient done by a PCP intensive treatment requires short term admission however, psych admissions have decreased significantly due to medication developments but lack of resources still puts a large portion of mentally ill in prison
is the DSM-V finished?
no, the DSM is constantly being updated with new information in new editions
prevalence
number of active cases in a population at any given period of time
incidence
number of new cases that occur over a given period of time
Ataque de nervios
people become hysterical, exhibiting violence and sometimes not even remembering the event
Single genes tend to confer only very small influence on mental illness. Instead, risk for mental illness is determined by multiple genes and/or polymorphisms of those genes. Thus, vulnerability to mental illness is almost always __________. - additive - genetic - biopsychosocial - polygenic
polygenic
psychiatrist
prescribes psychiatric medications
statistical significance
probably that the correlation would occur purely by chance is below 0.05%
clinical social worker
provides resources and help resolve social issues
retrospective vs. prospective research
retrospective = looking to the past and making assumptions prospective = identifying likelihoods of future abnormal behavior and attempting prophylactic treatment
sampling
selecting people who are representative of a larger group to make generalizations and conclusions without testing every single person in the world
effect size
size of association between two variables independent of sample size can be used to estimate the strength of a relationship across different studies
meta-analysis
statistical approach that uses different studies as samples to summarize multiple findings across many literature studies
epidemiology
study of distribution of disease, disorders, or health related behaviors in a given population
DSM-V definition of mental disorder
syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance of behavior, emotional regulation, or cognitive functioning usually associated with distress in social, occupational, or other activity functioning predictable/culturally approved responses from common stressors are excluded from this behavior does not stem from social deviance or conflicts the person has with society
abnormal psychology
understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders
taijin kyofusho
Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others
Neuropsychological tests are performance based and standardized. Which of the following scenarios describes what this means? - A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Their performance was determined solely by their responses. - A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Even though the fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, they received the same overall IQ score. - A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Their scores were determined by their raw performance on this measure. - A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. The fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, and thus received a lower IQ score.
- A fifth and a tenth grader completed the same IQ assessment. Even though the fifth grader earned fewer raw points than the tenth grader, they received the same overall IQ score.
Joanna was referred to an emergency room for evaluation because of a severe episode of depression. Which of the following scenarios represents how clinicians would reach a best estimate diagnosis for Joanna? - An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. - A psychiatrist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. - An interdisciplinary team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and then lets Joanna choose her ideal treatment. - A clinical psychologist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations.
- An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations
Which early influential Greek maintained that by "thinking as directed," one could eliminate pain and better attain pleasure? - Galen - Hippocrates - Aristotle - Plato
- Aristotle
How has the effort to educate the public to the fact that mental illness is a neurological disorder impacted the amount of stigma associated with the diagnosis? - Awareness of the causes of mental illness has led to a reduction in the amount of stigma associated with mental illness. - Most persons are skeptical of scientific findings and do not fully embrace the concept of neurologically based mental illnesses and therefore maintain their original beliefs about mental illness. - Media-based mental illness stereotypes militate against any efforts at educating the public about biologically based mental illness. - Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness
- Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness
Which of the following statements describes what correlational research is? - A positive correlation reflects variable increases in a criterion group to variable decreases in a comparison group. - Correlational research involves holding certain variables constant in two or more groups, manipulating a single variable in one of the groups and assessing for specified differences between the groups. - Correlational research compares groups on a variety of measures and does not involve the manipulation of variables. - Correlational research is a cost-effective way of proving cause and effect relationships.
- Correlational research compares groups on a variety of measures and does not involve the manipulation of variables.
__________ developed a system of classification of mental disorders, which became the forerunner of today's DSM classification system. - Julius von Wagner-Jauregg - Wilhelm Griesinger - Emil Kraepelin - Richard von Krafft-Ebbing
- Emil Kraepelin
Nina lived in an orphanage that provided her with minimal attention and care for the first two years of her life before being adopted into a loving and well-resourced home. Building on research discussed in the chapter, which of the following would likely represent her brain development later in childhood? - Her gray and white matter volume would be similar to same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage. - Her gray and white matter volumes would be lower than same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage. - Her gray and white matter volumes would be higher than same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage. - Her white matter volume would be similar to same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage, but her gray matter volume would be lower.
- Her white matter volume would be similar to same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage, but her gray matter volume would be lower.
Which child is most likely to be rejected by his or her peers? - Michael, a short boy who is outgoing and athletic - Lyle, a quiet boy who can be assertive in a non-aggressive way - Charise, an outgoing girl who tends to be bossy but not aggressive - Kenna, an unassertive girl who is submissive with her peers
- Kenna, an unassertive girl who is submissive with her peers
Which of the following arguments would psychiatrists like Albrecht von Haller and Wilhelm Griesinger make regarding the origins of mental disorders? - Mental disorders are caused by engaging in unethical behaviors. - Mental disorders are caused by brain abnormalities. - Mental disorders are caused by an interaction of environmental and biological influences. - Mental disorders are caused by supernatural influences.
- Mental disorders are caused by brain abnormalities.
Which of the following statements best reflects Hippocrates's position on the cause of mental illness? - Mental disorders arise from faulty thinking patterns. - Mental disorders, like other diseases, have natural causes and appropriate treatments. - Mental disorders result from a demon or god taking possession of the individual's spirit. - Mental disorders are punishments by God for individuals who have violated or strayed from religious teachings.
- Mental disorders, like other diseases, have natural causes and appropriate treatments.
Why are neuropsychological assessments insufficient for diagnosis of mental disorders? - Patients with mental disorders cannot validly complete neuropsychological tests. - Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests. - It is not ethical to complete neuropsychological tests with people who have mental disorders. - Neuropsychological assessments show poor test-retest reliability.
- Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests.
Paracelsus, a Swiss physician in the early 1500s, was critical of beliefs that demonology caused abnormal behavior. Ironically, however, he also held which of the following beliefs? - Abnormal behavior is due to witchcraft. - Bloodletting would cure melancholia. - Unethical lives cause mental illness. - The moon exerts a supernatural influence on the brain.
- The moon exerts a supernatural influence on the brain.
In a client assessment, clinicians must integrate client personal details and create a meaningful picture of the client from an array of information including the client's personality traits, behavior patterns, and environmental demands. Clinicians refer to this initial assessment as a dynamic formulation because __________. - it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior - trust between client and clinician has not developed in this early phase and it is highly unlikely that the client has revealed sufficient information necessary for a diagnosis - in order to increase future client participation in the assessment process, the client needs to leave the assessment feeling that a plan for help is in place - the assessment provides a framework that can be elaborated on with input from the client's family
- it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior
Although deinstitutionalization has allowed many former patients to develop living skills and to have a better overall quality of life, a particularly prevalent issue for some former patients is that deinstitutionalization has __________. - led to increased levels of depression and family violence - contributed to a higher rate of suicide among them - created situations where they are exploited and underpaid in work settings - left them homeless and subject to a harsh existence
- left them homeless and subject to a harsh existence
disadvantages of classification
- loss of information with simplicity - stigma can be developed from classification
Alessandra was experiencing low mood and lack of energy. Stemming from beliefs that Victorian morality was important for good mental health, alienists (or psychiatrists) at the time believed that her condition was due to "lifestyle" problems and gave her which of the following diagnoses? - neurasthenia - melancholia - insanity - depression
- neurasthenia
Which psychodynamic theory or perspective focuses on the impact of relationships with others during childhood and the introjection or symbolic incorporation of important people into a child's personality? - interpersonal perspective - ego psychology - object-relations theory - attachment theory
- object-relations theory
Kleinman found that Chinese people and Westerners experience stress very differently. Chinese people are most likely to report __________ in response to stress; Westerners typically report __________ in response to stress. - anxiety and worry; feeling depressed - physical problems such as fatigue or weakness; feeling depressed - feeling depressed; physical problems such as fatigue or weakness - feeling angry or frustrated; physical problems
- physical problems such as fatigue or weakness; feeling depressed
Dr. Lopez wants to study the prevalence of schizophrenia with the population living in the south side of Chicago. He plans to count the number of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia that are living there on February 1. Individuals diagnosed before or after February 1 will not be included in the count. This method of evaluating the prevalence of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in the south side population is called a __________. - 1-year prevalence - point prevalence - period prevalence - lifetime prevalence
- point prevalence
Brittany's mother was a heroin addict who spent many years in prison. Brittany was raised in an impoverished, crime-ridden neighborhood by her maternal grandmother who adored Brittany and involved her in church and enrichment activities. Brittany is now a successful clinical social worker who is happily married. Some researchers would attribute her successful outcome to what is called a __________ of her grandmother. - causal factor - risk nulling factor - protective factor - positive affiliation factor
- protective factor
questionnaire
- quick and cheap with a measurement of standardization and reliability - answers can lack depth or flexibility - no way to ask for clarification
Dr. Beggs wanted to determine if her patient was depressed. To assess this, she administered a test where her patient did as many jumping jacks as she could within a minute on four different occasions. Her patient completed almost the exact same number of jumping jacks each time. However, this test was not associated with her patient's depressive symptoms. Dr. Beggs's test showed good __________ but poor __________. - reliability; validity - reliability; generalization - standardization; validity - validity; reliability
- reliability; validity
what is the affect of stigma on mental health?
- some people do not seek treatment due to fear of stigma - despite information and increase in mental literacy, people still have fears of stigma - stigma can reinforce behaviors that appear to be unavoidable with an identity - stereotyping and labeling
Research has supported the position that __________ assessment interviews yield more reliable results than do __________ assessment interviews. - unstructured; structured - face-to-face; computerized - computerized; web-based - structured; unstructured
- structured; unstructured
indicators of mental disorder
- subjective distress (psychological pain) - maladaptiveness (behavior that interferes with daily acts of living) - statistical deviancy (rarity of behavior) - violation of societal standards (magnitude of violation is compared to how often it is violated by others) - social discomfort (violations of implicit social rules) - irrationality and unpredictability (unconventional and nonsensical behaviors) - dangerousness (danger to themself or others)
Some forms of psychopathology are culture-bound. For example, in Japan, an anxiety disorder called __________ involves a marked fear that one's body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others. - koro - dhat - shenkui - taijin kyofusho
- taijin kyofusho
Dr. Wang wants to administer an assessment with a new client who recently emigrated from Brazil and speaks only minimal English. After consulting with her colleagues, she finds a Portuguese version of the assessment that has been used a few times before. Before using the assessment, Dr. Wang should ensure __________. - that her patient would not prefer to complete the English version of the assessment - that the translation is identical to the English version - that the theoretical orientation of the test is the same as her own - that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians
- that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians
The primary reason for establishing a deinstitutionalization policy was __________. - the belief that treating disturbed people outside of large mental hospitals was considered more humane and likely to prevent patients from acquiring negative adaptations to hospital confinement - due to the fact that patients were actually more likely to behave violently when housed in institutions - to encourage families to take more responsibility for their mentally ill family members since mentally ill persons could now be treated with medications - a result of the passing of Fair Labor Acts which prohibited patients from undertaking any work in the psychiatric hospital
- the belief that treating disturbed people outside of large mental hospitals was considered more humane and likely to prevent patients from acquiring negative adaptations to hospital confinement
Some researchers believe that individuals who develop schizophrenia are born with a vulnerability that can predispose the person to develop schizophrenia. If the person is exposed to certain life events, the likelihood that he or she will develop schizophrenia is increased. If these particular life events do not occur, the person most likely would not develop schizophrenia. This model for looking at the development of schizophrenia is called __________. - the vulnerability model - the causal variable model - the variable risk factor model - the diathesis-stress model
- the diathesis-stress model
The humanistic perspective places a strong emphasis on __________. - the individual's capacity for purposeful self-direction - analyzing and restructuring thinking patterns - unconscious, internalized representations of important family members - the effect of faulty learning patterns on interpersonal relationships
- the individual's capacity for purposeful self-direction
Patients institutionalized with mental illness during the late nineteenth century were typically given treatment that focused almost exclusively on their physical well-being. Although patients were physically comfortable and cared for, the social environment and their psychological needs were not addressed. This approach to addressing mental illness was called __________. - the institutional effectiveness movement - moral management - the nutritional intervention approach - the mental hygiene movement
- the mental hygiene movement
With twin method research, the concordance rate reflects __________. - the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait with the parent - the percentage of twins not sharing the disorder or trait - the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait - the percentage of twins not sharing the disorder or trait with the parent
- the percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait
One of the criticisms of the norms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that __________. - the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are - many of the concepts reflected in the norms are psychodynamic and difficult to see as valid - the norms are dated and reflect prevailing attitudes and behaviors of a previous generation - the system tends to underpathologize clients, making them appear less disturbed than they actually are
- the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are
Although asylums tended to involve cruel and dirty treatment conditions, they were originally created with which of the following intentions? - to keep an eye on people with mental illness, because they were considered to have supernatural powers - to rid people with mental illness of possession by evil demons - to analyze patients' dreams, which were thought to provide insight into patients' personalities - to provide refuge and treatment specifically for people with mental illness
- to provide refuge and treatment specifically for people with mental illness
In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of ________. - reliability - validity - generalizability - standardization
- validity
Compared to structured interviews, semi-structured interviews tend to produce diagnoses with greater __________. However, a downside of semi-structured interviews is that they require extensive __________. - validity; training - subjectivity; training - reliability; subjectivity - test-retest reliability; subjectivity
- validity; training
Which groups are least likely to seek out mental health treatment as the result of perceived stigma? - highly educated women and men - younger people, men, and ethnic minorities - older people and religious people - working, married persons and the elderly
- younger people, men, and ethnic minorities
ABAB design
A - baseline condition B - add treatment to change behavior AA - take away treatment to see initial behavior return BB - replace treatment and see if behavior is changed again
estimates of prevalence
National Comorbidity Survery Replication (NCS-R) National Survey on Drug Use and Health
